Key sources for chapters 1–6 are the journals of Lieutenant (later Commander) Harry L.L. Pennell, who served on the expedition both as navigator and acting captain of the Terra Nova. Three volumes of journals covering the period of this book are currently held by Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. The volume designated MS107, running from January 1911 to 1 November 1912, is Pennell’s semi-official ‘captain’s log’. The two volumes designated MS433 run from January 1904 to February 1914 and include more personal observations on the expedition. Pennell also co-authored (with Edward ‘Teddy’ Evans) a report entitled ‘Voyages of the Terra Nova’, which was published in Scott’s Last Expedition, Vol. II. I have no knowledge of any journal kept by Harry Pennell following his return to naval duties after the expedition.
I have referenced quotations from or information from Pennell’s journals by date of journal entry; dates of the events mentioned are included, where necessary, in the text; I have not referenced widely known events or facts about the expedition (e.g. ports-of-call, locations in Antarctica). I have retained Pennell’s use of names, spellings, etc., but have added occasional insertions (e.g. after a nickname) and clarifying punctuation marks (without an accompanying ‘[sic]’ in the interests of fluency). Copies of Pennell’s journals were provided by Canterbury Museum; permission to quote and incorporate information from them was kindly provided by them (Sarah Murray) and by David and Virginia Pennell, relatives of Harry Pennell.
In an effort to keep other notes to a manageable level, widely known or uncontested facts about Antarctic expeditions and the First World War are not referenced. Letters to and from Pennell and other expedition members are largely from the collections of the Scott Polar Research Institute (‘SPRI’) and Royal Geographical Society (‘RGS’). Excerpts from documents with SPRI references appear by permission of the University of Cambridge, Scott Polar Research Institute. Where references to books and journals are by short-form title, full details are in the bibliography.
Where a number of newspaper reports have clearly been based on one news agency cable I have cited one or more representative reports; similarly, where many newspapers covered the same event I have generally cited reports from newspapers (e.g. The Times, British regional newspapers, Christchurch’s The Press and other New Zealand newspapers) whose past editions are readily available on electronic databases through libraries or subscription services. Occasionally I have quoted local newspapers (particularly from Cheltenham) or newspapers in my personal possession.
Family and service records have been accessed through www.ancestry.co.uk, the National Archives, Kew and similar sources.
Select Bibliography
There are, as anyone interested in the main subject areas of this book will know, numerous books available on the First World War and the Antarctic expeditions. There is also a huge amount of information in the public domain. I have listed books and journals I have consulted, referenced or which have found particularly helpful in terms of background or contextual information.
Amundsen, Roald (1927), My life as an explorer, London: William Heinemann
Arnold, H.J.P. (1975), Herbert Ponting: Another World, London: Sidgwick and Jackson
Baker, Christopher (2014), The Truce: The Day the War Stopped, Stroud: Amberley Publishing
Barfoot, John (1993), ‘Notes of a Norwegian Warbird: Tryggve Gran’, Cross & Cockade International Journal, vol. 24: 1, pp. 12–21
Barr, Susan, Newman, David and Nesterod, Greg (2012), Gold, or I’m a Dutchman, Trondheim: Akademica Publishing
Barrie, J. M. (undated, probably 1922), Courage, London: Hodder & Stoughton
Bingham, Chris, Harry Pennell: Scott’s Navigator (The Review, Volume 24.4, pp.5-16) and From the South Pole to Jutland (Medal News, May 2007, pp. 37–39)
Bostridge, Mark (2014), The Fateful Year: England 1914, London: Viking
Bowers, Henry R., Lane, Heather, Boneham, Naomi, Smith, Robert D. (eds), Strathie, Anne (Foreword) (2012), The South Pole Journals, Cambridge: Scott Polar Research Institute
Brown, Malcolm and Seaton, Shirley (1994), Christmas Truce: the Western Front, December 1914, Basingstoke: Papermac
Bruce, Wilfred (2012 [1932]), Reminiscences of the Terra Nova in the Antarctic, Jaffrey, NH: Erebus & Terror Press
Campbell, Victor and King, H.G.R. (ed.) (1988), The Wicked Mate: The Antarctic Diary of Victor Campbell, Norfolk: Bluntisham Books, Erskine Press
Cherry-Garrard, Apsley (2010 [1922]), The Worst Journey in the World, London: Vintage Classics
Costello, John and Hughes, Terry (1976), Jutland 1916, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd
Crane, David (2005), Scott of the Antarctic, London: HarperCollins
— (2014), Empires of the Dead, London: HarperCollins
David, Saul (2013), 100 Days to Victory, London: Hodder & Stoughton
Davis, Wade (2011), Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest, London: Vintage
Debenham, Frank (1952), In the Antarctic, London: John Murray
Dennistoun, James and Mannering, Guy (ed.) (1999), The Peaks & Passes of J.R.D., Geraldine, New Zealand: JRD Publications
Erskine, Angus (1994), ‘Victor Campbell and Michael Barne in Svalbard: the 1914 voyage of Willem Barents’, Polar Record, pp. 117–22
Evans, Edward R.G.R. (1920), Keeping the Seas, New York: Frederick Warne (on-line pdf version)
— (1953 [1921]), South with Scott, London: Collins
— (Admiral Lord Mountevans) (1947), Adventurous Life, London: Hutchison & Co.
Freyberg, Lord Paul (1991), Bernard Freyberg, VC: Soldier of Two Nations, London: Hodder & Stoughton
Gallipoli Association Journal (various issues and authors)
Gran, Tryggve (1919), Under the British Flag, trans. Gran’s daughter (from Under britisk flagg: krigen 1914–18), Oslo: Gyldendalske Boghandel (copy at Imperial War Museum, ref. 91/41/1)
— (1984), Tryggve Gran’s Antarctic Diary, 1910–13: The Norwegian with Scott, trans. Ellen Johanne McGhie, Geoffrey Hattersley-Smith (ed.), London: National Maritime Museum
Guly, Henry (2014), ‘Edward Leicester Atkinson (1881–1929): Antarctic explorer, scientist and naval surgeon’, Journal of Medical Biography, 21 March
— (2014), ‘George Murray Levick (1876–1956): Antarctic explorer’, Journal of Medical Biography, 27 June
Haddelsey, Stephen (2005), Born Adventurer: The Life of Frank Bickerton, Antarctic Pioneer. Stroud: The History Press
Hassell, Christopher (1964), Rupert Brooke, London: Faber & Faber
Hooper, Meredith (2010), The Longest Winter: Scott’s Other Heroes, London: John Murray (Publishers)
Huntford, Roland (1985), Shackleton, London: Hodder & Stoughton
Johnson, Anthony M. (1982, 1983), ‘Scott of the Antarctic and Cardiff’, Glamorgan Local History Society Transactions, vol. 26, pp. 15–52 (Part 1); vol. 27, p. 25–58 (Part 2)
Johnson, Boris (2014), The Churchill Factor, London: Hodder & Stoughton
Jones, Max (2003), The Last Great Quest, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Jones, Nigel (1999), Brooke: Life, Death and Myth, London: Richard Cohen Books
Jones, Nigel (2014), Peace and War: Britain in 1914, London: Head of Zeus
Kelly, Frederick Septimus, Radic, Thérèse (ed.) (2004), Race Against Time: The Diaries of F.S. Kelly, Canberra: National Library of Australia
Kelly, Frederick Septimus, Cooksey, Jon and McKechnie, Graham (eds) (2015), Kelly’s War: The Great War Diary of Frederick Kelly 1914–1916, London: Blink Publishing
Kruse, Frigga (2013), Frozen Assets: British Mining Exploration and Geopolitics on Spitsbergen, 1904–53, Groningen: University of Groningen
Limb, Sue and Cordingley, Patrick (2009 [1982]), Captain Oates: Soldier and Explorer, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books
MacMillan, Margaret (2014), The War that Ended Peace, London: Profile Books
Marsh, Edward (memoir) and Brooke, Rupert (1918), The Collected Poems of Rupert Brooke: With
a memoir, London: Sidgwick & Jackson
May, Karen (2011), ‘Could Captain Scott have been saved? Revisiting Scott’s Last Expedition’, Polar Record, vol. 48: 1, January 2013, pp. 72–90
May, Karen and Airrless, Sarah (2013), ‘Could Captain Scott have been saved? Cecil Meares and the ‘second journey’ that failed’, Polar Record, vol. 51: 3, May 2015, pp. 260–73
Mills, Leif (2008), Men of Ice: The Lives of Alistair Forbes Mackay (1878-1914) and Cecil Henry Meares (1877-1937), Whitby: Caedmon of Whitby
Nicolson, Juliet (2010), The Great Game, London: John Murray
Page, Christopher (1999), Command in the Royal Naval Division, Staplehurst: Spelmount
Parsons, Christopher (1993), ‘Campbell of the Antarctic: Orders and Medals’, Research Society Journal, Spring 1993
Pearson, Graham (2007), Hidcote: The Garden and Lawrence Johnston, London: National Trust
Pease, Howard (1924), The History of the Northumberland (Hussars) Yeomanry, 1819–1919, London: Constable & Co.
Pennell, Harry, journals, 1904–1914 (three volumes, references MS107 and MS433), Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand
Ponting, Herbert (1921), The Great White South, London: Gerald Duckworth & Sons
Priestley, Raymond (1971), ‘Wireless Memories Round and About the First World War’, talk given on 1 May 1971 to the Royal Engineers Signals Association (1914–8), privately printed (copy provided by University of Melbourne Archives)
Quartermain, L.B. (1981), Antarctica’s Forgotten Men, Wellington, NZ: Millwood Press
Raeside, Adrian (2009), Return to Antarctica, Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons
Riffenburgh, Beau (2008), Racing with Death: Douglas Mawson – Antarctic Explorer, London: Bloomsbury
— (2011), Terra Nova, Scott’s Last Expedition, Cambridge: Scott Polar Research Institute
Russell, W.S.C. (1911), ‘Jan Mayen Expedition of 1911’, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol. 43: 12, pp. 881–90
Sanderson, Marie (1988), Griffith Taylor: Antarctic Scientist and Pioneer Geographer, Ottawa: Carlton University Press
Scott, Robert Falcon, Jones, Max (ed.) (2005 [1910–12]), Journals: Captain Scott’s Last Expedition, Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics
Scott, Robert Falcon and others (1914), Scott’s Last Expedition, Volumes I and II, London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Seaver, George (1933), Edward Wilson of the Antarctic: Naturalist and Friend, London: John Murray
Sellers, Leonard (1995), The Hood Battalion, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books
— (1997–2003), Royal Naval Division Journals, 1–24, June 1997–March 2003, available on CD-rom at http://www.crystalpalacefoundation.org.uk/shop/world-war-one-two/royal-naval-division
— (2003), Death for Desertion: The Story of the Court Martial and Execution of Sub Lt. Edwin Dyett, Barnsley: Leo Cooper, Pen & Sword Books
Shackleton, Ernest, (2007 [1909; 1919]) The Heart of Antarctica and South, London: Wordsworth Editions
Simonis, H. (1917), The Street of Ink: An Intimate History of Journalism, New York: Funk and Wagnalls (available at http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/h-simonis/the-street-of-ink-an-intimate-history-of-journalism-omi.shtml)
Skinner, George and Valerie, The Life and Adventures of William Lashly (published privately, available at https://sites.google.com/site/lashlyantarcticexplorer/new-william-lashly-book)
Smith, Michael (2008), I Am Just Going Outside: Captain Oates – Antarctic Tragedy
— (2009), An Unsung Hero: Tom Crean – Antarctic Survivor, Cork: Collins Press
— (2014), Shackleton: By Endurance We Conquer, London: Oneworld Publications
Speak, Peter (2008), Deb – Geographer, Scientist, Antarctic Explorer: A Biography of Frank Debenham, OBE, Guildford: Polar Publishing Ltd, in association with Scott Polar Research Institute
Strachan, Hew (2003–13), The First World War, London: Simon & Schuster and Pocket Books
Strange, Caroline and Bashford, Alison (2009), Griffith Taylor: Visionary Environmentalist Explorer, Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Strathie, Anne (2012), Birdie Bowers: Captain Scott’s Marvel, Stroud: The History Press
Sutherland, John and Canwell, Diana (2104), The Battle of Jutland, Barnsley, Pen & Sword Books
Swales, Roy (2004), Nelson at War: 1914–1918, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books
Tarver, Michael (2006), The S.S. Terra Nova (1884–1943): From the Arctic to the Antarctic, Whaler, Sealer and Polar Exploration Ship, Brixham: Pendragon Maritime Publications
— (2015), Antarctic Explorer and War Hero, The Man who Found Captain Scott: Edward Leicester Atkinson, Brixham: Pendragon Maritime Publications
Taylor, Griffith (1916), With Scott: The Silver Lining, London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Turney, Chris (2012), 1912: The Year the World Discovered Antarctica, London: The Bodley Head and Pimlico
Tyler-Lewis, Kelly (2006), The Lost Men: The Harrowing Story of Shackleton’s Ross Sea Party, London: Bloomsbury
Vennell, Adrian (2006), ‘John Hugh Mather and the north Russian campaign, 1919’, Polar Record, vol. 48: 2, April 2007, pp. 169–171
Wheeler, Sara (2001), Cherry: A Life of Apsley Cherry-Garrard, London: Vintage
Williams, Isobel (2008), With Scott in the Antarctic: Edward Wilson, Stroud: The History Press
Wilson, David M. (2011), The Lost Photographs of Captain Scott, London: Little, Brown
Wilson, David M. and Elder, David B. (2000), Cheltenham in Antarctica: The Life of Edward Wilson, Cheltenham: Reardon Publishing
Wright, Silas, Bull, Colin and Wright, Pat F. (eds) (1993), Silas: The Antarctic Diaries and Memoir of Charles S. Wright, Ohio: Ohio State University Press
Young, Louisa (2012), A Great Task of Happiness: The Life of Kathleen Scott, London: Hydraulic Press of London
Plates
Harry Pennell and members of his ‘afterguard’ on board the Terra Nova near Akaroa, April 1912. Left to right: Jim Dennistoun, Alfred Cheetham, Henry Rennick, Francis Drake, William Williams, Harry Pennell, Wilfred Bruce, Dennis Lillie. Photograph: Herbert Ponting; from Scott’s Last Expedition, Vol. II © private
Scott and members of the expedition landing party, January 1911. Left to right: Tom Crean, Edward Wilson (sitting), Patrick Keohane, Henry ‘Birdie’ Bowers (sitting), Tryggve Gran, Captain Robert Scott, Robert Forde, Cecil Meares, Apsley Cherry-Garrard, Lawrence Oates, Edward Atkinson. Photograph: Herbert Ponting; image © Mary Evans/Epic/Tallandier
Terra Nova in a storm in the Southern Ocean, March 1912. Photograph: Herbert Ponting; from Scott’s Last Expedition, Vol. I © private
Terra Nova in the Ross Sea ice pack, with its sails being furled. Photograph: Herbert Ponting; from Scott’s Last Expedition, Vol. I © private
Teddy Evans in the crow’s nest. Photograph: Herbert Ponting; from Scott’s Last Expedition, Vol. I © private
All photographs from Scott’s Last Expedition, Vol. II © private
The Northern Party in November 1912, after returning to Cape Evans: left to right, Dickason, Abbott, Browning, Campbell, Priestley, Levick. Photograph: Debenham
Winter work at Cape Evans: left to right, Debenham, Cherry-Garrard, Bowers, Teddy Evans, Taylor. Photograph: Ponting
Lillie with sponges from a record ‘trawl’ from the ship. Photograph: Ponting
Tom Crean shouldering his skis. Photograph: Ponting
Nelson with the Nansen–Petersen insulated water bottle used to take water samples. Photograph: Ponting
Pennell using a prismatic compass. Photograph: Ponting
All photographs from Scott’s Last Expedition, Vol. I © private
Lashly, Day, Teddy Evans, Hooper (left to right) with a motor sledge. Photograph: Ponting
Rennick meets a friendly Adélie penguin. Photograph: Ponting
Meares with Osman, the lead sledging dog. Photograph: Ponting
Edgar ‘Taff’ Evans binds the badly frostbitten hand of Edward Atkinson, the only doctor then at Cape
Evans. Photograph: Ponting
Tryggve Gran skiing. Photograph: Ponting
Ponting filming the ice from the Terra Nova. Photographer unknown.
Terra Nova officers in New Zealand, February 1913. Left to right: front row: Bruce, Joseph Kinsey (expedition agent), Teddy Evans, Atkinson, Lillie; middle row: Levick, Gran, Campbell, Pennell; back row: Cherry-Garrard, Rennick, Cheetham, Williams, Nelson. © Illustrated London News Ltd/Mary Evans
Many British newspapers published special editions on the Terra Nova expedition in February 1913; in the Daily Mirror’s special edition (12 February), an article about Lord Roberts’s efforts to recruit men for the army was placed alongside one about Scott’s heroism and sacrifice. Image © private
Harry Pennell so enjoyed The Great Adventure (opened March 1913) that he went to at least six performance between August 1913 and early 1914; well-known artists and art collectors, including Roger Fry, Duncan Grant and Sir William Nicholson, loaned or created works for the play. Image © private
Wilfred Bruce married Dorothy Boot, daughter of millionaire Sir Jesse Boot (who owned over 500 pharmacies) in November 1913. Bruce and his best man, Henry Rennick, stand on either side of the bride; the other uniformed officer may be Francis Drake. Sir Jesse Boot sits on the right. Photographer: unknown; image © and courtesy The Alliance Boots Archive and Museum
From Ice Floes to Battlefields Page 27
