The Conquering Tide

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by Ian W. Toll

U.S. losses in, 353–55, 360, 365–66, 367–68

  U.S. naval and air bombardment in, 342, 355, 356–57, 364–65, 368

  Tarawa Atoll, 319, 320, 322, 325, 389

  Japanese troop strength on, 335

  see also Betio Island

  Tasimboko, 105

  Task Force 16, 33

  Task Force 17, 107–8

  Task Force 18, 107–8

  Task Force 39, 236–37

  Task Force 42, 264, 280

  Task Force 50, 341, 368, 373

  Japanese night attacks on, 371

  in Kwajalein raid, see Kwajalein Atoll, U.S. carrier raid on

  Task Force 51, 229–30, 457, 458

  Task Force 58, 388–89, 398, 438, 439, 446, 457–58, 461–63, 464–65, 469, 472–78, 487, 489, 492–93, 494, 497

  in Eniwetok battle, 399

  in Kwajalein battle, 386–87

  Mitscher appointed commander of, 383

  size of, 386

  in Truk raid, 403–4, 405–14, 409, 441

  Task Force 61, 33, 146

  in Battle of Santa Cruz Islands, 148–54

  in Battle of the Eastern Solomons, 77–78

  in Guadalcanal campaign, 20, 23–24, 37, 43, 51, 57–60, 61–62

  KA-Go counteroffensive against, 68–69, 75–83

  in Solomons offensive, 107–8, 111–12

  Task Force 62, 56

  in Guadalcanal campaign, 20–21, 23–24, 43, 52–53, 60, 61, 107, 132–33

  Task Force 64, 160

  Task Force 67, 177

  Task Force KING, 160

  Task Force LOVE, 168

  Task Group 50.1, 368, 369, 376

  Task Group 50.2, 363, 373, 376

  Task Group 50.3, 369, 399

  Task Group 51.11, 399

  Task Group 58.1, 463–64, 472–73

  Task Group 58.2, 412

  Task Group 58.3, 389–90, 477

  Task Group 58.4, 399, 463, 478

  Task Group 58.7, 478

  Task Group 62.6:

  in Battle of Savo Island, 44–51

  in Guadalcanal campaign, 20, 42–43

  Tassafaronga Point, Guadalcanal, 141, 156, 172, 174, 177, 185

  Tavurvur volcano, 29

  Tawi Tawi, Philippines, 405, 449, 453, 455, 456

  Taylor, 234

  Tenaru plantation, 64

  Tenaru River, 26, 28, 35, 64, 65, 71, 72, 121

  Tenaru River, Battle of, 73–76, 104

  Tennessee, USS, 292, 392

  Tenryu, 41, 46

  Tenshin, 187

  Teruzuku, 179

  Thach, Jimmy, 476–77

  Theobald, Robert A., 226, 227

  Third Amphibious Force, U.S., 231, 240, 242

  Third Fleet, Japanese, 420, 421, 423, 428, 447

  air strength of, 419

  Third Marine Amphibious Corps, 511

  3rd Marine Division, 236, 457, 512

  Third Special Base Defense Force, Japanese, 345

  37th Infantry Division, U.S. Army, 236

  Thirty-Eighth Division, Japanese, 184

  Thomas, Gerald C., 104

  339th Fighter Squadron (USAAF), 205

  Thresher, USS (SS-200), 253, 281

  Time, 97, 414

  Tinian Island, 307, 436, 437, 438, 452, 459, 464, 511, 513

  Tobruk, British surrender of, 97

  Togo, Heihachiro, 208, 415, 417, 472

  Tojo, Hideki, 114, 180, 182, 418, 422, 530, 531

  consolidation of power by, 422–23

  fall from power of, 532–35

  Hirohito and, 422–23

  Tokitsukaze, 76

  Tokyo, 514

  contrast of old and new in, 113

  Tokyo Express, 133, 136, 155, 174

  Tomlinson, W. J., 214

  Tone, 69, 76

  Tonga, 11

  Tonoas Island, 403

  TORCH, Operation, 97, 158, 308, 328

  Torokina, 238

  torpedoes, 251–52, 281

  Japanese Long Lance, 42, 45, 77, 233, 235, 451

  magnetic detonators for, 255, 256, 277, 279, 280

  Mark 14, 281, 283

  Mark 18, 284

  mechanical failures of, 255–56, 277, 278–79, 280–82

  Torpedo Junction, 108, 109–11

  Towers, John Henry, 314, 323–24, 342, 383, 440, 477

  background of, 323

  GALVANIC and, 325

  Nimitz and, 435

  Spruance’s conflict with, 325

  Toyoda, Soemu, 447, 449, 454, 455, 456, 488, 531, 533

  Toyo Keizai, 532

  Transport Group XRAY, 24, 33, 49, 50

  Transport Group YOKE, 24, 49, 50

  Treasure Island, San Francisco, 246

  Treasury Islands, 236, 238

  Tregaskis, Richard, 24, 39, 49–50, 97

  Trigger, USS, 279

  Trinidad, 330

  Tripartite Pact, 118, 533

  Trobriand Islands, 222

  Truk Atoll, 69, 75, 76, 116, 120, 121, 122, 138, 181, 182, 201, 206, 224, 237, 242, 401, 418

  geography of, 403

  Japanese base at, 436

  as Japanese fleet’s major Southern anchorage, 403

  Japanese troops on, 405

  lack of U.S. intelligence on, 404

  mediocre facilities on, 404–5

  U.S. air raid on, 242

  U.S. submarine patrols around, 257, 260, 277

  Truk Atoll, carrier raid on, 399, 403–14, 409, 441

  dogfights in, 406, 409–10

  Japanese caught off-guard in, 406–7

  Japanese reporting of, 421–22

  rescue of downed air crews in, 410

  symbolic importance of, 413

  Trumbull, Robert, 291

  Truth, 215

  Tsushima Strait, Battle of, 415, 470, 472, 536

  Tuananbogo Island, 36–37

  Tucker, Joe, 331

  Tulagi Harbor, 178, 179

  Tulagi Island, xix, xxiii, 12, 13, 19, 22, 24, 25, 27, 42, 49, 61, 75, 77, 167, 168, 178, 179

  food supplies of, 61

  Japanese bombing of, xxi, xxiv, xxvi

  Japanese invasion of, xxvi, 29, 66

  U.S. airstrikes on, xxvi–xxvii

  U.S. landings on, 26, 29, 35–36

  Tunny, USS, 452

  Turner, Richmond Kelly, 22, 23, 125, 195, 231, 326, 333, 334, 361, 456, 458, 460–61, 465, 470, 474, 475, 497, 500, 510, 511

  in Battle of Savo Island, 43–44, 51, 53, 55, 56

  combative personality of, 20–21

  as commander of Fifth Fleet amphibious fleet, 317

  Fletcher’s withdrawal criticized by, 57–58

  in GALVANIC chain-of-command dispute, 318–19

  in Guadalcanal campaign, 26, 30–31, 38, 39–40, 49, 60, 61, 103, 107, 126–27, 132, 133–34, 146, 160

  H. Smith and, 318, 339–40, 433–34

  Kwajalein landing opposed by, 384

  and lessons of Tarawa battle, 363

  on pilot fatigue, 137

  Twelfth Naval District, 246

  20th Bomber Command, 438

  Twentieth Air Force, 438

  21st Bomber Command, 438

  22nd Marine Regiment, 399

  27th Infantry Division, U.S. Army, 183, 434, 457, 458, 467, 468, 498–99, 505, 510

  Twenty-Fifth Air Flotilla, Japanese, 29, 40, 68, 238

  Twenty-Sixth Air Flotilla, Japanese, 419

  Twining, Merrill B., 19, 25, 36, 71, 102, 104, 139, 141, 142

  222nd Regiment, Japanese, 454

  U-boats, in merchant shipping attacks, 253, 278

  Ugaki, Matome, 116, 122, 146, 147, 180–81, 182, 201, 202, 454, 455, 456, 469–71, 473, 492, 535

  and death of Yamamoto, 205–6

  diary of, 120

  Guadalcanal strategy of, 120–21

  pessimistic diary entries of, 450–51

  on possible withdrawal from Guadalcanal, 179–80

  Ultra (decrypted Japanese radio messages), 62

  “Umi Y
ukara” (Across the Sea), 3

  Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs), 464

  United Press, 97

  United States:

  internationalism in, 88

  isolationism in, 87, 88

  U.S. Naval Institute, xv

  USO tours, 192, 520

  Utah, USS, 289, 300

  “Valley of Hell,” 503

  Vandegrift, Alexander Arthur, 12, 102, 103, 167, 174, 183, 199, 236, 365, 434, 513, 514

  Clemens and, 66–67

  Fletcher’s withdrawal criticized by, 57–58

  on Japanese refusal to surrender, 74

  Nimitz’s meeting with, 129–31

  on psychological effects of heavy bombardment, 139

  reporters encouraged by, 98

  Solomons offensive and, 15–16

  on Tarawa battle, 366

  Vandegrift, Alexander Arthur, in Guadalcanal campaign, 17–18, 22–23, 26, 34–35, 39, 40, 43, 49, 53, 71, 75, 83, 146, 159, 317

  food supplies as concern of, 61

  morale issues and, 65

  perimeter defenses and, 64–65, 72, 104, 141, 147

  Point Cruz offensive ordered by, 155

  reinforcements requested by, 133–34

  retreat contemplated by, 142

  Vanguard Force, Japanese, 69, 77

  Vella Gulf, Battle of, 234

  Vella Lavella, 238

  U.S. assault on, 234–35

  Versailles, Treaty of, 506

  Vila Airfield, Kolombangara, 232, 233

  Vincennes, USS, 27, 46, 48–49, 50

  Vincent, Harry, 50

  Virginia Military Institute (VMI), 5

  Vitiaz Strait, 239–40, 267

  Vollinger, John, 192

  Vouza, Jacob C., 72, 74

  Vraciu, Alex, 101, 357, 406, 462–63, 479, 483, 484, 492

  Vungana, Guadalcanal, xxix

  Wahoo, USS (SS-238), 250–51, 276–77

  in attack on Japanese submarine I-2, 263–64

  destroyer sunk by, 270–71

  equator-crossing ceremony on, 272

  in failed attack on Chiyoda, 257–58

  first kill of, 262

  first patrol of, 257–59, 260, 275

  four-ship Japanese convoy sunk by, 272–75

  Japanese troop transport sunk by, 273–75

  landing of, 252

  mechanical problems of, 258

  Morton appointed commander of, 266–67

  second patrol of, 261–62, 265, 275

  third patrol of, 267–76, 275

  torpedoes of, 251–52

  in Wewak harbor attack, 268–71

  Wahoo Daily Gazette, 261

  Wakefield, USS, 15

  Wake Island, 7, 132, 141, 314, 453

  Walke, USS, 169

  Walker, Frank R., 234–35

  Waller, Raoul, 329, 332

  “Waltzing Matilda,” 212

  Wamai River, 206

  War Department, U.S., 209

  Pentagon building of, 89–90

  War Without Mercy (Dower), 507

  “Washing Machine Charlie” (Japanese float plane patrol), 63, 72, 98–99, 139, 353

  Washington, D.C.:

  Allied conference in (1942), 95

  Allied conference in (1943), 312

  temporary government buildings in, 89

  wartime population explosion in, 88–90

  Washington, USS, 56, 160

  in Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, 168–69, 170–72

  Washington Post, 86

  Wasp, USS, 17, 20, 25–26, 33, 37, 59, 76, 107, 111, 484

  sinking of, 109–11, 124

  WATCHTOWER, Operation, see Guadalcanal campaign

  Watson, Thomas E., 399, 400

  Webb, W. B. “Spider,” 487

  Wehrmacht, 11, 94

  Wellington, New Zealand, 12, 15, 17, 19

  Wendy Point, 393

  West Point, see Military Academy, U.S.

  West Virginia, USS, 291, 292

  Wewak, New Guinea, 267

  Wahoo’s attack on, 268–71

  White House:

  Map Room in, 93–94, 95

  Oval Study in, 92

  Widdy, Charles, 18, 66

  Widhelm, William J. “Gus,” 150

  William Ward Burrows, 103

  Willkie, Wendell, 88, 94

  Wilson, Woodrow, 91

  Withers, Thomas, Jr., 254, 255, 256, 278

  Wolfert, Ira, 97

  Woodlark Island, 222, 239

  Works Progress Administration, 88

  World War I, 253

  FDR and, 91

  German-Soviet peace treaty in, 95

  World War II:

  calls for second European front in, 94–95

  eastern front in, 11, 94, 96, 308–9, 530

  expansion of federal bureaucracy in, 88–89

  expansion of presidential power in, 88

  Normandy invasion in, 530

  see also Pacific War

  Wotje Atoll, 379, 384, 385

  strike on, 380

  Wright, Carleton, 177–78

  Yamada, Sadayoshi, 30

  Yamamoto, Isoroku, 108, 122, 146, 147, 154, 185, 187, 188, 195, 201–2, 403, 415, 416

  death of, 203–6, 207, 446

  funeral of, 207–8

  Guadalcanal campaign, and, 204

  KA-Go offensive of, 68–69, 75–83

  luxurious lifestyle of, 116–17

  Midway battle and, 119

  Operation I-Go and, 202–3

  Pearl Harbor attack and, 117, 118–19

  political career of, 117–18

  strategic failures of, 204

  war with U.S. opposed by, 118, 202

  Yamato, 76, 116, 119–20, 121, 147, 156, 416, 450, 452, 455, 471

  Yamato Damashi (Japanese fighting spirit), 444

  Yamauchi, Takeo, 503, 507

  Yamazaki, Yasuyo, 230

  Yank, 98

  Yano Battalion, Japanese, 183, 184

  Yarbrough, Tom, 97

  Yarnell, Harry E., 435

  Yasukuni Shrine, 114

  Yokaren pilot training program, 430, 431–32

  Yokoi, Shoichi, 521–22

  Yokosuka D4Y Suisei (“Judy”), 427–28

  Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal, 428

  Yomiuri, 529

  Yonai, Mitsumasa, 208, 533, 534, 535, 536

  Yorktown, USS (CV-5), xxvii, 7, 59, 326

  Yorktown, USS (CV-10), 301, 323, 326, 339, 341, 368, 370, 371–72, 373, 377, 379, 381–82, 388, 404, 405, 478

  in arrival at Pearl Harbor, 332

  commissioning period of, 328–30

  FM-1 Wildcat crash on, 372–73

  sea trials of, 330

  Young, Cassin, 161, 164

  “Young Turks,” 324, 326

  Yubari, 41, 46, 453

  Yugumo, 234

  Yunagi, 41

  Yura, 147

  Z, Operation, 368, 418

  Zen-Gen Sakusen (attrition operations), 41–42

  “Zero” (A6M) fighters, xxii, 187, 303

  alterations to, 425

  in Battle of Santa Cruz Islands, 149–50

  in dogfights with U.S. fighters, 31–34, 100–101

  as obsolete, 424

  strafing by, 101–2, 135

  Zuiho, 149, 419

  Zuikaku, 69, 82, 147, 149, 405, 419, 423, 428, 473, 486, 490–91

  Zurlinden, Pete, 465

  ALSO BY IAN W. TOLL

  Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942

  Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy

  The Conquering Tide

  Copyright © 2015 by Ian W. Toll

  All rights reserved

  First Edition

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  The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:

  Toll, Ian W.

  The conquering tide : war in the Pacific Islands, 1942/1944 /

  Ian W. Toll. — First edition.

  pages cm

  Includes bibliographical references and index.

  ISBN 978-0-393-08064-3 (hardcover)

  1. World War, 1939–1945—Campaigns—Pacific Area. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Naval

  operations, American. 3. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations, Japanese. I. Title.

  D767.T64 2015

  940.54'26—dc23

  2015009591

  ISBN 978-0-393-24820-3 (e-book)

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