Leaders ventured outside: Raines, Soul, p. 222; Horne, Fire, pp. 356–57; Young and Bevel remarks on Part 1, Episode 6 of the PBS documentary Eyes on the Prize, produced by Blackside Productions, Inc.
“Johnson Asks Congress”: STJ, March 8, 1965, p. 1.
“Members of the posse beat”: Ibid., p. 2.
“Negroes lay on the floors”: NYT, March 8, 1965, p. 20.
fifty-eight of them occupied every surface: SAC, Mobile, Teletype to Director, March 7, 1965, FDCA-480; Warren Hinckle and David Walsh, “Five Battles of Selma,” Ramparts, June 1965, p. 28.
Burwell Infirmary: Report on Burwell Infirmary, Selma, Alabama, by Margaret Hatch, May 11, 1965, RSP1.
lacerations and broken bones: SAC, Mobile, Teletype to Director, March 7, 1965, FDCA-480.
more suffering from tear gas: Lewis, Walking, p. 331.
“Tear gas—that’s the baddest thing”: WATS report, “Selma, March 7, 1965,” Reel 15, SNCC, p. 2.
SNCC headquarters swarmed: “Report on Selma 3/7/65,” Reel 5, SNCC, pp. 1–6.
two bulletins by 5:30 P.M.: Press release 5:30 P.M. EST and “Information on Today’s Brutality in Selma, Alabama,” 6:30 P.M. EST, March 7, 1965, Reel 37, SNCC.
Forman hired a second emergency charter flight: Int. Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael), Jan. 31, 1984; int. Ivanhoe Donaldson, Nov. 30, 2000.
“misstatements and distortions”: “Report on Selma 3/7/65,” Reel 5, SNCC, p. 6.
“I’m just curious”: Dialogue from MGM film Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), directed by Stanley Kramer, written by Abby Mann, starring Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, Judy Garland, Maximilian Schell, Montgomery Clift, and Marlene Dietrich.
Frank Reynolds broke in upon this film conversation: Carter, Politics, p. 248; Garrow, Bearing, p. 399.
shortly after nine o’clock: Garrow, Protest, p. 78.
social dinner at the White House: PDD, March 7, 1965, LBJ. Dinner guests were Mr. and Mrs. William S. White, Congressman and Mrs. Jack Brooks, Congressman J. J. Pickle, Clark Clifford, and Mr. and Mrs. Jack Valenti.
“the cauldron is boiling”: Johnson, Diary, p. 248.
touched Red Beach 2 at 9:03 P.M.: Shulimson and Shulimson, Marines, p. 12.
Squad leader Garry Parsons: AP story on Marine landing, STJ, March 8, 1965, p. 2.
“a renewed march from Selma to Montgomery”: MLK press release 8:30 P.M., March 7, 1965, A/KS8.
“Mr. President, I understand”: Rev. F. D. Reese int. by Larry D. Vasser, March 13, 1978, for the Alabama Historical Commission, BIR.
preaching perseverance to a mass meeting of 450: Mobile LHM, March 12, 1965, FDCA-565, pp. 7–8; Webb and Nelson, Selma, Lord, Selma, pp. 105–7.
6: THE CALL
“He Reveals Plans”: NYT, March 8, 1965, p. 1.
“King Calls for Another Try”: WP, March 8, 1965, p. 1.
President Johnson made his first call: PDD, March 8, 1965, LBJ.
“I didn’t give the arrests any publicity”: LBJ phone call with Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, 8:10 A.M., March 8, 1965, Cit. 7029-30, Audiotape WH6503.03, LBJ.
“the most notorious liar”: Garrow, FBI, pp. 121–22; Branch, Pillar, p. 526.
mistaken FBI agent Dan Doyle: STJ, March 8, 1965, p. 2.
considered Hoover to be actively senile: Int. Nicholas Katzenbach, June 14, 1991.
Picket lines sprang up: NYT, March 9, 1965, p. 1.
their leader emerged to tell reporters: STJ, March 9, 1965, p. 2; int. Rev. Jefferson Rogers, July 17, 2001.
“It did not take the Attorney General long”: Ibid.
“Our basic difficulty is we have no communication”: LBJ phone call with Senator Lister Hill, 4:24 P.M., March 8, 1965, Cit. 7039, Audiotape WH6503.04, LBJ.
“You can’t trust him”: LBJ phone call with Buford Ellington, 8:29 A.M., March 8, 1965,
Cit. 7031-32, Audiotape WH6503.03, LBJ.
“This fella’s sent out wires all over the United States”: LBJ phone call with Senator Lister Hill, 4:24 P.M., March 8, 1965, Cit. 7039, Audiotape WH6503.04, LBJ.
“ministers’ march to Montgomery”: ESCRU newsletter, March 14, 1965, p. 5. Text of telegram cf. MLK to Rev. Arthur Walmsley, March 8, 1965, RSP2.
ten church executives vowed: NYT, March 9, 1965, p. 1.
with its own press release: NCC, Commission on Religion and Race, press release, March 8, 1965, RSP2.
astonished Catholics rushed: Int. Matthew Ahmann, Feb. 12, 1991.
“Sister Cecilia, do you want”: Warren Hinckle and David Walsh, “Five Battles of Selma,” Ramparts, June 1965, pp. 36–37.
“recognized ecumenical activity”: Memo from the Presiding Bishop, “Re: Executive Council involvement in the Selma-Montgomery March,” RSP2.
“a foolish business and a sad waste of time”: Shattuck, Episcopalians, p. 154.
made room on the floor for Harris Wofford: Wofford, Kennedys and Kings, pp. 178–79.
revolving picket line of outside clergy: Int. Robert Stone, June 3, 1993; int. Metz Rollins, Dec. 13, 1991; Branch, Pillar, pp. 214–24.
Robert McAfee Brown hastily arranged: Friedland, Lift Up, p. 122; int. Robert McAfee Brown, July 17, 1991.
ran into an AME Zion minister: Int. Israel Seymour Dresner, July 31, 1991.
handfuls of pioneer clergy: Branch, Parting, pp. 630–31, 785; Branch, Pillar, pp. 340, 354–56.
Scattered veterans of the movement: Int. Virgil Wood, Aug. 2, 1994. 62 “Pack your bags”: Frady, Jesse, p. 189.
soon said goodbye to her husband: Statement of Barbara Krasner, March 18, 1965, A/SN94.
More than a hundred Unitarian leaders: Howlett, Greater, p. 199.
modified his prior interpretation: Eagles, Outside Agitator, pp. 26–27.
“He hath scattered the proud”: Luke 1:51–52.
“decisive, luminous, Spirit-filled”: Untitled student paper by Jonathan Daniels, handed in June 22, 1965, at the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, JDC, p. 2.
“pressure is mounting”: DeLoach to Mohr, March 9, 1965, FK-1070.
block an honorary degree: Ibid.; Branch, Pillar, p. 246.
“I told him that King was a phony”: DeLoach to Mohr, March 9, 1965, FK-1070.
“burrhead”: Garrow, FBI, p. 106.
one via the Secret Service: SAC, Detroit, to Director, March 9, 1965, FK-982.
killing squad from the Coushatta, Louisiana, Ku Klux Klan: Belmont to Tolson, March 9, 1965, FDCA-521.
“No,” Hoover scrawled: Ibid.
“not to tell King anything”: SAC, Mobile, to Director, March 9, 1965, FDCA-487.
previous order to exclude King: Branch, Parting, p. 692; Branch, Pillar, pp. 196–98.
FBI agents recorded that at 10:30 P.M.: Mobile LHM dated March 12, 1965, FDCA-565, p. 8.
“Any man who has the urge”: STJ, March 9, 1965, p. 2.
breakout rendition of “Battle Hymn of the Republic”: Webb and Nelson, Selma, Lord, Selma, pp. 108–9.
“Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair”: Andrew Kopkind, “Selma,” New Republic, March 20, 1965, p. 7.
“If a man is 36 years old”: King address of March 8, 1965, A/KS8.
“We must let them know that if they beat one Negro”: Ibid. Also STJ, March 9, 1965, p. 2.
first fifty traveling clergy: Norman Kilpatrick, “The Selma Nobody Knows,” BAA, March 20, 1965, p. 5.
“I hear that Dr. Martin Luther King”: STJ, March 9, 1965, p. 2.
“The Negroes are still meeting”: LBJ phone call with Bill Moyers, March 8, 1965, Cit. 7044, Audiotape WH6503.04, LBJ.
Katzenbach kneeling in shirtsleeves: NYT, March 9, 1965, p. 24; Fager, Selma, 1965, p. 100.
“I think it’s outrageous what’s on TV”: LBJ phone call with Bill Moyers, March 8, 1965, Cit. 7044, Audiotape WH6503.04, LBJ.
For the remainder of a long hard night: Garrow, Protest, pp. 85–86; Garrow, Bearing, pp. 400–403; Forman, Sammy Younge, pp. 77–78; Young, Burden, pp. 359–60; Abernat
hy, Walls, pp. 335–37.
“too deeply committed”: Louis Martin to Marvin Watson, March 8, 1965, Ex HU2/ST1, FG135, LBJ.
About two o’clock Tuesday morning: SAC, Mobile, to Director, 2:51 A.M., CST, March 9, 1965, FDCA-479.
“have his heart”: Int. Harry Wachtel, Nov. 29, 1983.
tenderfoot church elders could not walk far: New York LHM dated March 11, 1965, FK-NR.
agents gleaned from wiretapped conference calls: Rosen to Belmont, March 9, 1965, FDCA-491.
coming to rest in King’s own private office: Judy Upham oral history dated January 6, 1966, pp. 15–16, JDC.
dozed in the Hertz rental office: Howlett, Greater, p. 200.
“What happened with Martin Luther King?”: LBJ phone call with Bill Moyers, 7:33 A.M., March 9, 1965, Cit. 7045, Audiotape WH6503.04, LBJ.
Collins landed at Craig Air Force Base: Wagy, Governor, p. 183.
“a man from the President”: Int. Jean Jackson, May 27, 1990.
7: DEVIL’S CHOICE
PAGE
the bed collapsed under a conclave: Int. Jean Jackson, May 27, 1990.
King sat at the dining room table: Ibid. Also Abernathy, Walls, pp. 336–39; Garrow, Protest, pp. 85–86.
Like Katzenbach, Doar privately agreed with King’s lawyers: Int. Nicholas Katzenbach, June 14, 1991; int. John Doar, May 12, 1986.
“This is a federal order”: Westin and Mahoney, Trial, p. 172.
Doar was a pioneer of tenacity: Branch, Parting, pp. 331–35, 647–72, 825–27.
discomfited government lawyers as overwrought: Sikora, Judge, p. 196; int. Nicholas Katzenbach, June 14, 1991.
“But Mr. Attorney General”: Garrow, Bearing, p. 402.
“You’re talking to the wrong people”: Int. Fred Shuttlesworth, March 9, 1999.
worse than improper for Collins to tinker: Int. Nicholas Katzenbach, June 14, 1991; int. John Doar, May 12, 1986.
“I don’t believe you can get”: Garrow, Bearing, p. 402.
“ominously quiet, oppressively tense”: Martin E. Marty, “Selma: Sustaining the Momentum,” Christian Century, March 24, 1965, p. 358.
floor of the maternity ward: Friedland, Lift Up, p. 124.
asking for autographs: Statement of Barbara Krasner, March 18, 1965, A/SN94.
“coolest cats in town”: Andrew Kopkind, “Selma,” New Republic, March 20, 1965, p. 7.
“it ain’t gonna be our women”: Howlett, Greater, p. 201.
cushion the expected licks: Int. Willie (Ricks) Mukasa, May 14, 1992.
fanned out to search for Hosea Williams: STJ, March 9, 1965, p. 1.
Judge Johnson signed just before ten o’clock: Johnson signed the restraining order at 9:46 A.M., March 9. Mobile LHM dated March 12, 1965, FDCA-565, p. 8.
“numbering between two thousand”: SAC, Mobile, to Director, March 9, 1965, FDCA-504.
“Injunctions aren’t legal”: STJ, March 9, 1965, p. 1.
“As far as I’m concerned”: Wofford, Kennedys and Kings, p. 181.
“heavy responsibility deliberately to break the law”: Howlett, Greater, p. 204.
Willie Ricks of SNCC climbed the steps: Int. Ivanhoe Donaldson, Nov. 30, 2000; int. Willie (Ricks) Mukasa, May 14, 1992; Sellers, River, p. 123.
“Do you think people really would?”: Wofford, Kennedys and Kings, p. 181.
estimated eight hundred travelers: Jet, March 25, 1965, p. 23.
a SNCC delegation that pressed arguments: Int. Fay Bellamy, Oct. 29, 1991; int. Cleveland Sellers, Dec. 14, 1983; int. James Forman, Feb. 13, 2001.
discharged passengers at an open field: Judy Upham oral history dated January 6, 1966, p. 17, JDC.
advice not to hamper his defense by specifying his intentions: New York LHM dated March 11, 1965, FK-NR; Greenberg, Crusaders, p. 357; Westin, Trial, pp. 57–59, 173; int. Harry Wachtel, Nov. 29, 1983.
“an unruly mob”: NYT, March 10, 1965, p. 22.
five times around the Detroit federal building: NYT, March 10, 1965, p. 1; Fager, Selma, 1965, p. 106.
picketed a New York City FBI office: STJ, March 10, 1965, p. 2.
“Johnson Is Goldwater in Disguise”: NYT, March 10, 1965, p. 22.
strategy talks on education: PDD, March 9, 1965, pp. 1–2, LBJ.
“Good Lord, Mr. President”: Richard B. Stolley, “The Nation Surges to Join the Negro on His March,” Life, March 26, 1965, p. 34.
wandered off in search of a candy bar: Judy Upham oral history dated January 6, 1966, p. 18, JDC.
“Almighty God, thou has called us”: MLK prayer of March 9, 1965, transcribed by “SJE,” A/KS.
“a great rustling”: NYT, March 10, 1965, p. 22.
At 2:17 P.M., as recorded by FBI observers: SAC, Mobile, to Director, March 9, 1965, FDCA-504.
“You son of a bitch!”: NYT, March 10, 1965, p. 22.
crudely drawn street map he handed to King: King, “Behind the Selma March,” Saturday Review, April 3, 1965, p. 57.
“I’ll do my best”: Wagy, Governor, p. 186; Abernathy, Walls, p. 339.
“This cause is now submitted”: NYT, March 10, 1965, p. 22.
“I am aware of the order”: Fager, Selma, 1965, p. 103; STJ, March 10, 1965, p. 2.
“ignored” the court order: SAC, Mobile, to Director, March 9, 1965, FDCA-504.
five hundred Alabama troopers: STJ, March 9, 1965, p. 2.
six ambulances poised in the rear: Jet, March 25, 1965, p. 24.
A few skeptics stood on lookout near the front: Int. Fay Bellamy, Oct. 29, 1991.
“We’re at the critical moment”: Wagy, Governor, p. 187.
“What’s that applause?”: STJ, March 10, 1965, p. 1.
on the arm of Rev. Farley Wheelwright: NYT, March 10, 1965, p. 22.
psychiatrist Belinda Strait: NYT, March 8, 1965, p. 20; BAA, March 20, 1965, p. 3; Jet, March 25, 1965, p. 48.
open line to Governor Wallace: Garrow, Bearing, p. 404.
the way to Montgomery lay open: Fager, Selma, 1965, p. 104.
“We will go back to the church now!”: Int. Fay Bellamy, Oct. 29, 1991; Wofford, Kennedys and Kings, p. 183.
Governor Collins remained petrified: (“I was standing right there, and I didn’t know who was going to double cross me.”) LeRoy Collins int. by Joe B. Frantz, Nov. 15, 1972, p. 32, LBJ.
“Now I’m sure”: STJ, March 10, 1965, p. 1.
Katzenbach called the White House: Wagy, Governor, p. 188.
King retreated at 3:09 P.M.: SAC, Mobile, to Director, March 9, 1965, FDCA-504, p. 3.
“If I hadn’t done anything else”: LeRoy Collins interview by Jack Bass and Walter De Vries, May 19, 1975, Series A-49, Collection 4007, UNC.
“Now I want to think”: STJ, March 10, 1965, p. 1.
“Thank you, Lord”: Wofford, Kennedys and Kings, p. 183.
cried fitfully over a U-turn: Int. Edwin King, June 26, 1992.
fretted about treachery and betrayal: Int. Cleveland Sellers, Dec. 14, 1983; int. Willie (Ricks) Mukasa, May 14, 1992; int. Fay Bellamy, Oct. 29, 1991; int. Silas Norman, June 28, 2000; int. Ivanhoe Donaldson, Nov. 30, 2000; int. James Forman, Feb. 13, 2001; Fager, Selma, 1965, p. 105; Lewis, Walls, p. 334.
Ricks and others launched: Ibid. Also Webb and Nelson, Selma, Lord, Selma, p. 110.
“Well, crud”: Judy Upham oral history dated January 6, 1966, pp. 19–20, JDC.
first Episcopal bishop, James Pike of California: Ibid. Also transcript of John B. Morris tape, “The Saga of Selma,” p. 3, JDC.
two new planeloads of clergy: Mobile LHM dated March 12, 1965, FDCA-565, p. 12.
“the greatest demonstration for freedom”: “Selma: ‘Ain’t Gonnas Let Nobody Turn Me ’Round,’” New Republic, March 20, 1965, p. 7.
“Why didn’t we just sit down”: Wofford, Kennedys and Kings, pp. 184–85.
“I’ve paid my dues in Selma”: Ibid. Also statement of Barbara Krasner, March 18, 1965, A/SN94.
senior seminarians caught rides: Judy Upham oral history dated January 6, 1966, p
. 21, JDC. 79 upward of fifty Unitarians: Mendelsohn, Martyrs, p. 167.
“Do you prefer to eat”: Howlett, Greater, p. 208.
“Imagine a Harvard theologian”: Jet, March 25, 1965, pp. 26–29.
much relieved about Selma: Johnson, Diary, p. 250.
Metropolitan Club was strictly segregated: Jack Valenti to LBJ, March 9, 1965, WHCF, Box 56, LBJ.
ninth of ten war briefings: PDD, March 9, 1965, LBJ.
“there are no tricks in it”: Transcript of recorded congressional reception, March 9, 1965, Congressional Briefings on Vietnam, Box 1, LBJ, p. 1.
“about 150 have proven to be Vietcong”: Ibid., p. 16.
“you just got one President”: Ibid., p. 19.
Unitarian ministers emerged from Walker’s Café: Mendelsohn, Martyrs, pp. 168–70; Howlett, Greater, pp. 210–13; Jet, March 25, 1965, pp. 26–29; Clark Olsen, “The Longest March,” UU World, May–June 2001.
Diane Nash called a doctor: Ibid.
Reeb spoiled X-rays: Margaret Hatch, “Report on Burwell Infirmary, Selma, Alabama,” May 11, 1965, p. 2, RSP1.
Reeb vomited and lapsed into unconsciousness: Ibid. Also Mendelsohn, Martyrs, p. 170.
his own Piper Cub: Chestnut and Cass, Black, pp. 139–41.
“They came here from other sections”: MLK statement of March 9, 1965 [mislabeled March 10, 1965], “Brutal Beating of Three White Ministers,” A/KS.
he surrendered the pulpit at 10:30 P.M.: Mobile LHM dated March 12, 1965, FDCA-565, p. 12.
Judith Upham and Jonathan Daniels: Judy Upham oral history dated January 6, 1966, pp. 21–22, JDC.
8: THE GHOST OF LINCOLN
“a squat figure in blue jeans”: “Nuns at Selma,” America, April 3, 1965, p. 455.
“We are testifying”: NYT, March 11, 1965, p. 21.
“If nonviolence can work in Alabama”: “What Lies Beyond Selma,” WS, March 16, 1965, cited in Congressional Record, March 17, 1965, p. H-5304.
At 12:47 P.M., Rev. L. L. Anderson led: Mobile LHM dated March 12, 1965, FDCA-565, p. 13.
“You can make all the statements you want”: Int. L. L. Anderson, May 27, 1990; Warren Hinckle and David Welsh, “Five Battles of Selma,” Ramparts, June 1965, p. 32.
more than thirty speakers stepped forward: “Nuns at Selma,” America, April 3, 1965, pp. 454–56.
radio station KMOX: Ibid. Also America, March 27, 1965, p. 411.
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