7. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 55
8. Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England (Harmondsworth, 1987), p. 45
9. Quoted in Philip Henderson, William Morris: His Life, Work and Friends (London, 1973), p. 308
10. Beatrice Webb, My Apprenticeship (London, 1926), p. 180
11. Henry Hyndman, The Record of an Adventurous Life (1911) (New York, 1984), p. 279
12. ‘A Disruptive Personality’, Justice, 21 February 1891
13. MECW, Vol. 47, p. 155
14. Ibid., Vol. 49, p. 494
15. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 427
16. Ibid., p. 408
17. Quoted in J. B. Glasier, William Morris and the Early Days of the Socialist Movement (London, 1921), p. 32
18. MECW, Vol. 47, pp. 155, 471, 484
19. Ibid., Vol. 48, p. 108
20. Quoted in Yvonne Kapp, Eleanor Marx (London, 1976), Vol. II, p. 15
21. See Suzanne Paylor, ‘Edward B. Aveling: The People's Darwin’, Endeavour, 29, 2 (2005)
22. Quoted in W. O. Henderson, The Life of Friedrich Engels (London, 1976), pp. 685–6
23. Quoted in Kapp, Eleanor Marx, Vol. I, p. 270
24. MECW, Vol. 47, p. 177
25. Quoted in Kapp, Marx, Vol. II, pp. 171–3
26. MECW, Vol. 48, pp. 16–17
27. Ibid., Vol. 49, p. 87
28. Ibid., Vol. 48, p. 91
29. Edward Aveling, The Student's Marx (London, 1907), pp. viii, ix, xi
30. MECW, Vol. 48, p. 113
31. Henry Mayhew, The Morning Chronicle Survey of Labour and the Poor: The Metropolitan Districts [1849–50] (1980), Vol. 1, pp. 71–2
32. MECW, Vol. 48, p. 377
33. Ibid., Vol. 48, p. 364
34. Ibid., Vol. 26, p. 545
35. Ibid., Vol. 48, p. 389
36. Reminiscences, p. 313
37. MECW, Vol. 50, p. 82
38. Ibid., p. 434
39. See The Labour Leader, 24 December 1898
40. See Ernest Belfort Bax, Reminiscences and Reflections of a Mid and Late Victorian (London, 1918), p. 54
41. For the classic exposition of this question, see Ross McKibben, The Ideologies of Class (Oxford, 1994)
42. MECW, Vol. 50, p. 386
43. Ibid., Vol. 49, p. 243
44. Ibid., p. 67
45. Ibid., p. 70
46. Ibid., p. 68
47. Ibid., p. 346
48. Ibid., p. 416
49. The Daughters of Karl Marx: Family Correspondence 1866–1898 (London, 1982), pp. 223–4
50. MECW, Vol. 49, p. 76
51. Ibid., Vol. 48, p. 290
52. Friedrich Engels, Paul and Laura Lafargue: Correspondence (London, 1959), Vol. II, p. 220
53. MECW, Vol. 48, p. 319
54. Ibid., Vol. 48, p. 352
55. Ibid., Vol. 48, p. 454
56. Ibid., Vol. 27, p. 227
57. Ibid., Vol. 49, p. 265
58. Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism (London, 2005), pp. 355–6
59. See Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Marx, Engels and Politics’, in Eric Hobsbawm (ed.), The History of Marxism (Brighton, 1982), Vol. I
60. Ibid., p. 265
61. MECW, Vol. 48, p. 36
62. Ibid., Vol. 27, p. 520
63. Ibid., Vol. 50, p. 21
64. Ibid., Vol. 27, p. 522
65. Ibid., Vol. 26, p. 112
66. Ibid., Vol. 27, p. 447. Of course, in the twentieth century, the notion of communism as a secular faith was a familiar and recurring trope. ‘If despair and loneliness were the main motives for conversion to Communism, they were greatly strengthened by the Christian conscience,’ Richard Crossman wrote in his introduction to The God That Failed. ‘The emotional appeal of communism lay precisely in the sacrifices – both material and spiritual – which it demanded of the convert… the attraction of communism was that it offered nothing and demanded everything, including the surrender of spiritual freedom.’ A once true believer, the historian Raphael Samuel, sums it up thus: ‘As a theory of struggle, Communism rested on a promise of redemption. Socialism was a sublime essence, a state of moral perfection, a transcendent object and end. It represented the highest form of human development, a culmination of morality, a consummation of progress, a discovery of the greatness of man.’ See Arthur Koestler et al., The God That Failed (London, 1965), pp. 5–6; Raphael Samuel, The Lost World of British Communism (London, 2007), p. 51
67. MECW, Vol. 48, p. 460
68. Ibid., Vol. 50, p. 490
69. Ibid., pp. 182–3
70. Quoted in Gustav Mayer, Friedrich Engels: Eine Biographie (The Hague, 1934), II, pp. 529–30
71. MECW, Vol. 27, p. 404
72. Ibid., Vol. 50, pp. 187, 190
73. Quoted in Heinrich Gemkow et al., Frederick Engels: A Biography (Dresden, 1972), p. 547
74. MECW, Vol. 50, p. 409
75. Ibid., Vol. 46, p. 514
76. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 489
77. Ibid., Vol. 26, p. 451
78. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 173
79. Ibid., Vol. 27, p. 177
80. Reminiscences, p. 307
81. MECW, Vol. 49, p. 76
82. William Stephen Saunders, Early Socialist Days (London, 1927), pp. 80–81
83. Reminiscences, p. 187
84. The Daughters of Karl Marx, pp. 247, 251
85. MECW, Vol. 50, p. 355
86. The Daughters of Karl Marx, pp. 253, 255
87. MECW, Vol. 50, p. 377
88. Ibid., p. 507
89. Ibid., pp. 517, 525
90. Ibid., p. 535
91. Ibid., p. 526
92. Quoted in Gemkow et al. Frederick Engels: A Biography, p. 579
93. See Kapp, Eleanor Marx, Vol. II, pp. 597–9
94. Reminiscences, p. 147
95. Eduard Bernstein, My Years of Exile: Reminiscences of a Socialist (London, 1921), p. 192
Epilogue
1. See Fred. C. Koch, The Volga Germans (Pennsylvania, 1977)
2. ‘Address to the Conference of Marxist Students of the Agrarian Question’, in J. Stalin, Leninism (Moscow, 1940), p. 323
3. ‘Engels’, Nachrichten des Gebietskomitees der KP(B)SU und des Zentralkomitees der ASRR der Wolgadeutschen, Vol. 14, No. 225, 21 October 1931
4. ‘Engels' zum Gruss’, Rote Jugend. Organ des GK des LKJVSU der ASRRdWD, Vol. 8, No. 97 (452), 24 October 1931
5. ‘Zur Umbenennung der Stadt Prokrovsk in Engels’, Nachrichten, Vol. 14, No. 225, 21 October 1931
6. ‘Engels' zum Gruss’, Rote Jugend
7. Quoted in Koch, The Volga Germans, p. 284
8. Robert Service, Comrades: A World History of Communism (London, 2007), pp. 52–3
9. V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (London, 1908), Vol. 21, p. 91
10. MECW, Vol. 50, p. 303
11. Quoted in Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism (London, 2005), p. 625
12. V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (London, 1960–70), Vol. 38, p. 362
13. Ibid., Vol. 14, p. 326
14. Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism, p. 629
15. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 21, p. 54
16. J. Stalin, Anarchism or Socialism (Moscow, 1950), p. 13
17. J. Stalin, Dialectical and Historical Materialism (Moscow, 1939), p. 12
18. Ibid., p. 18
19. Cornelius Castoriadis, The Imaginary Institution of Society (Cambridge, 1987), p. 59
20. See Orlando Figes, The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia (London, 2007), pp. 155–6
21. Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism, p. 862
22. Raphael Samuel, The Lost World of British Communism (London, 2007), pp. 49, 94
23. Herbert Marcuse, Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis (London, 1958), p. 144
24. MECW, Vol. 25, p. 80
25. See John O'Neill, ‘Engels without Dogmatism’, in Christopher J. Arthur (ed.), Engels Today (London, 1996)
26. MECW, Vol. 49, p. 18
27. Ibid., Vol. 25
, p. 80
28. Friedrich Engels, Anti-Dühring (Peking, 1976), p. 108
29. MECW, Vol. 50, p. 267; Vol. 49, p. 8
30. Ibid., Vol. 50, p. 461
31. Ibid., p. 356
32. Quoted in Gustav Mayer, Friedrich Engels: Eine Biographie (The Hague, 1934), Vol. II, p. 448
33. As David Stack has commented, ‘the socialism and socialist movement that arose in the next half-century were forged and matured in an era when Darwinism was an established part of the “mental furniture”.’ David Stack, The First Darwinian Left (Cheltenham, 2003), p. 2. See also, Gareth Stedman Jones, ‘Engels and the History of Marxism’, in Eric Hobsbawm (ed.), The History of Marxism (Brighton, 1982), Vol. I
34. http://www.marxsite.com/HobsbawnGrundrisse.html
35. Ching Kwan Lee, Against the Law: Labour Protests in China's Rustbelt and Sunbelt (Berkeley, 2007), p. 235
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