by Bruce Feiler
“What was that man thinking?” a woman said to me later that day as she sold me a hot dog in the mall. “He had no business messing with the animals. He should know better than to try and touch one of those elephants.”
A death in the circus is everyone’s concern—it quickly pierces the illusion of the show—and walking through the mall, I overheard many similar remarks, each one gradually more inflated. “I heard he was drunk.” “I heard he was high.” “I heard he had a gun.” Around the circus, meanwhile, the performers were noticeably more subdued than normal, but still they went about their work with grim efficiency—quiet, determined, seemingly unshaken.
“Everybody seems to be doing the show as if nothing happened,” I said to Big Pablo as intermission in the first show approached. “Is everyone so jaded that they don’t care?”
“The truth is, nobody wants to talk about it,” he said. “It’s bad. You don’t hear me making jokes about it and I make jokes about everything. As far as I’m concerned, you mess with a three-ton animal you get what you deserve. It’s like playing chicken with a freight train. Sooner or later you’re going to get hurt. We have chains. We have signs. We have fences. Those little orange fences are not designed to keep the elephants in—they couldn’t if they wanted to. They’re designed to keep the people out. Look, it’s happened before, it will probably happen again.”
He nodded grimly and went off to work.
“What do you mean ‘Have I seen this kind of thing before?’ Hell, I saw it happen to me!”
Dawnita stood behind the back door of the tent wearing a yellow-and-black pantsuit with an elaborate sparkling paisley design that ran from her left shoulder to her right hip. Her left breast was almost completely exposed behind a see-through window of fishnet stocking. All day I had been hearing stories. Jimmy estimated that in the thirty years he had been with the show probably twenty-five people had died in elephant-related deaths, ten people had been killed in truck accidents, and half a dozen had been electrocuted. Even given his penchant for exaggeration, these figures were alarming. For those around it long enough, death and disaster seem to hover over the circus, to give it shape and definition like the tent itself. Elephants, to my surprise, have proven to be the worst.
Elmo, who came in Saturday for his birthday party that night, told me he was sleeping just feet from the elephant compound in New London, Connecticut, in 1984 when a naked woman was found dead in the pen. She had a clean slit across her stomach, he recalled, and her boyfriend, who was staying at a nearby hotel, claimed she had wanted to be photographed with the elephants. Since elephants are not known to kill with incisions to the abdomen, police suspected she had been murdered by her boyfriend and tossed to the elephants for cover. Papa Rodríguez told me he was on a show in France when an elephant got angry at his trainer in the center ring. The trainer was able to dodge the charging animal and escape into his trailer. The elephant, however, was smart enough to pick out the trainer’s trailer from the line. When she did, she promptly knocked it over and trampled the trailer—and the owner—to shreds.
But of all these stories Dawnita’s was the most painful to hear. In 1965, while still teenagers, she and Elvin were performing with a show in New England. Elvin was doing the single trapeze and Dawnita was working elephants. In the act there was a herd of elephants in the center ring and two solo elephants in rings one and three. Dawnita had been working one of the solo elephants. “She was tough,” Dawnita remembered, “but we got along fine.” The other solo elephant had been giving her handlers trouble all year. Finally she was separated from the herd and locked in an unlit stable. At the end of the season the owner asked Dawnita if she would work that elephant for several more months on the Steel Pier at Atlantic City.
“I told the guy the elephant was dangerous. She was half nuts, and she had already been separated from the herd. He asked me to work the elephant for one day and see how it went. I told him I would try, but I would do things differently from her previous trainers. I decided not to use a hook. I just used my whip. She had been with so many handlers, really anyone who was around. She was angry. One eye was swollen shut from being hit. During the first show we went into the ring and she tried to hit me with her trunk. It was just like what Pete did last night. When they’re upset they swing around and try to knock you over. I went back to the owner and said I really didn’t feel comfortable working that elephant. He asked me to do one more show.”
Dawnita took a drag from her pre-show cigarette. She was holding Douglas, one of the Arabian Thoroughbreds, whom she led in the opening parade. Douglas was chewing alfalfa into a slimy, pea-green mush. Dawnita was putting a silver feather into her black bouffant wig.
“That night we started doing out act. We had these elephant tubs that the bulls stood on to do their tricks. We had to hold the tubs while they stood on them. That was the most dangerous part of the act. When the time came I was ready for her. I was watching. But still I wasn’t prepared for the force of that elephant. With one swing of her trunk she knocked me to the ground. Then she jumped over that tub and thrust her whole body down on top of me, actually doing a headstand on my back. That’s how they kill you, you know—with their heads. I was screaming. Everyone came running to get her off me, but they couldn’t do it. There was no escape. She was pushing my knees into the ground. My legs were splaying outward. She ripped open the muscles of my arms with her tusks, and worst of all, she stripped all the flesh off my back. I was nothing but raw meat. I was delirious with pain.”
“So who finally saved you?”
“It was Elvin. He was hysterical. He was waiting to do his trapeze act just after the elephants. We were only nineteen at the time. He grabbed the bull hook out of the owner’s hands and hit the elephant so hard in the face that she pulled back long enough for them to drag me away. And then the elephant ran. She darted out of the tent and went running down the boardwalk in Atlantic City! She went on to kill several people in the next couple of years. So did the other one I was working that year. Eventually they both were destroyed.”
“And how long did you stay out of the show?”
“About a month. My knee was dislocated and my arms torn open. I had to take these painful saltwater baths for my back.” She winced in recollection and twisted her neck. “It’s easy to forget that circus animals are dangerous. Elephants especially. People look at them and say, ‘Look, Dumbo! How cute.’ But they’re not domesticated pets, they’re wild animals.”
“Is that what you think happened last night?”
“Listen, I look at it from the animal’s perspective. The elephant didn’t say, ‘Hey, I’m going to kill this guy.’ She was startled, that’s all. She might have been sleeping. They sleep standing up, you know. Or she might have been surprised. She was probably just trying to push him out of the way.”
“Do you think she knows what happened?”
“A little bit. She probably knew she had hurt someone. Elephants are very smart, you know. Smarter than many people.”
Jimmy blew the whistle for the overture to begin. The cast shuffled toward the back door. The elephants lumbered into place at the end of the parade. Pete was at the head of the line.
“And have you worked with elephants since then?”
Dawnita tossed her cigarette on the pavement and ground it out with her high-heeled shoe. “Never again,” she said with her painted smile, “and now you know why.” The curtain opened with its artful flourish and Dawnita Bale marched into the lights with Douglas at her side.
Nights with White Stallions
The ground seems to shake when the horses start to dance. The tent seems to smile when they finally arrive.
As soon as the hair hangers disappear from sight the spotlights pivot to the back door of the tent, the elegance succumbs to a royal “Fanfare,” and a line of ten Thoroughbreds parades into view, wrapped in bridles, breastplates, and surcingles, decked out in princely blue and white ostrich plumes, and led reins-in-hand by three upright
grandes dames from a long line of circus royalty. The military echo is palpable. The regal allure is clear.
“In the rich, grand tradition of the circus…” Jimmy, as always, knows just what to say. “An equestrian display of equine excellence…, presented by the Baaaaale Sisters…”
Dawnita is the first to arrive in place, just in front of ring one. She is holding the reins of a rare black Frisian stallion, Surprisio—sixteen years old, weighing half a ton, and sporting a tantalizing black mane draped to one side of his head. Dawnita is matched in ring three by Bonnie, the youngest Bale, who is leading an equally striking white stallion, Afendi, great-grandson of Naborr, one of the richest blue bloods in history, who was once owned by Wayne Newton. Once in place the two sisters prepare to lead their black and white consorts in a precise display of footwork and dance steps that comprise a “high school” act, the deceivingly lowbrow American-sounding name that actually refers to the ultimate origin of highbrow, the haute école of France.
In between the two siblings is their older sister, Gloria, who instead of a single high school horse controls eight Arabian Thoroughbreds, ranging in color from liver chestnut to bay and looking in their excited primped-up appearance like a restless collegiate marching band. As if to emphasize this theme, Gloria, like her sisters, is dressed in majorette-like wear that actually descends from the Spanish Riding School: ballroom shoes with knee-high spats; white-breasted leotard with a matching dinner jacket; and a nifty little folding hat such as nurses and female naval officers wear. Dawnita’s and Bonnie’s outfits are vermilion; Gloria’s, like her eyes, is royal blue.
“A lot of people switch to animal acts when they grow older,” said Gloria, herself clinging to her last days of middle age, her voice still carrying a hint of English propriety. “Their bodies need the break. As for me, I grew up loving them. As a girl, I loved ballet. I loved dance. I even loved to work in the air. But horses were my dream. I first did a liberty act when I was fourteen; I’ve been doing one ever since.”
In contrast to high school, where a single horse performs a standard set of steps, a liberty act involves a group of horses performing a wide variety of tricks. The act is termed “liberty” because the horses are free to roam untethered. With no reins and no longes, the presenter must communicate with the herd through voice signals and hand gestures. The biggest liberty act in history, trained by Edouard Wulff in the nineteenth century, had one hundred and twenty horses. Gloria’s, like many today, has eight.
“When I first arrive in the ring I’m a little nervous,” she told me. “I have so much to worry about. In hot weather they run a little slower. In mud they might get stuck. They especially have trouble in sand because they have to work harder to get their feet out. Also I have to think about their mood. I try to keep them calm by giving them carrots, but noises bother them—popping balloons, squeaky pulleys, clanking poles. The biggest problem is the butchers who spin their empty Coke trays as they take them out of the tent. A horse’s natural defense is to bite and kick. If that happens, I’m the one in the way.”
Once the horses arrive in the ring Gloria sends them off to their first trick with the simple command “Partez!” She uses French because her father used it to train the act and because, as in ballet, the movements that horses do, from “croupade” and “ballotade” to “piaffe” and “pirouette,” all have French names. With “Partez!” the horses sprint from their spot and begin prancing around the ring in a single-file line to the musical whimsy of “Radetsky,” a Johann Strauss two-beat march. Within seconds the sleepy ring is transformed into a frolicking carousel with the horses bobbing and bouncing in a never-ending cycle of heads and tails. At one moment they seem to be burrowing into the ground like the tigers who turned to butter in the children’s story; at the next they all but rise into the air like the heirs of Pegasus. This ring, so shimmering, is the sacred icon of the circus. These horses, so animated, are the source for that ring.
“Horses, you know, started the circus,” she said. The Romans used to have chariot races with horses, she explained, while in Europe, much later, showmen organized enormous riding expeditions for recreation. It was Philip Astley who invented the first circus in England in 1768 when he combined bareback riding with equestrian clowning. Astley found it easier to ride in a ring and have people sitting in a circle around it to watch the show. The term “circus,” from the Latin word for “circle,” comes from those early rings.
As long as there have been horses in circuses, Gloria went on to say, there have been Arabians. First bred by bedouins who went to extraordinary lengths to keep the line pure—including killing foals that were not considered worthy—Arabians were eventually imported into Europe, then America. George Washington’s white horse, the same one he sold to American circus founder John Bill Ricketts (himself a disciple of Astley), was believed to be an Arabian. Today, Arabians are still considered to be the purest breed of all horses, with shorter, stronger bones, wider chests, and one fewer rib and vertebra than other horses. As a result, they command prices ranging from $1,200 to $3,000 apiece—expensive for horses, but still a bargain when compared with $75,000 for an elephant or twice that for a rare white tiger.
After Clyde Beatty-Cole Bros. bought eight of these Arabians from a horse farm near Ocala, Doug and Johnny named them after their families (Doug and his daughters; Johnny, his wife, his father, and—the ultimate honor of all—his wife’s prized poodle, Schatzye). Once christened, the two-year-old Thoroughbreds were handed over to Trevor Bale to be trained. Father of the Bale sisters and Elvin, Trevor has been a renowned animal trainer for almost sixty years since he first stepped into a ring with lions and tigers at age twelve. Since that time he has trained, or “broken,” as circus people say, elephants, horses, bears, lions, tigers, hippos, zebras, camels, llamas, dogs, donkeys, pigeons, giraffes, and geese. Along the way, he was the first to put lions on swings, one of the best at putting tigers on horses, and the only person ever to work black bears and polar bears in the same ring.
“My dad has some kind of attachment to animals,” Gloria remembered. “For some reason they love him. He could come here today after three years of being away and they would just go nuts for him. He has that strong a connection. He’s like Dr. Doolittle.”
Unfortunately, he wasn’t a magician, and from the beginning he encountered problems with these horses. First, there was the problem of time. In order to break eight horses properly he needed a year. The show had only six months. Second, there was the problem of gender: an ideal liberty act should have only one gender, Gloria said; this act had two. That created various difficulties. In the act, after the horses run around the ring in single file, Gloria issues a new call, “En deux!,” and the horses double up along the ring curb and continue to trot in tandem. After several minutes she announces, “En quatre!,” and they double up again. Here the sexual politics begin.
“They’re like oil and water,” Gloria complained. “I have four geldings and four mares. I’ve got four guys who are big, tall, and have more energy. They work in fast-forward. Meanwhile I’ve got four girls in first gear. They think differently.” She rolled her eyes. “I feel like a therapist. Sometimes they simply drive me crazy. At other times they’re almost perfect.”
Gloria was not the only one who shared this sentiment. Despite their occasional fussiness, when the horses finally do reach their stride the beauty of their hallowed blood ripples through every muscle and tendon in their well-toned legs. Children are mesmerized by their beauty. Even performers get carried away. “I’m not much for animals,” Arpeggio once told me, “but those horses sure are cute.” Perhaps it was inevitable that one worker would find this beauty too much to resist.
When I decided to join a circus, I viewed it as a life on the road, as a way to discover the backyard of America from the back lot of a traveling neighborhood. After almost four months on the show I had begun to revise my view. While each stop along our nine-month route reflected the area around it, I fo
und that I was encountering the true variety of American life not in the various communities that lived near the tent but in the one community that lived underneath it—the circus itself. With its two hundred employees from all corners of the globe, holding all manner of religious and political beliefs, the circus represented a true melting pot. There were no educational requirements to keep you out of this company, no skyrocketing property values to keep you out of this neighborhood. In addition, there were no random drug tests to weed out misfits and no reviews of credit history to exclude miscreants.
This notion of the circus as a microcosm of America helped me answer one nagging question I had about the show: how is it that circus people, who by all accounts live on the fringes of American life, manage to perform every day to acclaim from an audience of thousands of “mainstream” Americans? The answer, I came to believe, is that the people in the circus and those in the audience ultimately want the same things—security, success, a new car, a way out. The people who come to see the show have a host of worries—they fight with their spouses, they argue with their children, they struggle with their bills—but when they step into the big top they agree to leave their problems behind. The people who put on the show have the same wealth of worries, but when they step into the big top they also agree to leave their problems behind. This is the magic of the circus: the shared illusion of escape.
But ultimately the circus is just that: an illusion, a fantasy, a myth brought to life. The horses that trot around Gloria in the center ring don’t actually float, they just seem to. The bears that bounce on the trampoline aren’t really docile, they just appear to be. Catastrophe most often occurs when nonperformers try to continue the fantasy long past the time it has ended for the show people. Sometimes, as in Fishkill, these outsiders are townies. Other times they are workers from the show itself. With so many men coming and going, the show could not always control the behavior of everyone on its payroll. “What are the minimum qualifications for being hired as a worker?” I once asked Doug. “Minimum qualifications?” he mocked. “Breathe.” It was one of these men whom Dawnita discovered one chilly night in June.
