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Notes
The work of the 9/11 Commission is an invaluable research resource to anyone interested in these events. In addition to the commission’s report and hearings, commission staff members conducted more than twelve hundred fact-finding interviews, which I drew on extensively and used as background information for follow-up interviews. Each commission interview was summarized in a Memorandum for the Record (MFR); these are available online at the National Archives, at www.archives.gov/research/9-11/commission-memoranda.html.
The National Archives also contain voluminous other commission records, known as the 9/11 Commission Series, which can be found at www.archives.gov/research/9-11/commission-series.html. Also see NARA’s 9/11 Federal Aviation Administration Finding Aid, at https://www.archives.gov/research/foia/faa-finding-aid. FBI interviews and other essential primary documents, collected by the 9/11 Document Archive, can be found at www.scribd.com.
I chose to follow the 9/11 Commission’s approach to Islamic surnames, referring to individuals on second and subsequent references by the last word in the names by which they are known, i.e., Marwan al-Shehhi on first reference, then Shehhi afterward. One exception is Osama bin Laden, primarily to avoid confusing readers familiar with seeing him referred to as “bin Laden.”
Epigraph
1. “The ravages of many a forest fire”: Dr. J. S. Boyce, “Fire Scars and Decay,” The Timberman, vol. 22, p. 7, May 1921.
Introduction: “The Darkness of Ignorance”
1. “A stream of light”: Unbylined story, “The Statue Unveiled,” New York Times, October 29, 1886, p. 2. Also see “France’s Gift Accepted,” New York Times, October 29, 1886, p. 1.
2. “In a moment the air”: Unbylined story, “The Sights and Sightseers,” New York Times, October 29, 1886, p. 2.
3. “84th floor / west office”: John Breunig, “Father’s Note Changes Family’s 9/11 Account,” The Stamford Advocate, December 28, 2012, p. 1.
4. couldn’t stomach a ticker-tape parade: Although there was a hiatus of ticker-tape parades in New York after 9/11, the city did hold other parades, including the annual Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade in 2001, with floats that commemorated September 11.
5. what happened to other people: The phrase has been used by many writers. In this instance, it bears noting that the reporter Sam Roberts applied it to 9/11 less than a year after the attacks: “When History Isn’t Something That Happens to Other People,” New York Times, April 24, 2002, p. G15.
6. mention of the “homeland”: Elizabeth Becker, “Washington Talk: Prickly Roots of ‘Homeland Security,’” New York Times, August 31, 2002.
7. “The passage of time”: Ian W. Toll, “The Paradox of Pearl Harbor,” Boston Globe, Dec. 4, 2016, p. K1. (Hereafter, Toll)
8. Falling Man: See Tom Junod, “The Falling Man: An Unforgettable Story,” Esquire, September 9, 2016.
9. lead news story: Mitchell Zuckoff and Matthew Brelis, “New Day of Infamy,” Boston Globe, September 12, 2001, p. 1. Also see Mitchell Zuckoff, “Six Lives: Reliving the Morning of Death,” Boston Globe, September 16, 2001, p. 1.
10. twenty-eight 9/11 victims earned degrees: https://www.bu.edu/remember/in-memoriam/. Accessed December 4, 2015.
11. “Christianity—especially the evangelizing . . .”: Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: First Vintage Books Edition, September 2007), p. 194.
12. “Anger, resentment, and humiliation . . .”: Wright, p. 123.
Prologue: “A Clear Declaration of War”
1. 1918, with the defeat of the last great Muslim empire: The conflict between Western and Islamic societies is covered powerfully, accessibly, and succinctly in Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). Also see Lewis, “The Revolt of Islam: When did the conflict with the West begin, and how could it end?,” The New Yorker, November 19, 2001.
2. “All of these crimes and sins”: Bernard Lewis, “License to Kill: Usama bin Ladin’s Declaration of Jihad,” Foreign Affairs, November/December 1998. Also translated version of World Islamic Front statement, titled “Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders,” February 23, 1998, http://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm, accessed May 3, 2016 (complete translation is contained in Appendix III.)
3. headed his own terrorist group: 9/11 Commission Report, p. 341.
4. apparently tipped off: 9/11 Commission report, pp. 117–18.
5. indicted him in absentia: Benjamin Weiser, “Saudi Is Indicted in Bomb Attacks on U.S. Embassies,” New York Times, Nov. 5, 1998.
6. formally described his ter
ror group: 9/11 Commission Report, p. 341.
7. the USS Cole: 9/11 Commission report, p. 190.
8. “It would be a mistake”: 9/11 Commission Report, p. 343. See: Paul R. Pillar, Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy (Brookings Institution Press, 2001), p. 23.
9. “multimillionaire Saudi dissident”: Douglas Jehl, “In a Bahrain Port, No More Sailors on the Town,” New York Times, May 4, 1997.
10. “recent reports”: Benjamin Weiser, “Suspected Chief Plotter in Trade Center Blast Goes on Trial Today,” New York Times, August 4, 1997.
11. nearly six months later: Philip Shenon, “Bombings in East Africa: In Washington, Focus on Suspects in Past Attacks,” New York Times, August 8, 1998.
12. downplaying the apparent threat: Tim Weiner, “U.S. Hard Put to Find Proof that Bin Laden Directed Attacks,” New York Times, April 13, 1999.
13. a pointed story: Walter Pincus, “Anti-U.S. Calls for Attacks Are Seen as Serious,” Washington Post, February 25, 1998.
14. “[W]e had our little story”: John Miller, “Greetings America, My Name Is Osama bin Laden,” Esquire, February 1999.
15. “To most Americans”: Bernard Lewis, “License to Kill: Usama bin Ladin’s Declaration of Jihad,” Foreign Affairs, November/December 1998.
16. state of the nation: A Gallup poll taken on September 10, 2001, found that 55 percent of Americans were “dissatisfied with the way things are going in the United States.” Rick Hampson, “The Day Before,” USA Today, September 9, 2002.
17. A Gallup poll: Jeffrey M. Jones, Gallup Poll Senior Managing Editor, “Sept. 11 Effects, Though Largely Faded, Persist,” September 9, 2003. http://www.gallup.com/poll/9208/sept-effects-though-largely-faded-persist.aspx.
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