Wilson Baker arrested an armed member of Sheriff Clark’s posse: Mobile LHM dated April 2, 1965, FDCA-771, pp. 4–5.
two anguished pastoral letters that week: Rev. T. Frank Mathews to “My dear Fellow Churchmen,” March 23, 1965, BIR/C10f50; Rev. T. Frank Mathews to “My dear Fellow Churchmen,” March 25, 1965, BIR/C8f24. Excerpts from the second letter: “It may be of some help to all of us to visualize the consequences had not this resolution-of-compliance-with-the-Canons been adopted. As a priest of the Episcopal Church, it is clear that I would have to resign as your rector. You would not be able to replace me with another Episcopal priest, since this congregation would have to dissolve its communion with the Protestant Episcopal Church in the U.S.A. As individuals and as a group you would no longer be Episcopalians and the Book of Common Prayer would no longer be yours…. I know all of you are ‘Big’ people who love your church with abig love. As an Episcopal Church, we must abide by the Canons…. Unless the group is disorderly and creating a disturbance (in which case it is the canonical responsibility of the ushers to refuse them admittance), it is not for us to judge any man’s motives for attending church. Perhaps our motives are not always as pure as they should be; I know mine are not. But I do know that our Vestry has seen its duty and it has done it—and I am proud of them.”
“That was as bad as my senior sermon”: NYT, March 29, 1965, p. 29.
“the first breakthrough in Selma”: ESCRU newsletter, Selma Supplement, April 4, 1965, p. 1.
“Glory to God in the highest!”: Eagles, Outside Agitator, pp. 47–51.
“Selma Protestant Church Integrated for First Time”: NYT, March 29, 1965, p. 1.
Morris complained: Rev. John B. Morris to Andrew Young, April 2, 1965, A/SC44f12.
“now, while people are still in motion”: Minutes, “12:30 A.M., Friday,” March 26, 1965, Reel 37, SNCC.
Sunday afternoon stringing power cords: W. C. Heinz and Bard Lindeman, “Great Day at Trickem Fork,” Saturday Evening Post, May 22, 1965, p. 94.
Storekeeper William Cosby presided: Mobile LHM dated April 2, 1965, FDCA-771, p. 5.
the featured speaker at Mt. Gillard: Ibid.
Lafayette had ventured into Selma: Branch, Pillar, pp. 63–66, 81–85.
“too much leadership concentrated”: Int. Bernard Lafayette, May 28, 1990.
“An immediate result of Mrs. Liuzzo’s death”: NYT, March 28, 1965, p. 58.
“suggested to you that you tap a line”: LBJ phone call with Nicholas Katzenbach, 6:42P.M., March 29, 1965, Cit. 7179–80, Audiotape WH6503.14, LBJ.
another visit to the White House: Alsop had visited the White House for the same purpose on March 4, 1965. See Moyers to LBJ, “(One Copy Only),” March 4, 1965, Office of the President, Moyers, Box 8, LBJ.
Alsop, ironically, was both the conduit and the victim: Branch, Pillar, pp. 293–95.
Alsop biographer Edwin Yoder would unearth documents: Yoder, Joe Alsop’s, pp. 152–56.
“but I like him, and I’m his friend”: LBJ phone call with Nicholas Katzenbach, 6:42 P.M., March 29, 1965, Cit. 7179–80, Audiotape WH6503.14, LBJ.
Philip Graham…committed suicide: Graham, Personal, p. 331.
Katzenbach formally ordered: Powers, Secrecy, p. 402; Gentry, Hoover, p. 583.
Only the President’s surprise initiative: Int. Nicholas Katzenbach, June 14, 1991.
memorial service that Liuzzo’s: NYT, March 30, 1965, p. 30.
privately reproached both Myers and Sayers: Stanton, From Selma, pp. 176–77; Emrich to Carpenter, April 1, 1965, BIR/C15f29.
“what a bitter pill it was”: George M. Murray to Mathews, March 25, 1965, BIR/C10f50.
a bargain for their departure: Judy Upham oral history dated June 9, 1966, pp. 1–2, JDC.
Church lawyers picked at Carpenter’s interpretation: Eagles, Outside Agitator, p. 51.
“Losing this family would be a terrific financial blow”: Mathews handwritten response on Murray to Mathews, June 18, 1965, BIR/C10f53. The exchange comments on the resignation of St. Paul’s vestryman David McCullough, as recorded in McCullough to Mathews and Carpenter, April 10, 1965, and Mrs. D. N. (Annette) McCullough to Carpenter, April 17, 1965, both BIR/C8f24. Mrs. McCullough’s handwritten letter to Bishop Carpenter is typical of the dissent: “I cannot understand the change in our Episcopal Churches, ministers & Bishops. Some of the ministers are actually being made hypocrites, because they do not believe in all these canon changes & integration in our churches. These are man made laws not God’s laws. Can’t any of you see all this forcing of the negro race in everything we do is the Communistic plan? The fact is that all this is leading up to one thing, negroes and whites marrying & to me that’s the most sinful thing that our churches & mainly Episcopal ones are doing…. I have workedwith the altar guild & taken care of the altar linen for years, but I cannot do it now or go to church. This has just about broken our hearts.”
“If she is cured”: Mathews to “Germy,” July 27, 1965, commenting on the “idiotic letter” of Mrs. Hugh Underwood, BIR/C10f54.
Bishop Carpenter curdled against the movement: Branch, Parting, pp. 737–45.
“having the limb cut out from under me”: Carpenter to Bishop Reuben H. Mueller, March 30, 1965, BIR/C11f5. The reply for the National Council of Churches is Edwin Espy to Carpenter, April 14, 1965, BIR/C15f29.
“After the nail has been driven”: Carpenter to C. Kilmer Myers, March 19, 1965, BIR/C15f28. Another rebuke over Selma is Carpenter to Myers, March 24, 1965, BIR/C15f28.
“rude and inexcusable”: Carpenter to Rt. Rev. Richard S. Emrich (“Dear Joe”), April 6, 1965, BIR/C15f29.
“I have not answered him at all”: Ibid.
“When we answer somebody”: Emrich to Carpenter, April 1, 1965, BIR/C15f29.
a red leather saddle and a model village: PDD, March 29, 1965, pp. 6–7, LBJ.
sedan stalled by the riverfront hotel: FRUS, Vol. 2, p. 494; Langguth, Vietnam, pp. 351–52; Sheehan, Bright, pp. 463–64; NYT, March 30, 1965, p. 1; STJ, March 30, 1965, p. 1.
“we’re not sure if it’s male or female”: LBJ phone call with Situation Room duty officer, 8:10 A.M., March 30, 1965, Cit. 7181, Audiotape WH6503.16, LBJ.
“cleared up the policy on taps”: LBJ phone call with Robert McNamara, 8:14 A.M., March 30, 1965, Cit. 7182, Audiotape WH6503.16, LBJ.
the White House was preparing a statement: “Statement by the President on the Bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Saigon, March 30, 1965,” PPP, 1965, p. 347.
“with a high wall around it”: LBJ phone call with McGeorge Bundy, 9:12 A.M., March 30, 1965, Cit. 7183–84, Audiotape WH6503.16, LBJ.
fellow New England aristocrat: Bird, Color, pp. 15, 32; Yoder, Joe Alsop’s, pp. 33–39.
an ambulance, a truck, twenty-six cars: WATS report, Selma, March 29, 1965, March 30, 1965, 12:45 P.M. and 1:30 A.M., Reel 15, SNCC; Mobile LHM dated April 2, 1965, p. 6, FDCA-771.
longshoreman and hotel bellhop: Branch, Pillar, pp. 125–27.
had defied his own deacons to open Tabernacle Baptist: Ibid., pp. 64–65, 81–84.
“hasten the day when every man”: NYT, March 31, 1965, p. 16.
assigning Lowndes among new trial projects: Int. Silas Norman, June 28, 2000; int. Bob Mants, Sept. 8, 2000; int. Timothy Mays, March 9, 2000.
“Don’t go to Greene County”: Int. Mattie Lee Moorer, March 10, 2000.
Golden Frinks of North Carolina: Mobile LHM dated April 2, 1965, p. 6, FDCA-771, p. 7; Branch, Pillar, pp. 139–41.
“I pay traffic fines here”: Chicago Tribune, March 31, 1965, p. 14.
an anticlimactic freedom petition to the governor: “Wallace Meets Biracial Group,” NYT, March 31, 1965, p. 1; SAC, Mobile, to Director, March 27, 1965, FSMM-362.
16: BEARINGS IN A WHIRLWIND
by way of Los Angeles: SAC, Los Angeles, to Director, March 29, 1965, FK-1076.
to record him among the dignitaries: Jet, April 22, 1965, pp. 28–29; Stanton, From Selma, p. 178.
“soo
n died out because few knew the words”: NYT, March 31, 1965, p. 22.
Observed from the gate by FBI surveillance agents: FBI New York to Director, March 31, 1965, FK-1148.
King suffered a letdown from Selma: Int. Harry Wachtel, Nov. 29, 1983; int. Clarence Jones, Jan. 16, 1984; int. Bayard Rustin, Sept. 24, 1984; int. Andrew Young, Oct. 26, 1991.
a windfall gift of $25,000 for SCLC: Hoffa to King, March 29, 1965, A/KP12f44; King to Hoffa, April 12, 1965, A/KP12f44.
Wachtel forwarded the papers to Anthony Liuzzo: Wachtel to Anthony Liuzzo, March 31, 1965, A/KP25f29.
he privately called “stupid”: Hoover to Katzenbach, April 2, 1965, FSC-279; FBI HQ LHM dated April 2, 1965, FK-2831.
announcing in King’s name: NYT, March 28, 1965, p. 1.
“we want the federal government to come in here”: Fairclough, Redeem, p. 258.
“are of course admirable”: NYT, March 30, 1965, p. 46.
Other newspapers decried the notion: BAA, April 3, 1965, p. 24.
SCLC board met through the week: Garrow, Bearing, pp. 415–17.
“throw thousands of Negroes in Alabama”: NYT, April 2, 1965, p. 24.
“with a fifty-dollar hat”: Garrow, Bearing, p. 415.
into the cities of the North: Minutes, SCLC board meeting, April 1–2, 1965, p. 1, A/KP29f5.
Bevel wondered what could trouble city Negroes: Int. Bernard Lafayette, May 28, 1990.
Rustin, who favored attention to issues of economic justice: NYT, March 12, 1965, p. 17.
“We must not split what we have”: Minutes, SCLC board meeting, April 1–2, 1965, A/KP29f5.
Bevel campaigned to undermine him with King’s executive staff: Int. Hosea Williams, Oct. 29, 1991.
somewhere at the Atlanta airport: FBI Baltimore to Director, April 1, 1965, FVL-75.
“and I am busier than Hoover”: SAC, Atlanta, to Director, April 14, 1965, FSC-NR.
Pressures of the world stage: Minutes, SCLC board meeting, April 1–2, 1965, pp. 1–16, A/KP29f5; Jesse L. Douglas to MLK, April 7, 1965, A/SC144f17; C. T. Vivian to MLK, April 9, 1965, A/KP28f2; Chauncey Eskridge to Andrew Young, April 13, 1965, A/SC39.
“I know of no one that articulates my ideas”: Minutes, SCLC board meeting, April 1–2, 1965, p. 7, A/KP29f5.
Board members first recoiled in shock: Garrow, Bearing, p. 417.
depressed before Selma: Ibid. Branch, Pillar, pp. 530–33, 540–43.
a new black mistress of stylish discretion: Int. Clarence Jones, Jan. 16, 1984; int. John Lewis, May 31, 1984; confidential interviews; Garrow, Bearing, p. 421.
Settlement was imminent: Garrow, Bearing, p. 421.
house of $10,000 was a haunting luxury: Ibid. Also Stein, Journey, pp. 108–9.
“conscience fairly devoured him”: King, My Life, pp. 75, 179.
Afro-American devoted an issue: BAA, April 3, 1965, pp. 1, 27–28.
fraud arrests at a local barber school: Baltimore Sun, April 1, 1965, p. 54.
Rev. C. K. Steele admonished King: Garrow, Bearing, p. 417.
Rustin disparaged Abernathy: Int. Bayard Rustin, Sept. 24, 1984.
“Who are we”: Int. Clarence Jones, Jan. 16, 1984; int. Harry Wachtel, Nov. 29, 1983; int. Bayard Rustin, Sept. 24, 1984; int. Andrew Young, Oct. 26, 1991.
“We must by all means protect his symbolism”: Minutes, SCLC board meeting, April 1–2, 1965, p. 11, A/KP29f5.
King sought out Stanley Levison: Hoover to Katzenbach, April 15, 1965, FK-1212; Fairclough, Redeem, p. 257.
“Dear Martin”: Levison to MLK, April 7, 1965, A/KP14f40.
Wachtel and others slowly accommodated: Int. Harry Wachtel, Nov. 29, 1983.
scour future SCOPE workers: Hoover to SAC, Albany, “Summer Community Organization and Political Education (SCOPE) Program, Information Concerning (Internal Security),” n.d. (April 1965, based on Baumgardner to Sullivan, April 8, 1965), FSC-NR. Hoover’s instructions concluded: “All offices are cautioned to conduct no inquiry which might give the impression that the FBI is investigating the legitimate activities of the SCLC.”
“If we can obtain information disproving”: Hoover to SACs, Atlanta, Knoxville, April 6, 1965, FK-1154.
Levison had read to fill hours: Int. Beatrice Levison, Jan. 3, 1984; int. Andrew Levison, Aug. 6, 1999.
“Selma was bigger than Birmingham”: Levison to MLK, April 7, 1965, A/KP14f40.
King was “too humble”: Int. Beatrice Levison, Jan. 3, 1984.
electing a broomstick: Wood, Radicalism, p. 366.
ordained the first female rabbi: Nadell, Women, pp. 168–69. Recent scholarship suggests that Regina Jonas of Offenbach, Germany, may have become history’s first female rabbi in 1935, but Jonas and most records of the era were lost in the Holocaust. Cf. Elisa Klapheck, Fräulein Rabbiner Jonas: The Story of the First Female Rabbi. Wiley, 2004.
“a natural inclination in mankind”: Wood, Radicalism, p. 28.
17: TEN FEET TALL
Sculptress Jimilu Mason: PDD, April 6, 1965, p. 3, LBJ.
“I’m going to hold out that carrot”: Steel, Walter Lippmann, pp. 562–63; Bird, Color, p. 316.
“The vast Mekong River”: PPP, 1965, pp. 394–99.
Johnson mentioned a dream to end war itself: LBJ sent a succinct note of credo and congratulations to his confidante on issues of world peace and economics, British economist Barbara Ward: “My dear Barbara: Much of what you have written and what you have said and what you inspired was in that Baltimore speech. I have said that we must understand the world as it is if ever we want it to be as we wish. The Baltimore speech says exactly what I believe and what I hope.” LBJ to “Lady [Barbara Ward] Jackson, April 15, 1965, Name File, Barbara Jackson, LBJ.
“I call heaven and earth to record”: Deuteronomy 30:19.
“master stroke”: Max Ascoli in The Reporter, April 22, 1965, p. 8. “His speech on Vietnam, which was called definitive by the newspapers even before it was delivered, is the supreme evidence of the President’s capacity for arousing consent among men of hitherto different opinions,” wrote Ascoli.
“a very timely and fine move”: LBJ phone call with Dwight D. Eisenhower, 5:58 P.M., April 8, 1965, Cit. 7330, Audiotape WH6504.03, LBJ.
mail to the White House shifted overnight: Logevall, Choosing, p. 371; FRUS, Vol. 2, p. 544.
Goldschmidt had collaborated: Oral history int. of Arthur E. Goldschmidt and Elizabeth Wickenden, June 3, 1969, LBJ.
never negotiate if the positions were reversed: Dallek, Flawed, p. 261.
social policy advocate since the New Deal: Ibid. Oral history int. of Elizabeth Wickenden, Nov. 6, 1974, LBJ; Caro, Path, pp. 451–54.
“Yeah, we’re gonna pass it tonight”: LBJ phone call with Arthur “Tex” Goldschmidt, 10:27 A.M., April 8, 1965, Cit. 7329, Audiotape WH6504.03, LBJ.
Medicare did pass: Dallek, Flawed, p. 208.
Both education and voting rights cleared Senate hurdles: Associated Press, World in 1965, p. 259; Mann, Walls, p. 467.
Air Force jet fighter that was missing and presumed shot down: LBJ phone call with General James M. Fogel and Assistant Secretary of Defense Cyrus Vance, 12:05 A.M., April 9, 1965, Cit. 7331, Audiotape WH6504.03, LBJ; FRUS, Vol. 2, p. 535.
“I believe you can go”: LBJ phone call with McGeorge Bundy, 11:00 A.M., April 8, 1965, Cit. 7339, Audiotape WH6504.04, LBJ.
the first Major League baseball game ever played indoors: Associated Press, World in 1965, p. 78.
home run to right-center: NYT, April 10, 1965, p. 1.
Milwaukee Braves and Detroit Tigers played: NYT, March 28, 1965, p. F-15.
“on ground we didn’t own”: Pomerantz, Peachtree, p. 381.
fifth year of a nationwide boom economy: NYT, March 28, 1965, p. F-14.
“I am not a prophet”: “Remarks at the Dedication of the Gary Job Corps Center, San Marcos, Texas, April 10, 1965,” PPP, 1965, pp. 408–12.
“Come over here, Miss Katie”: “Remarks in Johnson City, Tex., Upon Signing the Elementary and Second
ary Education Bill,” April 11, 1965, PPP, 1965, pp. 412–14.
$1.3 billion, which covered only 6 percent: Dallek, Flawed, pp. 196–203; Goldman, Tragedy, pp. 350–63.
“Poverty has many roots”: Associated Press, World in 1965, pp. 76–77.
Johnson waxed euphoric: Goldman, Tragedy, pp. 363–65.
He mingled at the ceremony: PDD, April 11, 1965, pp. 5–6, LBJ.
mimicking his awkward gringo gait: Caro, Path, pp. 167–71; Adler, Johnson Humor, p. 91. 209 Quoting Thomas Jefferson’s admonition: Dallek, Flawed, p. 201.
On Palm Sunday in Selma: Eagles, Outside Agitator, p. 51.
“The bishop says”: Judy Upham oral history dated June 9, 1966, p. 24, JDC.
pull on dress gloves: Jonathan Daniels, “A Burning Bush,” New Hampshire Churchman, June 1965.
“You goddam scum”: Upham and Daniels, “To Whom It May Concern,” May 12, 1965, BIR/C8f24; Judy Upham oral history dated June 9, 1966, p. 25, JDC.
Daniels and Upham stifled rage: Daniels and Upham, “Report from Selma—April, 1965,” in Episcopal Theological School Journal, January 1966, p. 6, JDC.
“There are still moments”: Daniels to Mary Elizabeth Macnaughtan, April 12, 1965, in Schneider, Martyr, p. 72.
Viola Liuzzo had naively endangered herself: Judy Upham oral history dated June 6, 1966, p. 22, JDC; Morris Samuel oral history by John B. Morris, Feb. 1966, JDC.
a large crowd being tear-gassed in Camden: WATS report, “Camden via Selma,” April 9, 1965, Reel 16, SNCC; BAA, April 17, 1965, p. 2; Judy Upham oral history, dated June 9, 1966, p. 13, JDC; Gerald Olivari, “Wilcox County,” May 18, 1965, Reel 37, SNCC.
“a kind of grim affection”: Daniels to Molly D. Thoron, April 15, 1965, in Schneider, Martyr, pp. 72–73.
Young pianist Quentin Lane: Judy Upham oral history dated June 9, 1966, p. 10, dated July 26, 1966, p. 9, JDC.
a breather from the stress of integration: Daniels to Mary Elizabeth Macnaughtan, April 12, 1965, in Schneider, Martyr, pp. 70–72.
“We are trying to live the Gospel”: Judy Upham oral history dated July 26, 1966, p. 8, JDC.
“Preach it, brother”: Ibid., pp. 9–16.
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