35. Forbes v. Labadie, R. B. Blake compilation, I:43–45, II:2–3, 10–11, 52–53, 56–57, 21–22, 137.
36. Taylor, “Pursuit of Santa Anna,” 1868 Texas Almanac, 537–40; Lapham letter of May 17, 1836, Kemp Papers; Young Perry Alsbury biographical sketch, Kemp Papers.
37. William S. Taylor to William C. Crane, March 8, 1866, McArdle Notebooks; Calder, “Recollections of the Texas Campaign of 1836,” 67.
38. Labadie, “The San Jacinto Campaign,” 55; Tolbert, The Day of San Jacinto, 156; Winters, “An Account of the Battle of San Jacinto,” 142–143.
39. Turner account from Barker, “The San Jacinto Campaign,” 341–42; Tolbert, The Day of San Jacinto, 159–60.
40. Jenkins, Papers, 6:12–13.
41. Swearingen biographical sketch, Kemp Papers.
42. James Tarlton letter, April 22, 1836, Kemp Papers. His letter was published in the June 3, 1836, edition of Cincinnati’s Daily Commercial Republican and Commercial Register.
15. TEXAS RISING
1. Erath, “Memoirs,” 267–68.
2. Hardaway biographical sketch, Kemp Papers.
3. 1859 Texas Almanac, 166; James Austin Sylvester letter published in Telegraph and Texas Register, August 2, 1836.
4. Winters, “An Account of the Battle of San Jacinto, 143; Sparks, “Recollections,” 72; Bostick, “Reminiscences,” 95; Moore, Taming Texas, 73. The Sadler story was related to the author by his grandmother, Evaline Kolb Moore, and her cousin, former Texas land commissioner Jerry Sadler, in 1980.
5. Yoakum, History of Texas, II:258–59; Tolbert, The Day of San Jacinto, 179.
6. [Coleman], Houston Displayed, 30; Foote, Texas and the Texans, II:312–13; Yoakum, History of Texas, II:258–59.
7. Tolbert, The Day of San Jacinto, 181; Filisola, Memoirs, II:235–36; Jenkins, Papers, 6:15–16.
8. John J. Linn, Reminiscences of Fifty Years in Texas (New York: D&J Sadlier & Co., 1883), 264.
9. Forbes v. Labadie, R. B. Blake compilation, II:119, 28–30; Delgado, “Mexican Account of the Battle of San Jacinto,” 623.
10. Filisola, Memoirs, II:244–245; Tolbert, The Day of San Jacinto, 226–27.
11. Hockley biographical sketch, Kemp Papers; Crawford, The Eagle, 57–58; Will Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2007), 183.
16. NEW CHALLENGES FOR A NEW NATION
1. Binkley, Official Correspondence of the Texan Revolution, II:879; Francis M. Doyle Audited Claims.
2. Jenkins, Recollections, 45–46; Wilbarger, Indian Depredations, 255–57.
3. Rachel (Parker) Plummer, Narrative of the Capture and Subsequent Sufferings of Mrs. Rachel Parker (Houston, 1839), 5–7.
4. Exley, Frontier Blood, 41, 54–55.
5. Brown, Indian Wars, 40–43; Exley, Frontier Blood, 103–4, 114–15.
6. Dr. Dan. B. Wimberly, “Daniel Parker: Pioneer Preacher and Political Leader” (diss., Texas Tech University, May 1995), 239, 274–75.
7. Jenkins, Papers, VI:392; McLean, Papers, XIV:423.
8. Jenkins, Papers, VI:410.
9. Yoakum, History of Texas, 300; Jenkins, Papers: VII:135–36.
10. Cox, Texas Ranger Tales II, 4–12.
11. Yoakum, 1855 History of Texas, II:181–82; Mike Cox, Texas Ranger Tales II (Plano, Tex.: Republic of Texas Press, 1999), 4–12.
12. Jenkins, Papers, VII:197–99.
13. Joseph M. Nance, After San Jacinto: The Texas-Mexican Frontier, 1836–1841 (Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 1963), 17–18.
14. “Biography of Cicero Rufus Perry, 1822–1898,” Special collections of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas Library, San Antonio, Texas; Jenkins, Recollections, 192–96.
15. Moore, Savage Frontier, II:174; Nance, After San Jacinto, 46–47, 20–21.
16. Jenkins, Papers, 8:214–16; McLean, Papers, XV:133–35; Smithwick, The Evolution of a State, 108.
17. Erath, “Memoirs,” 273.
18. Jenkins, Papers, 9:360–61, 370–71, 483; Abram Anglin AC, R 3, F 133; Gerald Swetnam Pierce, Texas Under Arms. The Camps, Posts, Forts, and Military Towns of the Republic of Texas (Austin, Tex.: Encino Press, 1969), 162–63.
19. Williams, Writings of Sam Houston, I:497; Pierce, Texas Under Arms, 72–73.
20. Fisher to Jewell, February 13, 1837, Army Correspondence, Box 1214–16, Texas State Library and Archives Commission; Williams, Writings of Sam Houston, II:232–35.
21. McLean, Papers, XV:65; Gammell, Laws of Texas, I:1113–16.
22. Gammell, Laws of Texas, I:1134.
23. Nance, After San Jacinto, 29–31; Henry W. Karnes AC, R 55, F 505–9; Huston, Deaf Smith, 112–13; Charles P. Roland, Albert Sidney Johnston: Soldier of Three Republics (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1964), 66; Pierce, Texas Under Arms, 123.
24. McLean, Papers, XV:42, 51–58, 231; George B. Erath AC, R 29, F 617; Erath, “Memoirs,” 274; Smithwick, Evolution, 113.
25. Smithwick, The Evolution of a State, 113; McLean, Papers, XV:468; Telegraph and Texas Register, July 8, 1837.
26. Erath, “Memoirs,” 275–78.
27. Smithwick, The Evolution of a State, 112–13.
28. Huston, Deaf Smith, 113.
29. John C. Caperton, “Sketch of Col. John C. Hays, The Texas Rangers, Incidents in Texas and Mexico, Etc. from Materials Furnished by Col. Hays and Major John Caperton,” (1879, typescript copy, James T. DeShields Papers, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin); James Kimmins Greer, Texas Ranger: Jack Hays in the Frontier Southwest (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1993), 15–17.
30. Greer, Texas Ranger, 20–21. Texas researcher Jody Edward Ginn points out that the actual arrival date of Jack Hays in Texas is questionable. Texas General Land Office returns for Bexar County show Hays as arriving “early in 1838” versus the 1836 given by Greer and others.
31. Francis W. White AC, R 113, F 476; Huston, Deaf Smith, 112–14.
32. Captain Erastus Smith report to Secretary of War W. S. Fisher, March 27, 1837, published in the April 11, 1837, edition of the Telegraph and Texas Register; Huston, Deaf Smith, 115–16; Nance, After San Jacinto, 34.
33. Huston, Deaf Smith, 116–18.
34. James Matthew Jett biographical sketch, Kemp Papers; Nance, After San Jacinto, 37.
35. Greer, Texas Ranger, 24–25; Juan N. Seguin, AC, R 93, F402–7.
36. Smithwick, Evolution, 132; DeShields, Indian Wars, 194; McLean, Papers, XV:516–17; Erath to Lamar in Gulick, Lamar Papers, IV:32; Sowell, Texas Indian Fighters, 299.
37. Nance, After San Jacinto, 38–40.
38. Gammell, The Laws of Texas, I:427–28.
39. William M. Eastland AC, R 28, F 255–59; Noah Smithwick, R 98, F 482; Smithwick, The Evolution of a State, 151.
40. Greer, Texas Ranger, 27–28.
41. DeShields, Border Wars of Texas, 221; Greer, Texas Ranger, 29.
42. DeShields, Border Wars, 221–23; McLean, Papers, 16:538–40.
43. DeShields, Border Wars, 224; McLean, Papers, 16:447–49, 541–43; Texas Indian Papers, I:50–52.
44. Brown, Indian Wars, 50–51; Greer, Texas Ranger, 28; Charles A. Gulick, Winnie Allen, Katherine Elliott, and Harriet Smither, The Papers of Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar (1922, repr., Austin, Tex.: Pemberton Press, 1968), IV:230.
17. LAMAR’S CHEROKEE WAR OF EXTINCTION
1. Nance, After San Jacinto, 117–20; Gary Clayton Anderson, The Conquest of Texas: Ethnic Cleansing in the Promised Land (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005), 158–64; Telegraph and Texas Register, August 25, 1838.
2. Nance, After San Jacinto, 120; John Salmon Ford, Rip Ford’s Texas (Austin, Tex.: University of Austin Press, 1994), 35–36; Mary Whatley Clarke, Thomas J. Rusk: Soldier, Statesman, Jurist (Austin, Tex.: Jenkins Publishing Company, 1971), 110–11.
3. Lacy narrative in W. G. Robertson, The Lone Star State (Privately published, 1893), 238–39; Moore, Savage Frontier, II:19–36.
4. McLean, Papers, 16:587–92;
Gerald Swetnam Pierce, The Army of the Republic of Texas, 1836–1845 (University of Mississippi, dissertation, 1964), 137–38.
5. McLean, Papers, 16:260–61; Wylie, “The Fort Houston Settlement,” 128, 41.
6. Cherokee County History (Crockett, Tex.: Cherokee County Historical Commission and the Publications Development Co. of Texas, 1986); Albert Woldert, “The Last of the Cherokees in Texas,” Chronicles of Oklahoma 1, no. 3 (June 1923): 179–226; McLean, Papers, 16:260–62.
7. Harry McCorry Henderson, “The Surveyors’ Fight,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 56 (July 1952), 26–29; Walter P. Lane account in DeShields, Border Wars, 226.
8. Jimmy L Bryan, Jr., “More Disastrous Than All: The Surveyors’ Fight, 1838,” East Texas Historical Journal 38, no. 1 (2000): 3–14; Henderson, “The Surveyors’ Fight,” 31–35; DeShields, Border Wars, 227.
9. McLean, Papers, 16:628–30; Brown, Indian Wars, 56.
10. Lois Blount, “A Brief Study of Thomas J. Rusk Based on His Letters to His Brother, David, 1835–1856,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly XXXIV (April 1931): 279–80.
11. Rusk letter in Telegraph and Texas Register, November 3, 1838; Lamar Papers, II:266.
12. Judge Andrew J. Fowler, “The Edens Massacre,” Historical Sketch of Anderson County notebook, Palestine Library; McLeod account in Gulick, Lamar Papers, II:266; McLean, Papers, 16:625.
13. Moore, Taming Texas, 131–40; Edens Family Association, The Edens Adventure: A Brief History of the Edens Family in America (Privately published, 1992), 32–41; Gulick, Lamar Papers, II:263–65.
14. DeShields, Border Wars, 243–44; Benjamin Franklin Cage biographical sketch, Kemp Papers; Miles Squier Bennett diary, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.
15. Wilbarger, Indian Depredations, 1–4; Gulick, Lamar Papers, II:303–7.
16. Rusk to Douglass, November 21, 1838, Douglass Papers, James Harper Starr Papers, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin; Gulick, Lamar Papers, II:294–99, 302, 308–9; McLean, Papers, 16:187–88.
17. McLeod and Rusk to Lamar in Gulick, Lamar Papers, II:405–6; Journals of the Fourth Congress, Republic of Texas, Vol. 3: Reports and Relief Laws, 89.
18. Gammell, The Laws of Texas, II:15–20.
19. DeShields, Border Wars, 251; General Morehouse to Major Jones, January 21, 1839, Adjutant General’s Papers, Texas State Archives.
20. DeShields, Border Wars, 254–55; Wilbarger, Indian Depredations, 362–63; Dudley G. Wooten (editor), A Comprehensive History of Texas, 1685 to 1897 (Dallas: William G. Scharff, 1898), I:750–51.
21. DeShields, Border Wars, 255–58; Gulick, Lamar Papers, IV:30.
22. Gulick, Lamar Papers, II:420.
23. Gulick, Lamar Papers, II:464–65; Sadler’s original letter is housed in the Texas State Archives.
24. Smithwick, The Evolution of a State, 155–57; Jenkins, Recollections of Early Texas, 183–86; “Biography of Cicero Rufus Perry,” 5–6; “Capt. J. H. Moore’s report of a battle with the Comanches, on the 15th of February 1839,” Journals of the Fourth Congress, III:108–10; Brown, Indian Wars, 75.
25. Jenkins and Kesselus, Edward Burleson, 181; Colonel Burleson’s report in Journals of the Fourth Congress, III:112–13; Brown, Indian Wars, 61; Jenkins, Recollections, 56–57; Sowell, Rangers, 55–56.
26. Wilbarger, Indian Depredations, 148–49; Jenkins, Recollections, 58; Sowell, Early Settlers and Indian Fighters of Southwest Texas, 1–17; Sowell, Rangers, 56–57.
27. Burleson report, 112; Wilbarger, Indian Depredations, 149–50; Sowell, Texas Indian Fighters, 17; Jenkins, Recollections, 248, 268–69.
28. Jenkins, Burleson, 186; Nance, After San Jacinto, 90–91.
29. Nance, After San Jacinto, 123.
30. Ibid., 123–27; Jenkins, Recollections, 84–85.
31. Brown, Indian Wars, 64; Nance, After San Jacinto, 128–29; Catherine W. McDowell (editor), Now You Hear My Horn. The Journal of James Wilson Nichols, 1820–1887 (Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 1961), 34–36; Sowell, Texas Indian Fighters, 417–25.
32. Burleson report, May 22, 1839, in Journals of the Fourth Congress, III:113–14; Wilbarger, Indian Depredations, 158–63; Nance, After San Jacinto, 132–34.
33. Thomas Clarence Richardson, East Texas: Its History and Its Makers (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing, 1940), I:116.
34. Dianna Everett, The Texas Cherokees: A People Between Two Fires, 1819–1840 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), 51, 102–3; Journals of the Fourth Congress of the Republic of Texas, III:77; Woldert, “The Last of the Cherokees,” 197–98; Gulick, Lamar Papers, II:590–94; Dorman Winfrey and James M. Day, The Texas Indian Papers, 1825–1843 (Austin, Tex.: Austin Printing Company, 1911), II:61–66.
35. John H. Reagan, The Memoirs of John H. Reagan (Austin, Tex.: The Pemberton Press, 1968), 30.
36. Brookshire report, May 31, 1839, in Journals of the Fourth Congress of the Republic of Texas, III:110–11; Brown, Indian Wars, 70–72; DeShields, Border Wars, 260–62; William H. Weaver PD, R 195, F 70.
37. C. W. Webber, Tales of the Southern Border (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1856), 54–55.
38. Miles Squier Bennett diary, Valentine Bennett scrapbook, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin; De la Teja, A Revolution Remembered, 184–86; Rena Maverick Green (editor), Memoirs of Mary A. Maverick (1921, repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), 23–24.
39. Clarke, Thomas J. Rusk, 127.
40. Everett, The Texas Cherokees, 105.
41. Clarke, Thomas J. Rusk, 129–30; Everett, The Texas Cherokees, 105–6.
42. John H. Reagan, “Expulsion of the Cherokees from East Texas,” Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association I (1897), 43.
43. Douglass to Johnson, July 16, 1839, in Gulick, Lamar Papers, III:45–46; Ben H. Procter, The Life of John H. Reagan (Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 1962), 24–25.
44. Hart to Starr, July 24, 1839, in Starr Papers, Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.
45. Crane family history courtesy of John Crane’s great-great-grandson, Don Crane. He cites an account of the Battle Creek written by John S. Cadell on September 20, 1929.
46. Peter Rodden to David Rodden, October 26, 1839, Starr Papers; Moore, Last Stand of the Texas Cherokees, 139–41.
47. Reagan, Memoirs, 34.
48. Brown, Indian Wars, 68; Moore, Taming Texas, 191–92; Reagan, Memoirs, 46.
49. Everett, The Texas Cherokees, 108.
50. Clarke, Chief Bowles and the Texas Cherokees, 111.
51. Clarke, Thomas J. Rusk, 135–36.
52. Journals of the Fourth Congress, III:88–91; Johnston to Lamar, December 12, 1839, Army Papers, 1837–1839 Correspondence, Texas State Archives.
53. Gerald S. Pierce, “Burleson’s Northwestern Campaign,” Texas Military Monthly 6, no. 3 (Fall 1967): 195; Jenkins, Burleson, 216.
54. Burleson report of December 26, 1839, in Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives: Fifth Congress, Document C, 132.
55. Captain Howard’s report of “Engagement with Indians,” in Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, Fifth Congress, 125–26.
56. McLean, Papers, 16:300.
57. J. W. Benedict, “Diary of a Campaign Against the Comanches,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 32 (April 1929): 300–10; John James PD, R 164, F 355–57.
58. Hays to Lamar in Gulick, Lamar Papers, IV:231–32; Greer, Texas Ranger 36.
59. Benedict, “Diary,” 309; Telegraph and Texas Register, December 11, 1839.
18. WAR WITH THE COMANCHES
1. W. W. Newcomb Jr., The Indians of Texas: From Prehistoric to Modern Times (Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 1961), 155–60; Anderson, The Conquest of Texas, 20–24; Pekka Hämaläinen, The Comanche Empire (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 102.
2. Journals of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Texas: Fifth Congre
ss, Appendix, 133.
3. Green, Memoirs of Mary A. Maverick, 25, 38.
4. McLeod to Lamar, in Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives: Fifth Congress, 136–39; Brown, Indian Wars, 77–78; Paul N. Spellman, Forgotten Texas Leader: Hugh McLeod and the Texan Santa Fe Expedition (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1999), 46–50; DeShields, Border Wars, 288–94.
5. Charles M. Robinson III, The Men Who Wear the Star: The Story of the Texas Rangers (New York: Random House, 2000), 61–62; Webb, The Texas Rangers, 84–85; Wilkins, The Legend Begins, 65–66; Thomas W. Knowles, They Rode for the Lone Star: The Saga of the Texas Rangers. The Birth of Texas—The Civil War (Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company, 1999), 97.
6. Green, Memoirs of Mary A. Maverick, 36; Wilkins, The Legend Begins, 79–80; Brown, History of Texas, II:177; DeShields, Border Wars of Texas, 293–94.
7. Howard to Fisher, April 6, 1840, in Ford, “Memoirs,” II:227–29.
8. Donaly E. Brice, The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack of the Texas Republic (Austin, Tex.: Eakin Press, 1988), 25–26; Green, Memoirs of Mary A. Maverick, 31.
9. Brice, The Great Comanche Raid, 28; Anderson, The Conquest of Texas, 185–87.
10. Brown, Indian Wars, 79; Jenkins, Recollections, 62.
11. Telegraph and Texas Register, September 9, 1840; Brown, Indian Wars, 79; Brice, The Great Comanche Raid, 29.
12. Brice, The Great Comanche Raid, 30–31; Linn, Reminiscences of Fifty Years in Texas, 338–39; Brown, Indian Wars, 79–80; McDowell, Now You Hear My Horn, 56–57.
13. Telegraph and Texas Register, September 2, 1840; Brice, The Great Comanche Raid, 32, 99; Linn, Reminiscences, 341.
14. Brown, Indian Wars, 80; Miller to Austin City Gazette, August 17, 1840; Telegraph and Texas Register, September 9, 1840.
15. Victor M. Rose, The Life and Services of Gen. Ben McCulloch (1888, repr., Austin, Tex.: The Steck Company), 56.
16. Jenkins, Burleson, 248–49.
17. McDowell, Now Your Hear My Horn, 59.
18. Ibid., 72–74; Brazos (pseudo.), The Life of Robert Hall (Austin: Ben C. Jones and Company, Printers, 1898), 53; Jenkins, Recollections, 64–65.
19. McDowell, Now You Hear My Horn, 61; Greer, Texas Ranger, 40; Z. N. Morrell, Flowers and Fruit in the Wilderness (St. Louis: Commercial Printing Company, 1872), 65–66; Paul C. Boethel, A History of Lavaca County (Austin, Tex.: Von Boeckmann-Jones, 1959).
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