Spectator 184
Spencer, Herbert 286, 317, 367
Spirit 43–4, 50, 53, 56, 131, 216, 287
Spottiswoode, William 284
Spurgeon, Charles Haddon 232
Staats-Anzeiger für Württemberg 239–40
Stack, David 406n33
Stäel, Madame de 22
Stalin, Joseph 294–5, 356, 358, 362–4
Stalybridge 79
state Bakunin 257–8
and bourgeoisie 96
The German Ideology 132
Hegel 51–2
Lassalle 261
Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (Engels) 299
Stehely's 49, 57
Stein, Baron Karl von 51, 52
Stirner, Max 58, 131–2
stock exchange 268
Stoppard, Tom 256–7
Straubingers 141–2, 157
Strauss, David Friedrich 41–3, 44, 54
Struve, Gustav 184, 186
Stubborn Facts from the Factories 96
Sturm und Drang 21
Sue, Eugéne 140
surplus value 202–3, 237–8, 304–5
Sybil (Disraeli) 87, 103
Tablet 255
Taine, Hippolyte 85
Tatham, Isabella 205
Tauscher, Leonard 336
Taylor, A. J. P. 154, 188, 189
Teaching of Karl Marx, The (Lenin) 361
Telegraph für Deutschland 36–7, 38–40, 45, 66
textile industry Barmen 12, 13–14
Manchester 79, 81, 84–5, 88–9, 108
Rhineland 37–8
Silesian weavers' revolt 125 see also cotton industry
Thatched House Tavern 207
theatre 16
Theory of the Four Movements, The (Fourier) 70–72
Theses on Feuerbach (Marx) 134
Thiers, Adolphe 252
Thompson, E. P. 5–6
Thomson, William 283
Thorncliffe Grove 206, 390n73
Thorne, Will 321, 332, 334, 353
Tillett, Ben 332–3
Times, The 4
Titian 210
Tkachov, Peter 274
Tocqueville, Alexis de 152
Toews, John Edward 51
trade unions 332–4
‘Treatise on the Origins of Language’ (Herder) 22
Tremaux, Pierre 262–3, 309
Trevinarus, Georg Gottfried 26
Trevor-Roper, Hugh 21
Trier 60, 61
Trollope, Anthony 194, 267
Trotsky, Leon 185
true socialism 138–9, 141, 144, 146, 160, 163
Tuomey, Mary 99
Turati, Filipo 344
Twain, Mark 316
Tyndall, John 284, 288
Ulrich, Karl 313
United States 72, 170–71, 199, 263, 316–20, 330
universal suffrage 342
urban segregation 87, 109–112, 245, 381n94
Ure, Andrew 104
USSR see Soviet Union
Utopian socialism 67n, 68, 70, 71–3, 90–94, 367 Engels on 298–9, 376–7n50
van Haar, Elise see Engels, Elise
van Haar, Gerhard 18
Van Heijenoort, Jean 292
Van-der-Velde, Emil 345
Vavilov, Nikolai 294
Ventnor 277
Vicar of Bray, The 249
Victoria, Queen 189
Vienna 156, 166, 345
Vogt, Karl 211
Volga Germans 355–9
Volk 22, 23, 38
Volks-Tribun, Der 137
Volksbüchner 25
Volkstaat, Der 267
Voltaire 20, 92
Volunteer Corps 221–3
Vorwärts 296, 345–6
Wagner, Richard 173, 257
Wally the Skeptic (Gutzkow) 32
Walmer Street 206
war and warfare 219–25, 346–8
Warren, Sir Charles 331
Wartburg Castle 24
Watts, John 93–4, 98, 101, 189, 200
Way We Live Now, The (Trollope) 267
Webb, Beatrice 41, 325
Webb, Sidney 328
Weber, Max 16
Weerth, George 98, 99–100, 128, 129, 130, 165, 207
Weierstrass, Karl 292
Weitling, Wilhelm 75, 135–7, 139, 141
Wellington, Duke of 219
Westminster, Duke of 209
Westphalen, Jenny von see Marx, Jenny
Westphalen, Baron Ludwig von 62, 64
Weydemeyer, Joseph 186, 219
What is Property? (Proudhon) 102, 138
Wheen, Francis 5, 65, 120, 196
Whitfield, Roy 99, 100–101, 205–6
Wilhelm I 265
Williams, Raymond 67n
Willich, August von 178–9, 185, 197
Wilson, Edmund 99, 120
wine 352
Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) 145, 165, 207, 237
Woltmann, Ludwig 367
women The Origins of the Family 310–313, 314
International Workers’ Congress 344
Wordsworth, William 21
Workers’ Association (Cologne) 160–61
Worringen 165
Wupper river 12, 38
Wuppertal 3 see also Barmen; Elberfeld
Xanten 36–7
Young England 31
Young Germany (Junges Deutschland) 31–2, 33, 34, 41, 45, 58, 61, 260
Young Hegelians 54–6, 58–60, 101, 114 biblical criticism 343
and communism 75, 77
A Critique of Critical Criticism 122–4
Marx 63, 64, 65
Stirner 131
Young Ireland 31
Zasulich, Vera 275, 344, 353
Zhadnov, Youri 294–5
Zimmerman, Wilhelm 218
Zukunft, Die 239
Zurich 344–5
* A further word about socialists and communists. In the 1830s and 40s, the French followers of Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier were widely known as socialists. By contrast, the Parisian secret societies organized around the ideas of Etienne Cabet and Louis-Auguste Blanqui (see below, p. 73), who looked back to the French Revolution for inspiration, were described as communists. During the early to mid-1840s, Marx and Engels followed contemporary practice in often using the terms communist and socialist without clear demarcations. In the words of Raymond Williams, ‘until c. 1850 the word [socialist] was too new and too general to have any predominant use’. As we shall see, Marx and Engels's political alliance with the militant, working-class Communist League and belief in a more ‘proletarian’ form of socialism, led them in the later 1840s to describe themselves specifically, for a number of years, as communists (as in the Communist Manifesto) to differentiate themselves from the more Utopian socialism of Fourier, Saint-Simon and Robert Owen. However, by the latter half of the nineteenth century, as communism often came in the popular mind to be associated with insurrection (notably in the aftermath of the 1871 Paris Commune) and Michael Bakunin's philosophy of anarchism gained traction, Marx and Engels were inclined to describe themselves as ‘socialists’ or even ‘scientific socialists’. The usage of ‘communist’ fully re-emerges only from 1918 with the renaming of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party to the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and its clear differentiation from European social democracy. For a good account, see Raymond Williams, Keywords (London, 1988).
* My thanks for this information to Nick Mansfield, who also tells me that as late as 1940, the National Union of Seamen allowed the Leconfield hounds in Sussex to use the grounds of their wartime headquarters.
* There is, in truth, one final glorious twist: Percy Rosher had persuaded Engels to take out a life insurance policy for him (so as to secure the future of Pumps's children). With no sense of irony, following Engels's death, Percy threatened to sue the Engels Estate for £87 in unpaid prospective contributions.
* Engels also left £227 worth of ‘wine and other liquors
' in his cellar. In addition, his wine merchants, Twigg & Brett, had 142 dozen bottles in their cellars as the property of Friedrich Engels. These included 77 dozen bottles of claret, 48 dozen bottles of port and 13 dozen bottles of champagne.
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