For Curzon see: David Dilks, Curzon in India, vols I and II (1970).
Chapter 8
Ekai Kawaguchi’s story is told in Three Years in Tibet (1909); Henry Savage Landor’s in In the Forbidden Land, vols I and II (1898), Nepal and Tibet (1905), Everywhere (1924). For the other side of the story see T. Longstaff, This My Voyage (1950), MS The Manasarovar-Sutlej Problem (1908), and other papers owned by Mrs C. Longstaff, Letters RGS. See also Hedin, II and III.
Chapters 9 and 10
Sven Hedin has yet to find a biographer who can write about him dispassionately. Dr Rutger Essen’s Sven Hedin, Ein Grosses Leben (1956) fills a few gaps. Hedin himself left almost too much about himself – see: Letters, Sven Hedin Institute; Life and Letters (in Swedish, 1964); My Life as an Explorer (for children) (1926); A Conquest of Tibet (1935); Trans-Himalaya, vols I–III (1913) Through Asia (1899); Central Asia and Tibet (1903); Adventures in Tibet (1904). The article on his discoveries that he had failed to sell to the Geographical Journal was eventually bought by Harper’s Monthly and published in Aug.–Sept. 1908. See also Sir F. Younghusband, The Heart of a Continent (1890); India and Tibet (1910); Letters RGS; and every edition of the Geographical Journal from Sept. 1908 to May 1909. For the last word see Prana vananda, op. cit., and the Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer (1952).
INDEX
Abors, 111–12, 115, 116–18, 171, 179–80, 182–6, 191–9
Agra, 151
Akbar, Emperor, 30–1
Alaknanda, river, 17, 19–20, 33, 35, 67–9, 85
Almora, 69
Andrade, Father Antonio de, 32–9, 42–3
Anglo-Nepalese treaty, 104
Anglo Sikh war, 143
Anglo-Tibetan Convention, 188, 190
Ashok, Emperor, 20
Asiatick Researches, 60, 63, 72, 85
Assam, Assam valley, 107–121, 125–131, 170–1, 182;
see also Abors; Brahmaputra; Mishmis
Atkinson, E. T., 13, 21
Badra, river, 17, 19
Badrinath, 19, 33–4, 67
Bailey, Lieutenant, F. M. (‘Eric’), 189–90, 195, 198–200
Baltistan, 41
Bareilly, 69, 73–4
Bedford, Captain James, 113–16, 131
Bedingfield, Richard, 109–10, 129–30
Bengal Asiatic Society, 60
Bhagirath (saint), 15
Bhagirathi, river, 64–5, 66, 77
Bhairava, 24
Bharatpore, 104
Bhotias, 33–4, 86, 87–8, 92, 141–2, 158
Bhutan, 181
Bir Singh Rawat, 88, 97, 161
Bodhisattvas, 12, 19
Bokar, Chhu, 246
Bokhara, 102, 103
Bon-Po, ‘black belief’, 25, 27–8, 221
Bordak, 185–6
Borobudur, 17
Bower, Major-General Hamilton, 193
Brahma, 13, 22, 23–4
Brahmakund, 112, 116, 241
Brahmaputra (see also rivers, four) exploration of (see also under Tsangpo), 8, 23, 39;
Rennell, 58–9, 108;
Anglo-Burmese war, Scott, Bedingfield, Burlton, Bedford, Wilcox, 107–132;
Kishen Singh, 174–5;
Needham (Dihong river), 185–6;
Williamson (Dihong), 189–192;
Lindsay (Dihong), 197–8;
Hedin, see under Tsangpo and Tsangpo connection, 51, 59, 108, 113, 115, 118, 125, 169, 185, 199
Buddha-Gaya, 215
Buddha, Gautama, 215
Buddhism, Buddhists, 7, 18, 19–20, 21, 25, 27–8
Burlton, Philip, 109–12, 115–130
Burma, 107–8, 109–10, 112, 118, 120, 121–7, 128
Burnes, Alexander 103
‘Burrumpooter’, see Brahmaputra
Burton, Richard 148–9
Butler, John, 170
Butler, John (son of preceding), 170
Cakrasamvara, 28
Capuchins, 52, 54
Cawdor, Lord, 201
Chaksu, river, 17, 19
Chanden Singh, 204, 207, 208, 211, 212–13
Chang, Tang, 11, 20, 43, 240
Chemayungdung Chhu, 157, 240, 241
Chemayungdung Pu (Limi), 157–8
Cherrapunji, 129–31
Chhumbel, 162–3, 172, 174
Chimay, Lake, 39
China
early cosmography, 26–7
and Tibet, 9, 53, 141, 135, 159, 270
mentioned, 214, 228
Chini Lama, 215
Chumik Ganga, 218
Chumik Thonga Ranchung, 218
Colebrooke, Henry, 60–1, 63, 72
Colebrooke, Sir James Edward, 100
Colebrooke, Robert, 60–2, 69–70, 74
Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer, 264
Conway, Sir Martin, 259
Crimean War, 149
Cuiller, Pierre, see Perron, General
Curzon, Lord, 9, 187, 230–3, 258, 266–7
Daba, 87, 90–1
Daily Mail, 202
Dakeo pass (‘wall of death’), 153–4, 242
Dalai Lama, 53, 163, 236
Dalgliesh, Andrew, 193, 235
dam-dooms, 121
damaru, 24
Damroh, 180, 185
Dane, Sir Louis, 190
Darma La, 105
Darma Yankti, 105, 261
Darwin, Major Leonard, 254
Dauli, river, 85, 87
Deb Singh Rawat, 88, 97, 100, 144, 146
Demchog, 25, 28
Deo Tal, 35
Deoprayag, 64, 67
Desideri, Ippolito, 39–55
Devi, 24
Dibang, river, 112, 115
Dibrugarh, 171
Dihing, river, 111, 112, 114–15, 171, 180, 184, 186, 191, 193, 197
Dolma La, 220
Dorje Phangmo, 25, 176
Drummond, Hon. Robert, 151–8
Dun valley, 81–2
Durga, 24
East India Company, 9, 56, 82–3, 100, 102–3, 107
Eden, Emily, 73
Edward, Prince of Wales, 228
elephant-mouth river, see Lanchen-Khambab
Everest, George, 131
Everest, Mount, 174, 200
Fraser, James Baillie, 77
Freshfield, Douglas, 259–60, 269
Freyre, Father Emanoel, 40–53, 55
Ganga (see also rivers, four) in Chinese cosmography, 27
exploration of, 8, 23, 30;
Andrade, 32–5, 38;
Desideri, 48–50;
Rennell, 58–60;
Colebrooke, Webb and Hearsey, 7, 61–6 Fraser, 77;
Hodgson and Herbert, 77–8;
Moorcroft, 94;
Kawaguchi, 218
in Hindu myth, 14–18, 19
sacred pilgrimage to, 14–16, 18–19, 33–4, 63
Ganga Chhu, 244
Ganga Mai, 14, 15, 77
Gangadwara, 16
Ganges, river, see Ganga
Ganglung glacier, 242
Gangotri, 66–7, 77
Garbyang, 204–5
Gardner, William Linnaeus, 101
Garhwal, 8, 81, 104, 142
Garo Hills, 108
Garstin, John, 61, 71, 74–7, 80
Gartok, 91–2, 141
Gartong Chhu, 48, 166
Gaumukh, 77, 78
Geku, 197–8
Gholam Hyder Khan, 85, 102–3
Goalpara, 108
Godwin-Austen, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Haversham, 259
Goes, Benedict de, 32
goldfields, gold mining, 165, 167
Grant, James, 149
‘Great Game’, the, 159
Gregorson, Dr., 191–2
Gugé, 35–6, 37
Gunchhu, lake, 209
Gurkhas, 63, 66–7, 81, 97–100, 101, 142, 193–4
Gurla Mandhata, 93, 157–8, 213–14, 261–2
Gyala, 177
Gyala Peri, 176, 199
Gyanema, 206
Gyantse, 190
/> Harballabh, 84, 94, 97
Hardwar, 33, 63
Harish Chandra Rawat, 174
Harman, Lieutenant/Captain Henry, 175–6, 177, 178–80
harmony, natural, 18
Harmsworth, Alfred, 202, 212
Hearsey, Colonel Andrew Wilson, 72
Hearsey, Hyder Jung, 57, 62–70, 71–77, 81–101, 104
Hedin, Ludwig von, 222
Hedin, Sven Anders, 8–9
birth and childhood, 222
character, 222–3, 225–6
and Curzon, 230–1, 231–2, 266–8
death, 5, 270
and Germany, 5–6, 223, 264, 268–9
and Indus, 238, 240–1, 245–7, 261, 268
and Kailas/Manasarovar, 239–45, 246, 268
on Landor, 203
and Lhasa, 228–31, 233–4
and Parsee skulls, 224
in Persia, 224
and Pundits, 258
and Royal Geographical Society, Keltie, 5–6, 221, 228, 231, 239, 247, 249, 251–2
in Shigatse, 237
on Silk Route, 224–5
and Smyth/Webber expedition, 151–2, 154–5, 262–3
Southern Tibet, 154, 268
and Sutlej, 239, 242, 244, 261, 268
and Takla Makan, 225–8
to Tarim basin and China, 228
Tibet, last visit to, 249–50
and Trans-Himalayan range, 210, 239, 251, 252, 258–60, 261, 264, 267
and Tsangpo/Brahmaputra, 152, 154–5, 233–6, 237–41, 247, 260, 261, 268
and Younghusband, Younghusband Mission, 188, 225, 232–4
Herbert, Captain James, 78, 104, 131
Herodotus, 167
Himalayas, 12, 18–19
exploration of, 7–9, 30–2 and passim
height of, 58–60, 105
in Hindu myth, 13–16
pilgrimage to, 15–16, 19–20
rivers flowing from, or through, see rivers and world mountain, see mountain
Hindus, Hinduism, 7, 13–16, 28–9, 145–6
Hiru Dham Singh, 141
Hodgson, Henry, 152–8
Hodgson, Captain John, 64, 71–78, 81, 104, 105–6, 113, 127, 128, 131
Holdich, Sir Thomas, 255–6, 258–9
horse-mouth river, see Tamchok-Khambab
Hughes, Thomas, 147
Humboldt, Baron, 146
Hurruck Dao, 84–5, 96
Hwang Ho, river, 27
India
British in, 9, 56–7, 107, 170, 181–2
Survey of, 58–9, 60, 70–1, 132, 159–61, 165, 180–1
Indra, 13
Indus (see also rivers, four)
in Chinese cosmography, 30
exploration of, 8, 23, 27
Desideri, 48, 49–51;
Rennell, 59;
Moorcroft and Hearsey, 91–2;
Pundits, 165–9;
Hedin, 239, 240–1, 245–7, 261, 268
Irrawaddy, river, 39, 108, 112–13, 118, 123, 124–5, 175
Isa, Mohamed, 235–6, 238
Jacquement, Victor, 86
Jaintia hills, 108
Java, 17
Jerko La, 48, 49
Jesuits, 31–3, 37–40;
see also Andrade; Desideri
Johar valley, 141
Joseph (servant of Andrade), 38
Juliana, Donna, 40
Kailas, Mount, 7
in Chinese cosmography, 26–9
circumambulation of, 21–2, 49–50, 219–21, 242–6
descriptions of, 21–2, 145–6, 242–3
exploration of, 7;
Desideri 48–9;
Moorcroft and Hearsey, 93;
Henry Strachey, 145–6;
Richard Strachey, 146;
Webber and Hodgson, 156;
Kalian Singh, 168;
Kawaguchi, 218–21;
Hedin, 239, 243–5, 246–7, 268
height of, 145, 146
in Hindu myth, 14–15, 21, 22–5
names of, see Kang Rinpoche; Meru; Sumeru; Tisé
sacred, 7, 14–15, 22, 28–9
and Shiva, 22–5, 145
and Tibetan religion, 24–5, 26–9, 47–9; 219–20, 243–5
Kailas range, 18–21, 89, 245–6, 264
Kali (goddess), 24
Kali, river, 104
Kalian Singh, 161, 166, 168, 172, 245
Kalidasa, 22
Kanchenjunga, Mount, 181
Kang Rinpoche (Kailas, q.v.), 7, 25, 27
Kangri Karchhak, 25
Karnali, river, 105
Karnaprayag, 97
Kashmir, 40–1, 92
Kawaguchi, Ekai, 202–3, 214–21, 242
Kebang, 191, 195–7
Kedarkhand (Uttarakhand), 16, 19
Keltie, John Scott, 221, 228, 231–2, 238, 247–8, 249, 251–3, 264–6
Khamtis, 123, 128
Khasis, Khasi hills, 108, 127–8, 129–31, 230
Kinthup, 176–81, 199
Kipling, Rudyard, 54, 159, 214–5
Kircher, Athanasius, 38–9
Kishen Singh Rawat, 161, 172, 174, 197
Klaproth, Heinrich Julius von, 112–13, 125
Komsing, 191–2
Krishna (god), 24
Krishna, river, 95
Kubi-Gangri, 240
Kubi-Tsangpo, 240–1
Kumaon, 62, 69, 81, 97–100, 101, 104–6, 142–3
Kumbh Mela, 63
Kun Lun mountains, 225
Kuti valley, 205
Ladakh, 37, 41–3
Lampiya Dhura pass, 144, 205–6
Lanchen-Khambab (elephant-mouth river), 26, 105, 242
Landor, Henry Savage, 202–15, 241
Landor, Walter Savage, 203
Leh, 42
Lhasa
as goal of exploration, 8
and Gugé, 37
Hedin and, 229–10, 232–3
Jesuits at, 51–5
Kawaguchi at, 221
Landor aims for, 207
Pundits at, 162–4, 172
sacked by Tartars, 53
Younghusband Mission to, 187–9, 232–3
Limi (Chemayungdung Pu), 156–8
Lindsay, Major Alec, 193–6, 197, 198
lion-mouth river, see Senge–Khambab
Lipu Lekh pass, 152, 204–5
Lohit, river, 112, 115, 116, 190
Longstaff, Dr Tom, 147, 213–4, 253, 254–5, 261–2, 263
Lucknow, 150
Lungdep Chhu, 246
McIntyre, Major-General Donald, 152, 158
McMahon, Sir Henry, 195, 199
Mahabharata, 13–14, 16
Mahadeo-ka-Linga (Shivling mountain, Mount Moira), 64, 79
Mallory, George Leigh, 200
Mana, 68
Manasarovar, Lake, 21–2
exploration of: Jesuits, 31–2, 35, 39, 48–50;
Rennell, 59;
Webb, 80;
Moorcroft and Hearsey, 91–7;
Henry Strachey, 144–5;
Richard Strachey, 146;
Webber and Hodgson, 153, 155–7;
Ryder and Bailey, 189;
Landor, 208;
Kawaguchi, 218–9;
Hedin, 239, 242, 243, 247, 268
in Hindu myth, 14, 21–3
and Rakas Tal, 94–7, 145, 146, 189, 208–9, 219, 243
rivers flowing from, 38–9, 94–7, 144–5
sacred, 21–3, 28–9, 219, 242–3
mandala, 18,
Mani Singh Rawat, 146–7, 160–1, 162, 166, 172
mani-stones, 20, 246
Manshang pass, 205–6
Mansing, 208
Manucci, Niccolo, 30
Mapchhu-Khambab (peacock-mouth river), 26, 105
Mapham Tso, 25
Marathas, 57, 58
Markham, Sir Clements, 259
Marques, Manuel, 32–4, 35–7
Maryum Chhu, 240
Maryum La, 50, 164–5, 208–9, 239, 260
Maxwell, Captain Ne
ville, 185–6
Mekong, river, 39, 125, 173
Membu, 117, 182
Meru (see also Kailas), 7, 13, 14, 15–18, 23, 26
Milam, 141
Milarepa, 27–8
Mill, James, 60
Minto, Lord, 233, 251–2
Mishmis, 111, 116, 175, 198–9
Moira, Lord, 79, 101
Moira, Mount, see Mahadeo-ka-Linga
Mong Se, 123
Monserrate, Father Antonio de, 31
Montgomerie, Captain T. G., 160, 164–5, 171
Moorcroft, William, 82–101, 102–4, 145
Morley, Lord, 234, 257, 267
Morshead, Captain Henry, 199, 200–1
mountain, sacred, myth of, 7–8, 18; see also Kailas
Munjam Chhu, 246
Mussoorie, 165
Mustang, 215–17
Mutiny, Indian, 150, 151
Naga hills, 108
Nagas, 193, 194–5
Nain Singh Rawat, 147, 158, 159–61, 162–5, 166–9, 171–2, 172–4, 189, 239, 261
Naini Tal, 203
Namche Barwa, 12, 176, 197, 199
Nanda Devi, 89, 105, 143
Nanga Parbat, 12
Nansen, Fridtjof, 228
Naro-Bonchung, 27–8, 220
Needham, Jack, 181–7, 191, 195
Needham, Jack (son of preceding), 195, 197
Nem Singh, 175–8, 179, 180
Nepal
British invasion of, 101
Anglo-Nepalese treaty, 104
Landor in, 213
see also Gurkhas
Ngari, Niongar, 48–50
Nile, river, 148–9
Niti, Niti pass, valley, 87–9, 105
Noa Dihing, river, 119
Nobel, Emanuel, 228
Nongkhlao, 127–30
Nordenskiöld, Baron, 223
Nyandi Gompa, 220
Nyenchen Tanglha range, 264
Om mani padme hum, 28
Oscar, King, of Sweden, 228
Oude, Nawab of, 62, 73–4, 104, 131, 150
Oxus, river, 27, 187
Panchen (Tashi) Lama, 237–8
Panghi, 191–2
parikarama, 21, 220, 244–5
Parvati, 24
pasham wool, 92
Pasighat, 115
Patkai hills, 108
peacock-mouth river, see Mapchhu-Khambab
Pema Tense, 245–6
Pemako, 177, 198
Pemakochung, 178
Perron, General (Pierre Cuiller), 57
Pindar, river, 97
Pindu La, 217
Pir Panjal range, 41
Potala palace, 51, 53
Prester, John, 31
Pundits, 159–69, 214, 258;
see also individual names
Punjab, 143
Puranas, 16–18, 21–2, 22–3, 25
Purang, Purang valley, 143, 146
Purchas, Samuel, 31
Putao, 123
Queen’s Hall, 256
Rakas Tal (Rawan Hrud, Rown Rudh)
exploration of: Webb, 80;
Moorcroft and Hearsey, 93–6;
A Mountain in Tibet Page 27
