30. John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” p. 220.
31. Ibid., p. 221.
32. Ibn Wasil, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 294.
33. Deposition by Charles of Anjou during the canonization process of Saint Louis, in Jackson, Seventh Crusade, p. 116.
34. Ibn Wasil, in Jackson, Seventh Crusade, p. 149.
35. Ibid., pp. 150–53; John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” pp. 231–33.
36. John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” pp. 229–30.
37. Ibid., p. 243.
38. Ibid., pp. 249–54.
39. Louis IX to his subjects in France, before August 10, 1250, in Jackson, Seventh Crusade, p. 113.
40. Ibid., p. 114.
41. C. J. Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East, 1191–1291 (Cambridge, 1992).
42. On this period of his rule see Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade, pp. 135–213.
43. Ibid., pp. 127–28.
44. Matthew Paris, The Chronicles of Matthew Paris: Monastic Life in the Thirteenth Century, tr. R. Vaughan (Gloucester, 1984), pp. 248–49.
45. R. Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate, 1250–1382 (Beckenham, 1986), pp. 26–29.
46. Morgan, Mongols, pp. 130–37; Ibn Kathir in Lewis, Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople, pp. 80–84.
47. P. Jackson, “The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260,” in English Historical Review 95 (1980), pp. 481–513. For a broader study of Mongol–Christian relations, see the same author’s splendid The Mongols and the West, 1221–1405 (Harlow, 2005).
48. R. Amitai-Preiss, Mongols and Mamluks (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 27–35; letter of Hulegu Khan to Saint Louis, 1262, P. Meyvaert, “An Unknown Letter of Hulegu, Ilkhan of Persia to King Louis IX of France,” in Viator 11 (1980), pp. 252–59.
49. Al-Maqrizi in Lewis, Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople, pp. 84–85.
50. Amitai-Preiss, Mongols and Mamluks, pp. 35–45; M. Piana, Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit (Petersberg, 2008), pp. 44–46; Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages, pp. 32–34.
51. Ibn Abd al-Zahir, Baybars I of Egypt, tr. F. Sadeque (Dacca, 1956), p. 93.
52. D. Jacoby, “New Venetian Evidence on Crusader Acre,” The Experience of Crusading, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 2003), vol. 2, eds. P. W. Edbury and J. P. Phillips, pp. 240–56.
53. The best modern biography of Baibars is P. Thorau, The Lion of Egypt: Sultan Baibars I and the Near East in the Thirteenth Century, tr. P. M. Holt (Harlow, 1992); see also Irwin, Middle East in the Middle Ages, pp. 37–61.
54. Ibn Abd al-Zahir, Baybars I, pp. 115–16. On Baibars’s legitimacy and good rule, see pp. 96–121.
55. Ibn al-Furat, Ayyubids, Mamluks and Crusaders: Selections from the Tarikh al-Duwal wa’l-Muluk of Ibn al-Furat, eds. and trs. U. and M. C. Lyons and J. S. C. Riley-Smith, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1971), 1.124.
56. Ibn al-Nafis, The Theologus autodidactus, eds. and trs. M. Meyerhof and J. Schacht (Oxford, 1968), pp. 68–69.
57. Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 120–79; Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East, pp. 233–36, 244; Ibn al-Furat, Ayyubids, Mamluks and Crusaders, 1.88–96.
58. Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 145–63; Thorau, Lion of Egypt, pp. 204–5; D. J. Cathcart King, “The Taking of Le Krak des Chevaliers in 1271,” in Antiquity 23 (1949), pp. 83–92.
59. Richard, Saint Louis, pp. 329–35; Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade, pp. 214–18.
60. John of Joinville, “Life of Saint Louis,” p. 329.
61. S. D. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 1216–1307 (Oxford, 1988).
62. Thorau, Lion of Egypt, pp. 220–50; P. M. Holt, Early Mamluk Diplomacy (1260–1290): Treaties of Baibars and Qalawun with Christian Rulers (Leiden, 1995).
63. Ibn Abd al-Zahir, Baibars I, pp. 77–78.
64. D. P. Little, “The Fall of Akka in 690/1291: The Muslim Version,” in Studies in Islamic History and Civilisation in Honour of Professor David Ayalon, ed. M. Sharon (Jerusalem and Leiden, 1986), pp. 159–81; Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East, pp. 232–38, 244–55; Irwin, Middle East in the Middle Ages, pp. 62–76; Amitai-Preiss, Mongols and Mamluks, pp. 179–201.
65. The “Templar of Tyre”: Part III of the “Deeds of the Cypriots,” tr. P. Crawford (Aldershot, 2003), pp. 104–5.
66. Ibid., p. 109.
67. Ibid., p. 111.
68. Ibn al-Furat in Little, “The Fall of Akka in 690/1291,” p. 181.
11. From the Trial of the Templars to Ferdinand and Isabella, Columbus, and the Conquest of the New World
1. M. Barber, The Trial of the Templars, second edition (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 59–61. This is by far the best account of the end of the Templars, although see also the arguments of J. S. C. Riley-Smith, “Were the Templars Guilty?,” and “The Structures of the Orders of the Temple and the Hospital in c.1291,” both in The Medieval Crusade, ed. S. Ridyard (Woodbridge, 2004).
2. The Templars, trs. M. Barber and K. Bate (Manchester, 2002), pp. 244–48.
3. A. Demurger, The Last Templar: The Tragedy of Jacques de Molay, Last Grand Master of the Temple (London, 2002), pp. 144–52; S. Menache, “The Last Master of the Temple: James of Molay,” in Knighthoods of Christ: Essays on the History of the Crusades and the Knights Templar, Presented to Malcolm Barber, ed. N. Housley (Aldershot, 2007) pp. 229–40.
4. S. Menache, Clement V (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 13–34.
5. The Templars, p. 246.
6. Barber, Trial of the Templars, pp. 67–87.
7. Ibid., pp. 79–80, 88–90.
8. The Templars, p. 290.
9. Frale, “The Chinon Chart: Papal Absolution to the Last Templar, Master Jacques de Molay,” in Journal of Medieval History 30 (2004), pp. 109–34.
10. The Templars, pp. 292–95.
11. Ibid., p. 299.
12. Barber, Trial of the Templars, pp. 217–58; A. Gilmour-Bryson, The Trial of the Templars in Cyprus: A Complete English Edition (Leiden, 1998), pp. 40–41.
13. Ibid., pp. 30–31.
14. Barber, Trial of the Templars, pp. 141–201.
15. Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, 1.331–49, here at p. 336; Barber, Trial of the Templars, pp. 267–70.
16. Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, 1.341–42.
17. The Templars, pp. 323–28.
18. Demurger, Last Templar, pp. 194–200.
19. Translation from ibid., pp. 197–98.
20. Barber, New Knighthood, pp. 314–34.
21. S. Schein, “Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300. The Genesis of a Non-Event,” in English Historical Review 94 (1979), pp. 805–19; Jackson, Mongols and the West, pp. 165–95.
22. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land: The Crusade Proposals of the Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries (Aldershot, 2000); S. Schein, Fideles Crucis: The Papacy, the West, and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1274–1314 (Oxford, 1991).
23. For 1309, see N. Housley, “Pope Clement V and the Crusades of 1309–1310,” in Journal of Medieval History 8 (1982), pp. 29–42; for 1320, see M. Barber, “The Pastoureaux of 1320,” in Journal of Ecclesiastical History 32 (1981), pp. 143–66.
24. Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274–1580, ed. and tr. N. Housley (Basingstoke, 1996), p. 67.
25. M. Keen, Chivalry (London, 1984), pp. 44–63; N. Housley, “The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700,” in The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, p. 272.
26. M. Keen, “Chaucer’s Knight, the English Aristocracy and the Crusade,” in English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages, eds. V. J. Scattergood and J. W. Sherborne (London, 1983), pp. 45–61.
27. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 259–75.
28. J. S. Roskell, “Sir Richard de Waldegrave of Bures Saint Mary, Speaker in the Parliament of 1381–1382,” in Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 27 (1957), pp. 154–75.
29. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, pp. 161–79; S.
Bliznyuk, “A Crusader of the Later Middle Ages: King Peter I of Cyprus,” in The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity, eds. Z. Hunyadi and J. Laszlovsky (Budapest, 2001), pp. 51–57; Philip of Mézières, “Account of the Alexandria Crusade,” in Documents on the Later Crusades, p. 86; Guillaume de Machaut, The Capture of Alexandria, tr. J. Shirley and P. W. Edbury (Aldershot, 2001), p. 56.
30. Philip of Mézières, “Account of the Alexandria Crusade,” p. 86.
31. Ibid., pp. 87–88.
32. Guillaume de Machaut, Capture of Alexandria, p. 86.
33. Ibid., pp. 186–91.
34. The Earl of Derby’s Expeditions to Prussia and the Holy Land, 1390-139 and 1392–1393, ed. L. Toulmin Smith, Camden Society 52 (London, 1894); F. R. H. Du Boulay, “Henry of Derby’s Expeditions to Prussia, 1390-1391 and 1392,” in The Reign of Richard II: Essays in Honour of May McKisack, eds. F. R. H. Du Boulay and C. M. Barron (London, 1971), pp. 153–72; I. Mortimer, The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England’s Self-Made King (London, 2007), pp. 84–115.
35. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 167–76.
36. Ibid., pp. 139–46; 164–67.
37. Thomas Walsingham, Chronica Majora, trs. D. Preest and J. G. Clark (Wood-bridge, 2005), pp. 278–79.
38. AS. Cook, “Beginning the Board in Russia,” in Journal of English and German Philology 14 (1915), pp. 375–88.
39. Earl of Derby’s Expeditions, pp. 116–17.
40. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 227–31.
41. Documents on the Later Crusades, pp. 351–75.
42. Earl of Derby’s Expeditions, pp. lx–lxiii; 222, 275–76.
43. Ibid., pp. lxiii–lxxi; 226, 277–78.
44. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 332–42.
45. Hussite Manifesto from Prague, 1420, in T. A. Fudge, The Crusade Against Heretics in Bohemia, 1418–1437: Sources and Documents for the Hussite Crusades (Aldershot, 2002), pp. 59–60—part of an exemplary collection of documents to study these events. See also F. G. Heymann, “The Crusades Against the Hussites,” in History of the Crusades, ed. K. M. Setton, 6 vols. (Madison, 1969–89), 3.586–646; Documents on the Later Crusades, pp. 249–59.
46. Fudge, Crusade Against Heretics in Bohemia, pp. 24–25.
47. Biography of Marshal Boucicaut, cited in Documents on the Later Crusades, pp. 105–6.
48. A.S. Atiya, The Crusade of Nicopolis (London, 1936); V. Laszlo, “Some Remarks on Recent Historiography of the Crusade of Nicopolis (1396),” in The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity, eds. Z. Hunyadi and J. Laszlovsky (Budapest, 2001), pp. 223–30.
49. C. Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1481 (Istanbul, 1990); Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 5–27; H. Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age (London, 1973), pp. 5–22; D. Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 29–54.
50. Michael Doukas, The Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, tr. H. J. Magoulias (Detroit, 1984), p. 181.
51. C. Imber, The Crusade of Varna, 1443–1445 (Aldershot, 2006), p. 51.
52. A splendid account remains that of S. Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 (Cambridge, 1965). Another accessible account is R. Crowley, 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West (London, 2005). See also the fine analysis of D. Nicolle, Constantinople 1453 (Oxford, 2000).
53. Nicolò Barbaro, Diary of the Siege of Constantinople, 1453, tr. J. R. Melville-Jones (New York, 1969), pp. 29–30.
54. Leonard of Chios, in The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts, tr. J. R. Melville-Jones (Amsterdam, 1972), p. 26.
55. K. DeVries, “Gunpowder Weapons at the Siege of Constantinople, 1453,” in War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean, 7th–15th Centuries, ed. Y. Lev (Leiden, 1997), pp. 343–62.
56. Michael Kritovoulos, History of Mehmet the Conqueror, tr. C. T. Riggs (Princeton, 1954), p. 37.
57. H. Inalcik, “Mehmet the Conqueror (1432–1481) and His Time,” in Speculum 35 (1960), pp. 411–12.
58. Nicolò Barbaro, Diary, p. 40; Leonard of Chios, p. 24.
59. Nicolò Barbaro, Diary, pp. 50–51.
60. Ibid., p. 54.
61. Ibid., p. 56.
62. Inalcik, “Mehmet the Conqueror,” pp. 411–12.
63. Nicolò Barbaro, Diary, p. 60.
64. Ibid., p. 64.
65. Ibid., p. 67.
66. Leonard of Chios, The Siege of Constantinople, p. 38.
67. Pius II, The Commentaries of Pius II, tr. F. A. Gragg (Northampton, 1937), p. 69.
68. R. Vaughan, Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy (London, 1970); K. DeVries, “The Failure of Philip the Good to Fulfil His Crusade Promise of 1454,” in The Medieval Crusade, ed. S. J. Ridyard (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 157–70.
69. Letter of J. De Pleine concerning the Feast of the Pheasant, translated in Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 144–45.
70. Ibid., p. 297.
71. Ibid., pp. 358–72, text at pp. 366–67.
72. R. N. Bain, “The Siege of Belgrade by Muhammad II, July 1–23, 1456,” in English Historical Review 7 (1892), pp. 235–45.
73. J. Goni Gaztambide, “The Holy See and the Reconquest of the Kingdom of Granada (1479–1492),” in Spain in the Fifteenth Century, ed. R. Highfield (London, 1972), p. 361.
74. Ibid., p. 371. See also P. K. Liss, Isabel the Queen (Oxford, 1992).
75. Purkis, Crusading Spirituality in the Holy Land and Iberia, pp. 130–32; Documents on the Later Crusades, pp. 304–8.
76. C. Delaney, “Columbus’ Ultimate Goal: Jerusalem,” in Comparative Studies in Society and History 48 (2006), pp. 260–92; A. Hamdani, “Columbus and the Recovery of Jerusalem,” in Journal of the American Oriental Society 99 (1979), pp. 39–48.
77. Pius II cited in Documents on the Later Crusades, p. 107. For the conflict between Charles and Suleyman, see the summary in Goffman, Ottoman Empire, pp. 98–112.
78. V. H. Aksan, Ottoman Wars, 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged (Harlow, 2007).
12. New Crusaders? From Sir Walter Scott to Osama bin Laden and George W. Bush
1. Thomas Fuller quoted in R. Ellenblum, Crusader Castles and Modern Histories (Cambridge, 2007), p. 5.
2. Ibid., pp. 5–6.
3. Voltaire, taken from K. Munholland, “Michaud’s History of the Crusades and the French Crusade in Algeria Under Louis-Philippe,” in The Popularisation of Images: Visual Culture Under the July Monarchy, eds. P. ten-Doesschate Chu and G. P. Weis-berg (Princeton, 1994), p. 145; Dickson, Children’s Crusade, pp. 233–34; R. Irwin, For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies (London, 2006), p. 117.
4. Heller in Ellenblum, Crusader Castles, p. 8.
5. Ralph Waldo Emerson cited in Constable, “Historiography of the Crusades,” p. 8.
6. S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades (London, 1951–54), 3.480.
7. Ibid., 2.48.
8. M. Bloch, The Historian’s Craft, fifth edition (Paris, 1964).
9. This paragraph is drawn from E. Siberry, The New Crusaders: Images of the Crusades in the 19th and 20th Centuries (Aldershot, 2000), pp. 112–30. On Scott, see also M. Girouard, The Return to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Gentleman (London, 1981), pp. 29–54.
10. Siberry, New Crusaders, pp. 114–15.
11. W. Scott, The Talisman, (London, 1832), p. 2.
12. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, “Islam and the Crusades in History,” in Crusades 2 (2003), p. 154.
13. Scott, The Talisman, p. 18.
14. Ibid., p. 75.
15. Ibid., p. 70.
16. Ibid., p. 35.
17. Ibid., p. 89; see also p. 125.
18. Siberry, New Crusaders, pp. 175–87.
19. E. Bar-Yosef, The Holy Land in English Culture, 1799–1917: Palestine and the Question of Orientalism (Oxford, 2005), pp. 18–181; Siberry, New Crusaders, pp. 64�
�72; Scott, The Talisman, pp. 1–2.
20. Dickson, Children’s Crusade, pp. 173–74.
21. Munholland, “Michaud’s History of the Crusades,” pp. 144–65; Ellenblum, Crusader Castles, pp. 18–23. See the similar comments of M. Jubb, The Legend of Saladin in Western Literature and Historiography (Lewiston, NY, 2000), pp. 197–206.
22. For a sophisticated demolition of “ethnic nationalism” in the medieval period and a view on the construction of modern “national” identities, see P. J. Geary, The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe (Princeton, 2002), pp. 15–40.
23. Michaud, Histoire des croisades (1825), 1.510, 522–24, taken from Munholland, “Michaud’s History of the Crusades,” p. 150.
24. J.-F. Michaud and J.-J. Pujoulet, Correspondance d’Orient, 7 vols. (Paris, 1833–35), 1.2. At times Michaud’s letters are an almost endless list of excited reports of sites he has seen that were connected to the history of the crusades; ibid., 1.23–25, 28, 67, 69, etc.
25. Munholland, “Michaud’s History of the Crusades,” pp. 159–64; Siberry, New Crusaders, pp. 169–70, 208–11.
26. C. Constans, Musée national du château de Versailles: Les peintures, 3 vols. (Paris, 1995).
27. Taken from Munholland, “Michaud’s History of the Crusades,” p. 164.
28. Siberry, New Crusaders, p. 52; R.-H. Bautier, “La collection de chartes de croisade dite ‘Collection Courtois’,” in Comptes-rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1956), pp. 382–85.
29. G. Degeorge, Damascus (Paris, 2004), pp. 218–27.
30. Cited in ibid., p. 224.
31. A. Knobler, “Holy Wars, Empires, and the Portability of the Past: The Modern Uses of Medieval Crusades,” in Comparative Studies in Society and History 48 (2006), p. 296; Siberry, New Crusaders, p. 83.
32. Siberry, New Crusaders, p. 83.
33. P. Pic, Syrie et Palestine (Paris, 1924), p. vii.
34. Cited by Riley-Smith, “Islam and the Crusades in History,” p. 158. In this connection, see also E. Sivan, “Modern Arab Historiography of the Crusades,” in Asian and African Studies 8 (1972), pp. 117–19.
35. C. Duggan, The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 (London, 2007), esp. pp. 125–33.
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