14. Edward Younger, ed., Inside the Confederate Government: The Diary of Robert Garlick Hill Kean (New York, 1957), 100.
15. Jones, Clerk, I, 204; John A. Campbell to Nathan Clifford, August 1, 1865, Andrew Johnson Papers, LC; AES on Seddon to JD, March 2, 1863, PJD, IX, 88; AES on W. P. Miles to James A. Seddon, July 15, 1863, RG109, m437, r104, f172, NA (also next three citations); AES on A. R. Wright to Braxton Bragg, August 10, 1863, ibid., m474, r88, f370; AES on Capt. G. V. Moody to JD, September 3, 1863, RG109, ibid., r74, f604; AES on Robert Tansill to JD, January 16, 1863, RG109, Officers; AES on G. W. Randolph to JD, August 13, 1862, PJD, VIII, 338–39; AES on William H. Houston to JD, August 15, 1863, ibid., IX, 346.
16. JD to Thomas Randall, July 26, 1862, JDC, V, 299 (first quotation); Burton N. Harrison to D. R. Williams, October 24, 1862, JD Papers, DU; Josiah Gorgas Journal, August 14, 1864, William Gorgas Papers, LC; R. Finley Hunt to JD, January 26, 1864, RG109, M437, r128, f755–57, NA (second quotation).
17. Mallory to Master S. R. Mallory, September 27, 1865 (quotation), Mallory Diary, September 16, 1861, July 24, August 1, 15, 1862, Mallory Papers; Bragg Diary, November 30, 1861, January 8, 17, February 5, 19, 1862, Thomas Bragg Papers; John H. Reagan, Memoirs with Special Reference to Secession and the Civil War (Washington, D.C., and New York, 1906), 162.
18. Mallory to Master S. R. Mallory, December 8, 1865, Mallory Papers (quotation); Benjamin to James M. Mason, February 8, 1871, quoted in Eli N. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin: The Jewish Confederate (New York, 1988), 153; Littleton Washington Diary, January 1863 (transcript in possession of Douglas Gibboney, Carlisle, Pa; I am grateful to William C. Davis for this reference).
19. Walter Lord, ed., The Fremantle Diary: Being the Journal of Lieutenant Colonel James Arthur Lyon Fremantle, Coldstream Guards, on His Three Months in the Southern States (Boston, 1954), 165 (first quotation), 167; William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South (Boston, 1863), 175 (second and third quotations); John S. Wise, End of an Era (Boston and New York, 1899), 402 (fourth quotation); VD to Francis Lawley, June 8, 1898, Pierce Butler Papers, TU; S. R. Mallory to Master S. R. Mallory, December 8, 1865, Mallory Papers; [James R. Gilmore], Down in Tennessee and Back by Way of Richmond (New York, 1864), 262–65. Evans, Benjamin, is the best biography, though it exaggerates the relationship by pushing far beyond the evidence.
20. Younger, ed., Kean Diary, 30–31, 33, 100–01.
21. Stephen Mallory to Master S. R. Mallory, September 27, 1865, Mallory Papers.
22. PJD, II, 108–09n.; Harrison to Mother, February 26, 1862, Fairfax Harrison, ed., Avis Sonis Facisque, Being a Memoir of an American Family: The Harrisons of Skimino (Privately printed, 1910), 150; ibid., chap. 6; Harrison to C. C. Buel, March 24, 1887, to Robert Stiles, February 23, 1898, Harrison Papers, LC; Harrison to [Constance Cary], September 12, 1864, ibid.; PJD, VIII, 555n.; Ishbel Ross, First Lady of the South: The Life of Mrs. Jefferson Davis (New York, 1958), 163. Also see the letters from VD cited in chapter twelve, note 45.
23. Abstract, Report from the Secretary of the Senate, RG109, m437, r54, f153, NA; Jones, Clerk, I, 184; Johnston to A. S. Johnston, February 14, 1862 (quotation), to Rosa, May 3, 24, 1862, and 1862–65 passim, Johnston Papers, TU.
24. Six Decades in Texas or Memories of Francis Richard Lubbock Governor of Texas in War-Time, 1861–63[.] A Personal Experience in Business, War, and Politics, ed. C. W. Raines (Austin, Tex., 1900), 556; W. P. Johnston to Rosa, November 29, 1862, Johnston Papers, TU; AES on J. B. Magruder to JD, January 6, 1863, PJD, IX, 16–17.
25. JD to W. P. Johnston, June 14, 1862, to James Chesnut, March 6, 1863, to G. W. C. Lee, April 8, 1863, PJD, VIII, 249, IX, 90, 130; G. W. C. Lee to JD, November 18, 1863, J. C. Ives to JD, December 8, 1863, W. M. Browne to JD, February 14, 1864, ibid., X, 78, 105, 233–34; W. P. Johnston to Rosa, April 3, 7, 1863, Johnston Papers, TU.
26. W. P. Johnston to Rosa, May 8, 12, June 7, 10, July 27, 1862, February 24, 1863, Johnston Papers, TU; Chesnut, 84 (quotation), 503; Jones, Clerk, II, 15–16, 125; T. C. DeLeon, Four Years in Rebel Capitals: An Inside View of Life in the Southern Confederacy, from Birth to Death…(Mobile, Ala., 1892), 102; Lubbock Memoirs, 555; [Thomas Rowland] to Kate Mason Rowland, May 29, 1864, Kate Mason Rowland Diary, III, MC; JD to C. C. Clay, March 14, April 3, 1862, PJD, VIII, 99, 128.
27. Emma L. Bryan Reminiscences, Early Family Papers, VHS; Bragg Diary, November 30, 1861, Thomas Bragg Papers; Rev. William Wyndham Malet, An Errand to the South in the Summer of 1862 (London, 1863), 173; S. R. Mallory to Master S. R. Mallory, September 27, 1865, Mallory Papers; J. W. Ratchford, Some Reminiscences of Persons and Incidents of the Civil War ([1909]; Austin, Tex., 1971), 31 (quotation); VD to JD, June 5, 1862, PJD, VIII, 225.
28. Jones, Clerk, II, 16, 218; Chesnut, 503; Robert B. Craddock to JD, August 5, 1864, PJD, X, 587; JD interview in Baltimore Sunday Herald, July 10, 1887; JD to J. Thomas Scharf, July 10, 1887, Scharf to JD, July 18, 1887, JDC, IX, 574, 576–77; J. B. Watson to JD, December 7, 1884, ibid., 313–14; W. M. Gardner to Samuel Cooper, September 8, 1864, O.R., XLII, pt. 2, 1238–39; Richmond Daily Dispatch, December 7, 1889.
29. W. P. Johnston to “My Dear Little Daughter,” August 3, 1862, Johnston Papers, TU; Joseph R. Davis to JD, February 25, 1863, PJD, IX, 74; Chesnut, 529–30, 566, 595 (quotations); [Sallie Putnam], Richmond During the War; Four Years of Personal Observations (New York, 1867), 92; the uniforms are in MC.
30. Chesnut, 535 (quotation); “Slaves and Servants in the White House: Abstract,” Staff Research Report, MC; VD to Kenneth Rayner, n.d., Harrison Papers, LC; VD to Mrs. Clopton, two letters, n.d., JD Papers, MC; Walter L. Fleming, “Jefferson Davis, the Negroes and the Negro Problem,” Louisiana State University Bulletin, Series VI (October 1908, no. 4), 12–13.
31. Chesnut, 433 (quotation), 551; Lubbock Memoirs, 556; Bragg Diary, April 9, 1862, Thomas Bragg Papers; W. P. Johnston to Rosa, August 26, 1862, May 15, 1863, Johnston Papers, TU; Washington Diary, July 30, 1863; Richmond Examiner, December 31, 1863; Jones, Clerk, II, 136; “The Diary of Lt. Edward Owen, 1863–1864,” Civil War Regiments: A Journal of the American Civil War, V (no. 1, 1996), 136. On imports, see Matilda Slidell to VD, December 12, 1862, RG109, Confederate Papers Relating to Citizens or Business Firms, NA, and Gabriel J. Rains to JD, November 24, 1862, PJD, VIII, 515.
32. Chesnut, 551; VD to Francis Lawley, June 8, 1898, Butler Papers, TU; Memoir, I, 155–56; Lubbock Memoirs, 557 (quotation).
33. Lubbock Memoirs, 556 (first quotation); Gorgas Journal, October 17, 1862 (second quotation), Gorgas Papers, LC; Anna Clayton Logan, “Recollections of My Life (Part II),” Goochland County Historical Society Magazine, XXI (1989), 21 (third quotation); Harrison, Recollections, 70 (fourth quotation); James Morris Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer (Boston and New York, 1917), 221 (fifth quotation); Nelson D. Lankford, ed., An Irishman in Dixie: Thomas Conolly’s Diary of the Fall of the Confederacy (Columbia, S.C., 1988), 48 (final quotation).
34. Memoir, II, 202–03. An exchange of letters between VD and Angella Mallory, wife of Secretary of the Navy Mallory, is instructive: Mallory to VD, September n.d., October n.d., 1862, VD to Mallory, October 2, 1862, Stephen R. Mallory Papers, Lelia Abercrombie Historical Library, Pensacola Historical Museum, Pensacola, Fla.
35. Lydia Johnston to Charlotte Wigfall, January 19, August 2, 1863, Wigfall Family Papers, LC; Chesnut, 571.
36. [Putnam], Richmond, 38–39.
37. Jones, Clerk, II, 16 (first quotation); Chesnut, 478; Bryan Reminiscences, Early Family Papers, VHS (second quotation); Memoir, II, 204 (third quotation).
38. VD to Chesnut, April 27, 1862, n.d., 1863 (typescripts), Williams-Chesnut-Manning Papers, SCL. On the situation faced by many of Varina’s social peers, see Drew Gilpin Faust’s perceptive Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the Civil War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996).
39. PJD, VIII, 222n.; ibid., IX, 127 ed.n.; VD to JD, March 28, [April 5], 1863, ibid., 115–16, 127–28; W. P. Johnston to Rosa, March 18,
1863, Johnston Papers, TU.
40. W. P. Johnston to Rosa, February 8, 17, July 4, 1863, to [W. Preston], January 12, 1863, Johnston Papers, TU; Jones, Clerk, II, 294, 297, 298, 312, 318, 321 (second quotation), 328; A. H. Stephens to Linton, July 1, 1863, Alexander H. Stephens Papers, Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart; Gorgas Journal, April 21, July 2, 1863, Gorgas Papers, LC; JD to Joseph Davis, May 7, 1863, PJD, IX, 167; Harris D. Riley, Jr., “Jefferson Davis and His Health, Part II: January, 1861—December, 1889,” JMH, XLIX (November 1987), 275–76.
41. Lord, ed., Fremantle Diary, 167–69.
42. Chesnut, 504, 530, 566; [Putnam], Richmond, 92; Mrs. G. H. Pattillo to JD, February 14, 1887, JD Papers, MC; S. R. Mallory to Master S. R. Mallory, September 27, 1865, Mallory Papers (quotation).
43. PJD, IX, 13.
44. Bragg Diary, November 30, 1861, April 9, 1862, Thomas Bragg Papers; St. John Richardson Liddell, Liddell’s Record, ed. Nathaniel C. Hughes (Dayton, Ohio, 1985), 45–46; JD to Camille de Polignac, April 5, 1862, PJD, VIII, 131; Malet, Errand, 170–73; W. P. Johnston to Rosa, May 27, August 26, 1862, Johnston Papers, TU; Morgan, Rebel Reefer, 220–21.
45. J. B. Watson to JD, December 7, 1884, JDC, IX, 313–14; Malet, Errand, 163; Reagan, Memoirs, 163.
46. JD to Colonel S. Bassett French, January 1, 1862, to Anna R. Sanders, June 11, 1863, to Eliza C. Cannon, July 18, 1863, JD to Hannah Gaston, October 4, 1863, JD to Minnie McComas, May 4, 1864, PJD, VIII, 3, IX, 214, 286–87, X, 9, 389; Bryan Reminiscences, Early Family Papers, VHS.
47. S. R. Mallory to Master S. R. Mallory, September 27, 1865, Mallory Papers (quotations); W. P. Johnston to Rosa, August 1, 1862, Johnston Papers, TU.
48. PJD, IX, 164n.; JD to Lee, May 11, 1863, ibid., 179 (first quotation); Memoir, II, 382–83 (second quotation). On Chancellorsville, see Ernest B. Furgurson, Chancellorsville 1863: The Souls of the Brave (New York, 1992), and Stephen N. Sears, Chancellorsville (Boston and New York, 1996).
49. JD to Lee, May 31, 1863, PJD, IX, 202.
50. Jones, Clerk, I, 325–26. On Lee, consult Emory M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York, 1995), 287–90, and Steven E. Woodworth, Davis and Lee at War (Lawrence, Kans., 1995), 229–44; yet both scholars exaggerate the differences between the general and the president.
51. Reagan, Memoirs, 120–23.
52. Davis to Dabney Maury, December 17, 1877, JD Papers, MC; Lee to James A. Seddon, May 10, 1863, WPL, 482.
53. Woodworth, Davis, chaps. 14–15, Symonds, Johnston, chaps. 11–12, and Archer Jones, Confederate Strategy from Shiloh to Vicksburg (Baton Rouge, La., 1961), chaps. 8–12, provide background and context.
54. Woodworth, Davis, chap. 15; James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York, 1988), 626–36.
55. The best study of Pemberton is Michael B. Ballard, Pemberton: A Biography (Jackson, Miss., 1991), esp. chap. 8; JD to Pemberton, May 7, 1863, JDC, V, 482.
56. Correspondence Between the President and General Joseph E. Johnston, Together with That of the Secretary of War and the Adjutant and Inspector General, During the Months of May, June, and July 1863 (Richmond, Va., 1864) has all the pertinent documents. The quotation is from JD to Johnston, May 28, p. 10.
57. Johnston to Lydia Johnston, June 25, 1863 (first and second quotations), John W. Johnston Papers, DU; [Johnston] to [Lydia Johnston], June 12, 29 (third quotation), 1863, McLane-Fisher Papers, MHS (I am grateful to Charles Royster for these references). On Johnston’s outlook, also see Lydia Johnston to Charlotte Wigfall, August 2, 1863, Wigfall Family Papers, LC, and Louis Wigfall to Johnston, June 8, 15, 1863 (JO293 and JO294), Johnston Papers, HL.
58. Gorgas Journal, March 20, 1863, Gorgas Papers, LC; JD to [Benjamin G. Humphreys], May 1, 1863 (first quotation); JD to Governor John Pettus, May 18, June 4, 1863; JD to Bragg, June 25, 1863; JD to Beauregard, June 25, 1863; JD to Smith, May 8, July 2, 1863; JD to Johnston, May 24, 1863 (second quotation), PJD, IX, 162, 183, 206, 239, 240, 171–72, 254, 189; F. T. Cooper and A. N. Kimball to JD, May 8, 1863; Pettus to JD, June 3, 1863; Pettus et al. to JD, June 18, 1863; Joseph Davis to JD, June 3, 22, 1863; Beauregard to JD, June 25, 1863; Bragg to JD, June 26, 1863, ibid., 176, 205, 230, 205, 235, 240, 246. For the daily contact, see ibid., 122–264 passim.
59. JD to Johnston, July 8, 1863, to Lee, July 21, 1863, PJD, IX, 264, 295; JD to Joseph Davis, May 31, 1863, ibid., 200; Younger, ed., Kean Diary, 46.
60. PJD, IX, 259 ed.n.; for Gettysburg, consult McPherson, Battle Cry, 653–63, and Thomas, Lee, 292–303; Memoir, II, 392.
61. JD to Robert W. Johnson, July 14, 1863 (first quotation), to Reuben Davis, July 20, 1863, to James M. Howry, August 27, 1863 (second quotation), PJD, IX, 276, 290–91, 357–58.
62. Jones, Clerk, I, 374; Gorgas Journal, July 17, 1863, Gorgas Papers, LC; JD to John Pettus, July 11, 1863, to John Pemberton, August 9, 1863, PJD, IX, 270, 333–34; ibid., 335n. on inquiry; JD to Braxton Bragg, June 29, 1872, JDC, VII, 321–22; R&F, II, 404–16.
63. R&F, II, 411.
64. JD to Robert W. Johnson, July 14, 1863 (quotations), to Reuben Davis, July 20, 1863, PJD, IX, 276, 290–91.
65. Stephens to JD, June 12, 1863, JDC, V, 513–15. Thomas E. Schott, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography (Baton Rouge, La., 1988), 375–80, has an excellent discussion of this subject.
66. Lee to JD, June 10, 1863, WPL, 507–09 (calendared PJD, IX, 213).
67. JD to Stephens, June 18, 1863, Stephens to JD, July 8, 1863, PJD, IX, 229, 268; ibid., 244–45n.; Stephens to Linton, July 1, 1863 (quotation), Stephens Papers, Manhattanville; JD to Stephens, July 2, 1863, to Lincoln, July 2, 1863, JDC, V, 515–19.
68. M&P, I, 348–59 (quotation 358), II, 539–40, 576–83; Benjamin to JD, October 8, 1863, PJD, X, 15–16. Charles M. Hubbard, The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy (Knoxville, Tenn., 1998), chap. 12, details the break with England.
69. Portrait, p. 478; “Portrait of President Jefferson Davis…,” flyer, JD Papers, MC; George C. Groce and David H. Wallace, The New-York Historical Society’s Dictionary of Artists in America, 1564–1860 (New Haven, Conn., 1957), 541.
70. Charleston Mercury, September 5, 23, 1863; James H. Hammond to James L. Orr, January 10, 1863, James H. Hammond Papers, LC; Toombs to Alexander Stephens, July 19, 1863, Alexander Stephens Papers, EU; Stephens to Stephens, April 6, 1863, Stephens Papers, Manhattanville.
71. JD to J. W. Harmon, September 17, 1863, to M. L. Bonham, December 16, 1863, to Charles Clark, December 28, 1863, JDC, VI, 40–41, 131, 139–40; Richmond Enquirer, May 1, 1863; Lord, ed., Fremantle Diary, 170 (quotation); George C. Rable, The Confederate Republic: A Revolution Against Politics (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1994), 209.
72. John Milton to JD, February 17 (first quotation), August 3, 1863, Howell Cobb to JD, May 11, 1863, James R. Magill to JD, May 16, 1863, William McWillie to JD, October 18, 1863, PJD, IX, 64–65, 320, 180, 182, X, 29; Albert Burton Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (New York, 1924), remains the only book on this important topic; while it still has value, a new study is sorely needed.
73. James Phelan to JD, December 9, 1862, Joseph J. Bradford to JD, February 18, 1863, Reuben Davis to JD, August 2, 1863, PJD, VIII, 542, and IX, 65, 319.
74. JD to John Milton, September 1, 1863, ibid., 363–64.
75. James Phelan to JD, July 29, 1863, JD Papers, James S. Schoff Civil War Collection, MI (calendared PJD, IX, 315); Joseph Davis to JD, September 9, 1863, and JD to Reuben Davis, July 20, 1863, ibid., 378, 290.
76. Citizens of Warren County, Georgia, to JD, February 25, 1863, RG109, m437, r115, f361, NA (also next two citations); Caleb Moore to JD, December 14, 1863, ibid., r101, f728; Emily Nunn to JD, September 14, 1863, ibid., r105, f904; Mrs. C. V. Baxley to JD, January 18, 1864 (quotation), PJD, X, 184; Joseph Davis to JD, March 20, 1863, JD Family Papers, MDAH; Reagan, Memoirs, 164. Desertion surely merits a new study to replace Ella Lonn’s Desertion During the Civil War (New York, 1928). A recent study of the Confederate home front is William Blair, Vi
rginia’s Private War: Feeding Body and Soul in the Confederacy, 1861–1865 (New York, 1998).
77. M&P, I, 329–31.
78. Michael B. Chesson, “Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, XCII (April 1984), 131–75, is excellent; Ernest B. Furgurson, Ashes of Glory: Richmond at War (New York, 1996), 193–95; McPherson, Battle Cry, 447; Memoir, II, 373–76, greatly exaggerates JD’s role.
79. M&P, I, 296; McPherson, Battle Cry, 615–17; Richard Franklin Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859–1877 (New York, 1990), 183–84; Paul D. Escott, After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism (Baton Rouge, La., 1978), 140–44, 151–54, 157–59.
80. The story in this and the following paragraphs is based chiefly on letters from Joseph Davis to JD in 1863. Individual citations are not given, but quotations are specified. Where appropriate, I cite other sources. In PJD, IX, February 17 (64), April 9 (134–35), May 11 (180), June 3 (205), June 14 (216–18), June 17 (227–28, third quotation), June 21 (233–34, fourth quotation), June 25 (240–41), August 15 (344–45), September 9 (377–78), September 16 (393); ibid., X, November 1 (45–46), [5–10] (47), 11 (61–62), December 1 (96–97); JD Papers, TR, May 7 (first, second quotations, also calendared PJD, IX, 169).
81. J. D. Bradford to JD, June 5, 1863, JD Papers, MC (calendared PJD, IX, 206–07).
82. JD to Joseph Davis, May 7, 31, 1863, PJD, IX, 167 (second quotation), 200 (first quotation).
83. Ibid., 298–99 ed.n.; Robert E. Melvin to JD, July 22, 1863, John C. Pemberton to JD, July 29, 1863, J. D. Bradford to JD, August 17, September 16, 1863, W. H. Jackson to JD, September 11, 1863, ibid., 299–301, 314, 346–47, 393, 381–82; Lise Mitchell to [Ann M. B. Miles], August 20, 1863, Lise Mitchell Papers, TU.
84. JD to Smith, July 14, 1863 (first quotation), to Holmes, July 15, 1863, to H. Flanigan, July 15, 1863 (remaining quotations), JDC, V, 552–54, 555–56, 563–66; JD to Robert Johnson, July 14, 1863, PJD, IX, 276–77.
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