Anita McConnell, Jesse Ramsden (1735–1800): London’s Leading Scientific Instrument Maker (Aldershot, 2007)
A. D. Morrison-Low, Making Scientific Instruments in the Industrial Revolution (Aldershot, 2007)
Simon Schaffer, ‘Babbage’s Intelligence: Calculating Engines and the Factory System’, Critical Inquiry, 21 (1994), 203–27
Doron Swade, Charles Babbage and his Calculating Engines (London, 1991)
Chapter 7
Philip Arnott, ‘Chronometers on East India Company Ships 1800 to 1833’, Antiquarian Horology, 30 (2007), 481–500
John Cawood, ‘The Magnetic Crusade: Science and politics in early Victorian Britain’, Isis, 70 (1979), 492–518
Archibald Day, The Admiralty Hydrographic Service 1795–1919 (London, 1967)
Harry W. Dickinson, Educating the Royal Navy: Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Education for Officers (Abingdon and New York, 2007)
Fergus Fleming, Barrow’s Boys: A Stirring Story of Daring Fortitude and Outright Lunacy (London, 2001)
Jordan Goodman, ‘The hell-borne traffic: William Owen and the African slave trade’, Geographical, 79 (2007), 63–65
R. D. Keynes, The Beagle Record: Selections from the Original Pictorial Records and Written Accounts of the Voyage of HMS Beagle (Cambridge, 1979)
W. E. May, How the Chronometer Went to Sea (AHS, 1976)
D. P. Miller, The Royal Society of London, 1800–1835: A Study in the Cultural Politics of Scientific Organization, PhD Dissertation (University of Pennsylvania, 1981)
Michael S. Reidy, Tides of History: Ocean Science and Her Majesty’s Navy (Chicago, 2009)
G. S. Ritchie, The Admiralty Chart: British Naval Hydrography in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1967)
INDEX
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
Page numbers in bold refer to captions, diagrams and photographs.
Académie des Sciences 36, 50, 60, 120
Adams, John 147
Admiralty 45, 77, 82, 93, 114, 124–5, 133, 137, 184, 185, 188, 192, 197, 217
Admiralty Chart 188
Adventure (ship) 122, 128, 131, 134–5, 210
Africa
charting 202–7, 203, 204–5, 206
Airy, George 175–7
Aleutian Islands 137
Alexander (ship) 197
Alimari, Dorotheo 70, 70
American Philosophical Society 155
Analytical Engine 175–7
Andrews, Henry 113
Anne (Queen) 56, 73
Anson, George 82, 96, 128–9, 137, 216
Apian, Peter
Cosmographica (1524) 51
Introductio Geographica (1533) 51, 52
Apollodoro, Francesco, Galileo Galilei (c.1602–07) 48
Arbuthnot, John 76
Arctic 199, 202
Arnold, John 166, 171–2, 175
John Arnold and family (Davy, c.1783) 164
marine timekeepers by 116, 119, 121–2, 133, 150, 154, 155, 166, 167, 212
no. 23(c.1784) 167
no. 294 (c.1807) 216
Arnold, John Roger 171
no. 36 (1778) 165, 166
artificial horizon 94, 95, 216
Association (ship) 29
Astrolabe (ship) 151
Atlantic Ocean 19
Australia 19, 211, 217
charts 24, 25
coastal survey 150, 214
colonisation 145
shipwreck 30
Austrian Succession, war of the 82
Babbage, Charles 175–7, 176
Specimen of Logarithmic Tables (1831) 177
see also Difference Engine,
Analytical Engine
Backhuysen, Ludolf 16–17
backstaff 22, 23, 31, 93, 94, 95
Baffin, William 53
Baffin Bay 197
Baily, Francis 175
balance spring, helical 166
Banks, Joseph 129, 145, 150, 166, 171–2, 178, 197
Barbados 66, 99–101, 100–1, 102, 122, 144
Barracouta (brig) 202
Barrow, John 192, 197–8
Batavia (ship) 30
Bayly, William 131, 133
Beagle (ship) 206–7, 208–9, 208–17, 210–11
beam compass 173
Beaufort, Francis 214, 220
Bedlam 74–5, 76
Berthoud, Ferdinand 119–20, 151, 154, 164
horloge marine no.8 (1767) 117
Besson, Jacques 99
Best, William Philip 96
Bidstrup, Jesper 173–5
Billingsley, Case 70
bimetallic strip 88
Bird, John 116, 173
marine sextant (c.1758) 96, 97
transit instrument 110, 112
Bishop, Robert, lunar-distance form (1768) 123
Blackheath 42, 73
Bligh, William 145–7, 146–7, 150, 181
Board of Longitude 124, 126, 147, 157–8, 177–8, 192, 199
and the Bounty 145
and the construction of affordable timekeepers 108-9, 117, 119–22
and Cook’s voyages 133
disbanded 185, 197
and Henry Constantine Jennings 184
and John Arnold 166, 171
and John Bird 173
and Jupiter’s satellites 181
and longitude measurement, training in 124–5, 150
and magnetic variation 181–4
miscellaneous schemes presented to 185
and the Nautical Almanac 110, 112, 113
and Ramsden’s dividing engine 173
reworked (1818) 197
and Thomas Earnshaw 171–2
and Thomas Mudge 164–6
and timekeepers 108–9, 117, 119–22
see also Commissioners of Longitude
Bombay (Mumbai) 193
Bond, Henry 45, 53
Botany Bay 151
Bougainville, Louis-Antoine, Comte de 150–1
Bounty (ship) 145–7, 146–7
Bourne, William 12
Boussole (ship) 151
Bradley, James 93, 96, 98
Bradley, John 185
Brazil 129
breadfruit 145, 145, 150
Brest 188
Bridgetown, Barbados 100, 101
Brisbane, Thomas 156
Britain 31, 50, 65
chartered companies 16
Industrial Revolution 158, 162
manufacturing expertise 186
see also England
British Mariner’s Guide 108, 113, 129
Brocklesby Park 77
Brouncker, William 45
Bruce, Alexander, Earl of Kincardine 58, 60
Bruhl, Count 120
Brunel, Marc Isambard 174, 175
Buchan, David 197
Burden, Monsieur 32
Burke, Edmund 122
Busy Body 99
Campbell, John 96
Camus, Charles-Étienne 119, 120
Cape Blanco 28
Cape Colony 202
Cape of Good Hope 19, 25, 99, 133, 150, 193
Cape Guardafui 202
Cape Horn 30, 82, 83, 96, 131, 210–11, 216
Cape Newenham 140
Cape Noir 82
Cape Spartel 31
Caribbean 25, 28
Carlyle, Thomas 158
Carteret, Philip 147
Cassini, Giovanni 50
Cathcart, Charles 186
celatone 45–50
Centurion (ship) 77, 80–1, 82, 82, 83, 96, 128
Cervantes, Miguel de 36
Chandos, Duke of 73
Charles II 31, 53
Charlton Island 28
chart 14–15, 18–19, 19, 21–2, 24, 25, 28, 45, 46–7, 83, 128, 129, 131, 136–7, 142, 149, 151, 154, 204–5, 208–9, 214, 216–7, 218–9, 221
unreliable 25, 31, 137
char
ting 21, 137–44, 202–7
Chatham (yacht) 93, 150
Chavasse, William 179, 181
China 150, 181, 186–7
chinaware 17
Christian, Fletcher 145–7
chronometer 73, 156–7, 162–72, 186–7, 189, 192, 193, 197–8, 206–7, 214, 216, 221
see also specific makers
Cinque Ports (ship) 30
Clairaut, Alexis 96
Clark, William 155
Clement, Joseph 175
clock 39, 57–63, 58–62, 66, 70–3, 172
bimetallic strip 88
caged roller-bearing 86, 88
effects of motion at sea on 77
friction 77, 88
grasshopper escapement 77, 78, 88
gridiron pendulum 77, 88
Harrison’s 76, 77–89, 78, 82, 85, 87, 92
isochronism 77
pendulum 57–8, 63, 76, 77
remontoire 85–7, 88
temperature compensation 77, 88, 166
Thacker’s 72, 73–6
see also specific makers
coal 158
coffee-houses 69, 71, 73
Collins, Greenvile, Great Britain’s Coasting Pilot (1693) 24, 25
Colson Nathaniel, New Seaman’s Kalendar 31
Columbus, Christopher 28
Commission for the Discovery of Mr Harrison’s Watch 116
Commissioners of Longitude 39, 42, 45, 53, 65–6, 69–73, 77, 125, 178
and the 1765 Longitude Act 104
and the construction of affordable timekeepers 116–17, 119, 122
and Irwin’s marine chair 99, 104, 108, 114
and the Harrisons 82, 88, 92, 101–3, 114, 122
making longitude techniques available 104, 108, 114
and Nevil Maskelyne 101–2
and timekeepers 116–17, 119, 122
and Tobias Mayer 96, 99
see also Board of Longitude
Compagnie Française pour le Commerce des Indes Orientales (French East India Company) 17
compass (beam) 173
compass (magnetic) 22, 22, 94
amplitude compass (1780) 43, 45
azimuth compass (c.1793) 181–4, 182, 198
insulating compass (c.1818) 184, 184
compensation balance 166
Connaissance des Temps 98, 99, 108, 151, 154
Cook, James 119, 122, 128–33, 137–44, 147, 188, 197
Captain James Cook (Dance, 1775–76) 128
‘Chart of the Island of Otaheite [Tahiti]’ (1769) 129
Chart of New Zealand (1772) 142
Copley Medal 88
death 144, 145
first voyage 128–31
journal on Resolution 131
second voyage 122, 126, 128, 130, 131–3, 132–3, 137, 140–1, 142, 145, 166
third voyage 128, 128, 137–44, 138, 143, 145, 150
Couch, John 185, 185
Council of the Indies 25
Croaker, Henry 185
Croker, John Wilson 197
Crosley, John 150, 171
cross-staff 22, 51, 53, 93
Cruickshank, George, ‘Landing the Treasures ...’ 198–9, 199
currents 30, 31
Daily Courant (newspaper) 73
D’Alembert, Jean 96
Dalrymple, Alexander 154, 166
Dampier, William 25, 30, 82, 129
Dance, Nathaniel
Captain James Cook (1775–76) 128
Thomas Mudge (c.1772) 162
Dandridge, Bartholomew, John Hadley (early 1730s) 92
Darwin, Charles 210
Davy, Robert, John Arnold and family (c.1783) 164
dead reckoning 22, 25, 28, 31, 45, 82, 98, 131, 131, 147, 156, 157, 178, 192
Defoe, Daniel 69, 162
Robinson Crusoe (1719) 30
Demainbray, Stephen 121
Deptford (ship) 92
depth sounding 24, 25, 178
Desaguliers, John 73
Descubierta (ship) 154
D’Evreux de Fleurieu, Charles-Pierre 120
Dickens, Charles, Dombey and Sons (1848) 175
Difference Engine 175–7, 176
dip circle 138, 202, 202
Discovery (ship of Cook’s expeditions) 128, 140–1
Discovery (ship of Vancouver’s expeditions) 150
disease 202, 207
Ditton, Humphry 39–42, 45, 57–8, 73, 76
dividing engine 171, 173–5
Dodd, Robert, ‘The Mutineers turning Lt Bligh and part of the officers and crew adrift’ (1790) 147
Dollond 154, 187
Dolphin (ship) 129
Dorothea (ship) 197
double reflection
principle of 93–5, 96
instrument 93–5, 93
Drake, Francis 99
Dryden, John, Annus Mirabilis (1667) 19, 22
Du-Val, Pierre, Carte universelle du commerce (1686) 14–15
Dunthorne, Richard 110
Tables Requisite ... 109, 110–12, 147
Eagle (ship) 29
Earle, Augustus 210
‘Life on the ocean ...’ (c.1820–37) 194–5
Earnshaw, Thomas 150, 166–72, 175
escapement model (1804) 169, 171
no. 512 (c.1800) 168
no. 524 (c.1800) 168
Thomas Earnshaw (Schee, c. 1808) 166
Earth, as timekeeper 57
Earth’s magnetism 42–5
magnetic inclination 43–5, 73, 202
magnetic variation 43–5, 46–7, 73, 181–4
East India Company 16–17, 98–9, 156–7, 166, 184, 186, 192–3
Eckebrecht, Philipp 25
eclipses
Jupiter’s satellites 39, 45–51, 53, 92, 99
lunar 25–8, 45, 96, 112
solar 25–8, 45, 73, 112, 129
Edwards, Eliza 114
Edwards, John 113–14
Edwards, Mary 113–14
electric telegraph 221
Elliot, John 95
Elliott, John 126
Elton, John, backstaff with artificial horizon 94, 95
Emerson, William 125
Emery, Josiah 187
Endeavour (ship) 128, 129–30
England 16, 36
trade 16–17, 17, 19
Englefield, Sir Henry 198
English Channel 25, 31
equal altitudes 93
Equator 20–1, 112
escapement
Earnshaw’s 169, 171
grasshopper 77, 78, 88
spring-detent 166, 171
Euler, Leonhard 96, 103
Faraday, Michael 197
Fernando Po 207
Ferrner, Bengt 99
Ferro (El Hierro), Canary Islands 20
fever 202, 207
Fidler, Peter 155
Firebrand (ship) 28–9
FitzRoy, Robert 196, 208–9, 210–16, 211, 215
Flamsteed, John 21, 31, 50, 53–7, 70, 73, 77
flax 144
Flinders, Matthew 150, 156, 188, 202
Flinders, Samuel 150
‘fluid quadrant’ 77
Folkes, Martin 73
Forster, Georg 144
France 16, 36, 109, 126, 150–4
clock and watchmaking 63, 119–21, 151, 154, 166
coastline maps 50, 51
and the lunar-distance method 51
monarchy 60
navigation schools 31
trade 19
Franklin, Benjamin 25, 89
Franklin, John 197, 199, 200, 202
French, John 73
French Revolution 145, 173
friction, reduction of 77, 88
Funnell, William 30
Galapagos Islands 25
Galilei, Galileo 48
clocks 57
journal 49
observations of Jupiter and its satellites 45–50, 49
Gellibrand, Henry 28
Gentleman’s Magazine 105
George
II 73, 96
George III 117, 121–2, 125, 129, 166
George, Prince of Denmark 56, 73
Gilbert, Joseph, ‘Part of the Southern Hemisphere...’ (c.1775) 137
Gilbert, William, De Magnete (1600) 43
Glendon, John 13
Godfrey, Thomas 93–5, 93
Graham, George 63, 77, 164, 173
astronomical regulator 110, 112
grasshopper escapement 77, 78, 88
gravity, inverse square law of 96
Great Lakes 202
Green, Charles 99–101, 129–31, 141
Greenland 53
Greenwich Hospital for Seamen 31, 197
Greenwich Meridian 20, 188, 221
Greenwich Observations 112
Greenwich time 109, 193, 212
gridiron pendulum 77, 88
Griper (ship) 199
Hack, William 19, 18–19
Hadley, George 93
Hadley, Henry 93
Hadley, John 92, 93–5
John Hadley (Dandridge, early 1730s) 92
Hadley quadrant/octant 92, 95, 98, 124, 139
Hague, The 60
Halley, Edmond 31, 43, 45, 56
and double reflection 93
Edmond Halley (Murray, c.1690) 44
and John Harrison 77
and Whiston’s rocket scheme 73
world chart showing magnetic variation (1702) 46–7
Hamilton, Archibald 94
Hampstead Heath 42
Hanmer, Thomas 73
Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 176
Harrison, James 77
Harrison, John 66, 77–92, 99, 101–3, 104, 125, 162, 164, 166, 173
John Harrison (King, c.1765–66) 89, 89
H1 (1735) 77, 78–9, 82, 82, 89
H2 (1737–39) 84–5, 88, 89
H3 (1740–59) 86–7, 88, 88–9, 92
H4 (1755–59) 89–92, 90–1, 101, 102–3, 108, 114–17, 114, 119–20, 121, 162, 164
H5 (1770) 120, 121–2, 121
medallion portrait (Tassie, c.1776) 122
precision long-case regulator (1726) 76, 77
Principles of Mr. Harrison’s Timekeeper (1767) 115, 119, 120–1
Harrison, John (grandson of John) 121
Harrison, John (ship’s purser) 129
Harrison, William 91, 92, 101–2, 121–2
Hawkesworth, John, An Account of the Voyages Undertaken ... in the Southern Hemisphere (1773) 145
health at sea 22
Heath, William, ‘March of Intellect ...’ (1829) 160–1
Hecla (ship) 199
Herschel, John 175, 220–1
Hipparchus of Nicaea 20
Hitchens, Malachy 113, 114
Hobbs, William 73
‘Horologe’ 73
Hodges, William
Cook’s Resolution in the Marquesas Islands (1774) 130
‘View of Maitavie Bay’ (1776) 134–5
View of Point Venus and Matavai Bay, Tahiti (1773) 132–3
Hodgson, James 73
Hogarth, William 89
A Rake’s Progress 74–5, 76
Holland 65
Finding Longitude Page 22
