“was already seated…agreeable, and sprightly”: Ibid., pp. 41–42.
“easily…or Reynolds”: Belden and Belden, So Fell the Angels, pp. 5–6.
“In reality…charm and magnetism”: Mrs. Charles Walker, quoted in Cincinnati Enquirer, August 1, 1899.
“I shall be glad…me at any time”: Cincinnati Enquirer, August 1, 1899; Belden and Belden, So Fell the Angels, p. 4 (italics from Belden and Belden).
“there was a Babel…he is famous”: Entry for March 28, 1861, in Russell, My Diary North and South, pp. 43, 44.
“according to recent…slave-holding States”: Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, Vol. III, p. 394.
“A very oppressive silence…not General”: MB to GW, May 17, 1873, reel 25, Welles Papers.
“timid temporizing…you are lost”: FPB, Sr., to Martin Van Buren, May 1, 1861, reel 34, Papers of Martin Van Buren, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
Lincoln was unable to sleep: Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, Vol. III, p. 395.
“of all the trials…to survive them”: Memorandum, July 3, 1861, quoted in Nicolay, With Lincoln in the White House, p. 46.
Lincoln presented…“for his expedition”: Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, Vol. III, pp. 429–33 (quote p. 433).
“would be impossible…of time”: JGN to TB, March 31, 1861, container 2, Nicolay Papers.
“it was finally…to go to war”: George Harrington, “President Lincoln and His Cabinet: Inside Glimpses,” undated, unpublished manuscript, George R. Harrington Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, Mo.
“a peaceful…of the whole north”: Frederick L. Roberts to WHS, March 18, 1861, reel 62, Seward Papers.
“Unionists…save the country”: Benjamin Ogle Tayloe to WHS, April 3, 1861, reel 63, Seward Papers.
“no conception…equal to the hour”: Entries for March 28 (first quote) and March 31, 1861, Charles Francis Adams diary, reel 76.
“two supreme illusions”: Frederic Bancroft, “Seward’s Proposition of April 1, 1861, For a Foreign War and a Dictatorship,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 99 (October 1899), p. 791.
Three commissioners…resorted to an indirect link: Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, pp. 250–51.
“would be evacuated…next five days”: Ellsworth D. Draper and Joshua L. Rosenbloom, “Secession C: Fort Sumter: The Near Fiasco,” p. 9, Case Study, Lincoln and Fort Sumter, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 1983, author’s collection.
“Some thoughts for the President’s consideration”: WHS to AL, April 1, 1861, Lincoln Papers.
“handwriting…hands of any clerk”: Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, p. 149.
“We are…domestic or foreign”: WHS to AL, “Some thoughts for the President’s consideration,” April 1, 1861, Lincoln Papers.
“the symbolism of Federal authority”: Draper and Rosenbloom, “Secession C: Fort Sumter,” p. 11.
under the heading of “For Foreign Nations”: Norman B. Ferris, “Lincoln and Seward in Civil War Diplomacy: Their Relationship at the Outset Reexamined,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 12 (1991), pp. 25–26.
“that there was no…the ruling party”: WHS, quoted by Rudolf Schleiden, quoted in Richard N. Current, “Comment,” JALA (1991), p. 45.
“whatever policy…assume responsibility”: WHS to AL, “Some thoughts for the President’s consideration,” April 1, 1861, Lincoln Papers.
“had Mr. Lincoln…the whole affair”: Nicolay, A Short Life of Abraham Lincoln, pp. 186, 187.
dashed off a reply…to respond in person: Donald, Lincoln, p. 290.
“without a policy…I must do it”: AL to WHS, April 1, 1861, in CW, IV, pp. 316–17.
“to put down…this thing through”: Entry for March 31, 1861, private journal of Montgomery Meigs (copy), container 13, Nicolay Papers.
“fit out the Powhatan…she is fitting out”: AL to Andrew H. Foote, April 1, 1861, in CW, IV, p. 314.
three hundred sailors: Fox to MB, April 17, 1861, in Confidential Correspondence of Gustavus Vasa Fox, p. 33; “Result of G.V. Fox’s Plan for Reinforcing Fort Sumpter; In His Own Writing,” reprinted in ibid., p. 39.
assigned the Powhatan simultaneously to both Pickens and Sumpter: “Result of G.V. Fox’s Plan for Reinforcing Fort Sumpter” p. 40; Fox to his wife [Virginia Woodbury Fox], May 2, 1861, ibid., pp. 42–43.
“Your father says…put my name?”: Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, p. 148.
“leave New York…disposing of your force”: Welles diary, Vol. I (1960 edn.), pp. 22–23.
“I am directed…without further notice”: Simon Cameron to Robert S. Chew, April 6, 1861, in CW, IV, p. 323.
Lincoln had devised a means: Don E. Fehrenbacher, “Lincoln’s Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 9 (1987), esp. p. 7.
“embarrassed by…errors imputed to them”: Welles diary, Vol. I (1960 edn.), pp. 23–25.
Porter had already set sail…had priority: Hoogenboom, “Gustavus Fox and the Relief of Fort Sumter,” CWH (1963), p. 392.
Fox reached Charleston…futilely searching: Fox to MB, April 17, 1861, in Confidential Correspondence of Gustavus Vasa Fox, p. 32.
At 3:30 a.m…. in one hour: James Chesnut, Jr., and Stephen D. Lee to Robert Anderson, April 12, 1861, enclosure 5 of Robert Anderson to Lorenzo Thomas, April 19, 1861, OR, Ser. 1, Vol. I, p. 14.
Anderson’s small garrison…“fighting launches”: Fox to MB, April 17, 1861, in Confidential Correspondence of Gustavus Vasa Fox, pp. 32–34 (quote p. 33).
“the conflagration…taken refuge”: Abner Doubleday, Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860–’61 (New York: Harper & Bros., 1876), p. 157.
Thirty-four hours after…surrendered: Robert Anderson to Simon Cameron, April 18, 1860, OR, Ser. 1, Vol. I, p. 12.
a dignified fifty-round salute: Entry of April 14, 1861, Diary of Edmund Ruffin, Vol. I, ed. William Kauffmann Scarborough (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), p. 599; Robert Anderson to Simon Cameron, April 18, 1860, OR, Ser. 1, Vol. I, p. 12.
only one Union soldier: David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, “Fort Sumter, Bombardment of 12–14 April 1861,” in Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, ed. David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 2000), p. 760. Another soldier was mortally wounded in the explosion.
“it would be…of his friend”: Hamilton Basso, Beauregard: The Great Creole (New York and London: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933), p. 84.
Convinced that…“the general public”: “Result of G.V. Fox’s Plan for Reinforcing Fort Sumpter,” in Confidential Correspondence of Gustavus Vasa Fox, p. 41.
“by an accident…justified by the result”: AL to Gustavus V. Fox, in CW, IV, pp. 350–51.
“but beyond…no using of force”: AL, “First Inaugural Address—Final Text,” March 4, 1861, in ibid., p. 266.
fatalities: “The Price in Blood: Casualties in the Civil War,” www.civilwarhome/casualties.htm., accessed July 2005.
CHAPTER 13: “THE BALL HAS OPENED”
“where the great lamps…question of disunion”: Walt Whitman, Specimen Days, The Complete Prose Works of Walt Whitman, Vol. I (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1902), pp. 28–30.
“Our people now…is dead”: Daily National Intelligencer, Washington, D.C., April 15, 1861.
“The ball has opened…their glasses”: NYT, April 13, 1861.
cabinet session…“to invite disaster”: Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, p. 152.
“history tells us…lose their heads”: WHS, quoted in entry for March 26, 1861, in Russell, My Diary North and South, p. 35.
set the Fourth of July…“by the Executive”: Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, p. 152.
Nicolay made a copy: JGN to TB, April 14, 1861, container 2, Nicolay Papers.
/> stamped the great seal…following day: Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, p. 152.
Lincoln took a carriage ride: JGN to TB, April 14, 1861, container 2, Nicolay Papers.
he welcomed his old rival…would be dead: Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years, Vol. I, p. 213; entry for June 3, 1861, in Long, The Civil War Day by Day, p. 82.
his solid support…“maintain the Government”: Daily Morning Chronicle, Washington, D.C., October 16, 1864.
“In this hour…treason and traitors”: New York Leader (first quote) and Boston Herald (second quote), reprinted in NYTrib, April 15, 1861.
“The response…by telegraph”: Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, p. 153.
“We begin to look…a week ago”: Entry for April 15, 1861, Diary of George Templeton Strong, Vol. III, pp. 120–21.
Seward predicted…in sixty days: Carpenter, “A Day with Governor Seward,” Seward Papers.
“be bloody…and ruin”: “Washington Correspondence, 16 April 1861,” in Hay, Lincoln’s Journalist, p. 58.
“for the wicked…Southern States”: Governor of Kentucky (Beriah Magoffin), quoted in Seward, Reminiscences of a War-Time Statesman and Diplomat, p. 154.
Virginia seceded from the Union: Long, The Civil War Day by Day, p. 60.
“one of the most…history”: J. G. Randall, Lincoln the President. Vol. I: Springfield to Gettysburg, part I (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1946–55; New York: Da Capo Press, 1997), p. 357.
“We never saw”…soon be fifteen: Daily Picayune, New Orleans, April 19, 1861, morning edition (first and second quote), afternoon edition (third quote).
“the very best…in the field”: General Winfield Scott, quoted in The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, ed. Clifford Dowdey and Louis H. Manarin (Boston: Little, Brown, for the Virginia Civil War Commission, 1961), p. 3.
Lincoln had designated Blair: Robert E. Lee to Reverdy Johnson, February 25, 1868, in Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, p. 4.
“I come to you…the Union army?”: FPB, quoted in William Ernest Smith, The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics, Vol. II (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1933), p. 17.
“as candidly and as courteously”: Lee to Johnson, February 25, 1868, in Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, p. 4.
“Mr. Blair…my native state?”: R. E. Lee, quoted in National Intelligencer, Washington, D.C., August 9, 1866.
Lee called upon old General Scott: Lee to Johnson, February 25, 1868, in Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, p. 4
he contacted Scott…“be dear to me”: Lee to Scott, April 20, 1861, in ibid., pp. 8–9 (quotes p. 9).
“Now we are in…draw my sword”: Lee to Anne Marshall, April 20, 1861, in ibid., pp. 9–10.
Lee was designated…Virginia state forces: Ibid., pp. 3, 4, 5.
Benjamin Hardin Helm: “Helm, Benjamin Hardin (1831–1863),” in Stewart Sifakis, Who Was Who in the Confederacy (New York: Facts on File, 1988), p. 125.
While conducting business…“liking of men”: Helm, The True Story of Mary, p. 127.
“Southern-rights Democrat”: Ibid., pp. 128, 183.
“Ben, here is…your honor bid”: Daily Picayune, New Orleans, March 14, 1897 (quotes); AL to Simon Cameron, April 16, 1861, in CW, IV, p. 335.
Helm unable to sleep…“hour of his life”: Daily Picayune, New Orleans, March 14, 1897.
a Commission in the Confederate Army: “Helm, Benjamin Hardin,” in Sifakis, Who Was Who in the Confederacy, p. 125.
Seward argued…seize vessels: Ivan Musicant, Divided Waters: The Naval History of the Civil War (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), pp. 51–52.
Welles countered…exiting ships: Niven, Gideon Welles, p. 356; Musicant, Divided Waters, p. 51.
The cabinet split down the middle: Niven, Gideon Welles, p. 356.
formal blockade proclamation: AL, “Proclamation of a Blockade,” April 19, 1861, in CW, IV, pp. 338–39.
Welles and the Navy Department: Robert V. Bruce, Lincoln and the Tools of War (Indianapolis and New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1956), pp. 6, 16; Musicant, Divided Waters, pp. 41–43.
a wedding celebration: Grimsley, “Six Months in the White House,” JISHS, p. 51; Bruce, Lincoln and the Tools of War, p. 9.
“would soon secede…Confederacy”: Craig L. Symonds, “Buchanan, Franklin,” in Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, ed. Heidler and Heidler, p. 303.
Buchanan resigned…“from this date”: Bruce, Lincoln and the Tools of War, p. 16 (quote); “Buchanan, Franklin (1800–1874),” in Sifakis, Who Was Who in the Confederacy, p. 40.
the Norfolk Navy Yard: Musicant, Divided Waters, pp. 28–29.
“extreme uneasiness…made by the first”: Entry for April 18, 1861, Charles Francis Adams diary, reel 76.
“The scene…indescribably fearful”: Sun, Baltimore, Md., April 20, 1861.
The enraged crowd…knives and revolvers: John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, Vol. IV (New York: Century Co., 1917), p. 115 (quote); Sun, Baltimore, Md., April 20, 1861.
“It’s a notable…the anniversary”: Entry for April 19, 1861, Diary of George Templeton Strong, Vol. III, p. 126.
“make no point…around Baltimore”: AL to Thomas H. Hicks and George W. Brown, April 20, 1861, in CW, IV, p. 340.
an angry committee of delegates: Entry for April 22, 1861, in Lincoln Day by Day, Vol. III, p. 37.
“I must have troops…that they must do”: AL, “Reply to Baltimore Committee,” April 22, 1861, in CW, IV, pp. 341–42.
“the censorship”…bridges surrounding the city: Ben: Perley Poore, Perley’s Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis, Vol. II (Philadelphia, 1886; New York, AMS Press, 1971), pp. 78–79.
“Literally…entire isolation”: Villard, Memoirs of Henry Villard, Vol. I, p. 167.
Cameron slept in his office: Leech, Reveille in Washington, p. 61.
“Here we were…to defend it”: JGN to TB, April 26, 1861, container 2, Nicolay Papers.
“No despatches…are prisoners”: Entry for April 20, 1861, Diary of George Templeton Strong, Vol. III, p. 127.
“rebels are at…calm & conceal it”: Hiram Barney to SPC, April 21, 1861, reel 15, Chase Papers.
to accompany Major Robert Anderson…with their relieved father: Janet Chase Hoyt, “A Woman’s Memories,” NYTrib, April 5, 1891.
These “were terrible days of suspense”…let her join him: Entry for May 19, 1861, Fanny Seward diary, Seward Papers.
“It is hard…life is in danger”: FAS to WHS, April [27? 1861], reel 114, Seward Papers.
“a day of gloom and doubt”: “24 April 1861, Wednesday,” in Hay, Inside Lincoln’s White House, p. 11.
staring out the window…“Why don’t they come!”: Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, Vol. IV, p. 152.
“I don’t believe…Northern realities”: “24 April 1861, Wednesday,” in Hay, Inside Lincoln’s White House, p. 11.
“to arrest…not be justifiable”: AL to Winfield Scott, April 25, 1861, in CW, IV, p. 344.
“the first of the redeemed”: “1 May 1861, Wednesday,” in Hay, Inside Lincoln’s White House, p. 16.
If resistance along…“for the public safety”: AL to Winfield Scott, April 27, 1861, in CW, IV, p. 347.
“arrest, and detain…to the public safety”: AL, “Message to Congress in Special Session,” July 4, 1861, in ibid., p. 429.
Seward later claimed…“further hesitation”: Carpenter, “A Day with Governor Seward,” Seward Papers.
Taney blasted Lincoln: Hon. Sherrill Halbert, “The Suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus by President Lincoln,” American Journal of Legal History 2 (April 1958), pp. 97–100.
Bates, though reluctant to oppose Taney: Cain, Lincoln’s Attorney General, pp. 145, 147.
“in a time…the insurgents”: EB to AL, July 5, 1861, Lincoln Papers.
As chief executive…“one be violated?”: AL, “Message to Congress in Special Session,” July 4, 1861, in CW, IV, p. 430.
> “grave threats…extravagant to endure”: Justice Thurgood Marshall, dissenting opinion in Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives’ Association, 489 U.S. 602 (1989), text available through Legal Information Institute website, Cornell Law School, www.law.cornell.edu (accessed June 2003).
“government will…be less liberty”: GW to Mary Jane Welles, May 5, 1861 (transcript), reel 19, Welles Papers.
“steps and balconies”…Mary and her friends watched: NYT, May 1, 1861.
“go down to Charleston…an Illinois yell”: “25 April 1861, Thursday,” in Hay, Inside Lincoln’s White House, p. 11.
more than eight thousand troops were in Washington: WHS to FAS, April 26, 1861, quoted in Seward, Seward at Washington…1846–1861, p. 559.
He did not, however, grant her request: FAS to WHS, April [27? 1861], reel 114, Seward Papers.
almost completed…“at all hours”: Anna Wharton Seward to FAS, April 28, 1861, reel 116, Seward Papers.
“immense sacrifice…awaits the oppressors”: FAS to WHS, April [28? 1861], reel 114, Seward Papers.
“there would be…serenely adjusted”: Conversation between WHS and Charles King, reported in entry of May 20, 1861, Diary of George Templeton Strong, Vol. III, p. 144.
“to disturb as little…of the people”: Entry of April 15, 1861, in The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866, p. 183.
a “fatal error…of the North”: MB to AL, May 16, 1861, Lincoln Papers.
“I consider…to govern themselves”: “7 May, Tuesday,” in Hay, Inside Lincoln’s White House, p. 20.
John Stuart Mill…“the civilized world”: John Stuart Mill, quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 550.
“the dissolution…established in America”: The Earl of Shrewsbury, quoted in ibid., p. 551.
“It is of infinite…the various parts”: George Washington, “Farewell Address,” September 17, 1796, in A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. I (New York: Bureau of National Literature, Inc., 1897), p. 207.
“a mortar battery…assassination suspicion”: “19 April 1861, Friday,” in Hay, Inside Lincoln’s White House, pp. 2–3.
“Thousands of soldiers…to feel secure”: MTL to Mrs. Samuel H. Melvin, April 27, 1861, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, p. 86.
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