30. JD to Roosevelt, September 29, 1885, Theodore Roosevelt Papers, LC; Roosevelt to JD, October 8, 1885, Elting E. Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (8 vols., Cambridge, Mass., 1951–54), I, 93; Roosevelt, “The President’s Policy,” North American Review, CXLI (October 1885), 388–96, esp. 393.
31. JD to A. R. Bradley, August 12, 1883 (copy, first quotation), Beauvoir; JD to Mrs. Flora Darling, January 19, 1884 (second quotation), Joseph E. Johnston Papers, WM; JD to R. T. Daniel, June 3, 1889 (third quotation), JDC, X, 119; JD to A. D. Mann, November 7, 1883, Lloyd W. Smith Collection, Morristown National Historical Park, N.J.; JD to Paul Hayne, January 24, 1885, Fred A. Rosenstock-JD Papers, MDAH; R&F, II, 764 (final quotation); JD to J. Crafts Wright, July 17, 1878, JD Papers, UA.
32. JD to J. L. Power, June 20, 1885, JDC, IX, 373; JD to [J. P.] Knott, January 22, 1876 (first quotation), Correspondence by Author, TSLA; JD to James Lyons, May 15, 1879 (second quotation), James Lyons Papers, UNC.
33. JD to Winnie, April 24, 1877, JD to VD, May 1, June 11 (first quotation), July 15, 1877, to Addison Hayes, February 12, 1877 (typescript), Polly to VD, June 9, 1877, VD to JD, [April or May 1878] (final quotation), JD Papers, UA; JD to Addison Hayes, June 29, 1877 (second, third quotations), JD and Family Papers, MDAH; JD to Polly, March 26, 1877, JD Papers, TR; Sarah Dorsey to W. T. Walthall, June 29, 1877, JDC, VII, 558.
34. JD to C. J. Wright, September 4, 1878 (first, second quotations), to Addison Hayes, September 14, October 12, 18, 1878 (fourth quotation), to Polly, September 25, 1878, to VD, February 9, 1879 (sixth quotation), JD Papers, UA; JD to Virginia Clay, October 11, 1878, Clay Papers, DU; VD to Walthall, September 8, 1878, JDC, VIII, 275–76, [October 1878] (two letters), Walthall Papers; Rosa Walthall to “Dear Papa,” October 14, 1878 (third quotation), and Walthall Diary, October 10–12, 1878 (typescript extracts), ibid.; Dorsey to A. D. Mann, October 30, 1878 (fifth quotation), JD Papers, DU.
35. Jefferson Davis v. J. H. D. Bowmar…, 55 Mississippi Reports, 671–814 (1878) (quotations, 671, 776); Frank Edgar Everett, Jr., Brierfield: Plantation Home of Jefferson Davis (Jackson, Miss., 1971), chap. 10; JDC, VIII, 235 (JD quotations); for events in Mississippi, consult William C. Harris, The Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi(Baton Rouge, La., 1979), chaps. 20–21.
36. Everett, Brierfield, chap. 10.
37. JD to Winnie, March 30, 1878 (first quotation), to Polly, November 8, 1878, to Addison Hayes, September 14, 1878, JD Papers, UA; Dorsey to A. D. Mann, April 25, 1878 (other quotations), Mann Papers, LSU; John K. Reynaud & Co. to JD, May 6, 1879, JD Papers, MC; Exhibit A, Stephen Percy Ellis, et al. v. Jefferson Davis, Equity Case No. 8934, RG21, U.S. District Courts, Entry #121—general case files—Eastern District of New Orleans—Circuit Court, 21, NA, Fort Worth, Texas (hereafter cited as Ellis v. Davis; I am grateful to Bertram Wyatt-Brown for this reference).
38. Exhibit B, Ellis v. Davis, has a copy of the Dorsey will (quotation) and Exhibit C has a copy of the sales contract; Wyatt-Brown, House of Percy, 165–66, 168 (Wyatt-Brown and I agree on the relationship); Maud L. Walthall, “Some Facts Concerning Jefferson Davis …” (typescript), JD Subject File, MDAH; Walthall to Jubal Early, February 6, 1878, Jubal Early Papers, LC.
39. JD to VD, July 2, 4 (first quotation), 1879, JD Papers, TR; JD to Walthall, July 4, 1879, JDC, VIII, 403.
40. Ellis v. Davis; JD to VD, March 10, 1880, JD Papers, UA, to A. D. Mann, September 3, 1879 (quotation), JD Association Collection, RU; Wyatt-Brown, House of Percy, 167–68.
41. JD to Mrs. George Negus, August 4, 1879, JD Papers, UA, to J. C. Derby, February 22, 1880, JD Papers, DU, to J. D. S. Newell, January 11, 1883, J. D. S. Newell Papers, TSLA; Wyatt-Brown, House of Percy, 169.
42. JD to Winnie, March 19, April 24 (first, final quotations), 1877, March 30, November 27 (second quotation), 1878, VD to Winnie, April 25, 1880, May n.d., 1881, JD Papers, UA.
43. PHC Chronology; JD to Jubal Early, August 13, 1881, JD Papers, DU; J. Walker Fearn to JD, August 10, 1881, JDC, IX, 11; JD to Polly, July 18, 1881, JD and Family Papers, MDAH; JD to Mary Stamps, October 11, 1881 (first quotation), Mary Stamps Papers, TU; Memoir, II, 831 (second quotation); JD to VD, September 13 (third, fourth quotations), [September or October], 1881, VD to JD, September n.d., 1881 (fifth, sixth, seventh quotations), JD Papers, UA.
44. JD to Mary Stamps, October 11, 1881 (first quotation), Stamps Papers, TU; Memoir, II, 831 (second quotation); JD to VD, September 13 (third, fourth quotations), [September or October], 1881, VD to JD, September n.d., 1881 (fifth, sixth, seventh quotations), JD Papers, UA.
45. PHC Chronology; JD to Judge Tenney, November 15, 1881, University of Notre Dame; JD to Addison Hayes, December 11, 1881, JD-Hayes Papers, UM.
CHAPTER NINETEEN: “There Is Much Preparation”
1. Dorsey to A. D. Mann, August 4, 1878, A. Dudley Mann Papers, LSU; JD to Addison Hayes, January 28, 1882 (JD quotation), JD-Joel Addison Hayes, Jr., Papers, UM; JD to VD, July 15, 1877, to Polly, October 12, 1882, JD Papers, UA; VD to Major W. H. Morgan [September, 1888], JD Papers, LC; Maud L. Walthall, “Some Facts Concerning Jefferson Davis …” (typescript), JD Subject File, MDAH; William Walthall Diary, November 21, 1877, William Walthall Papers, ibid. For visitors and travel, see below.
2. Sarah Dorsey to A. D. Mann, August 4, 1878, Mann Papers, LSU; VD to Mrs. Gilmer, November 22, 1883 (first quotation), Jeremy F. Gilmer Papers, UNC; VD to Connie [Harrison], April 5, 1880 (second quotation), Harrison Family Papers, UVA; VD to J. C. Derby, April 15, 1880 (third quotation), Simon J. Gratz Autograph Collection, HSP; VD to Lizzie [Blair], July 24, 1883 (final quotation), Blair Family Papers, LC.
3. VD to Connie [Harrison], April 15, 1880, Harrison Family Papers, UVA; VD to Mrs. Gilmer, November 22, 1883 (first quotation), Gilmer Papers, UNC; A. K. McClure, The South: Its Industrial, Financial, and Political Condition (Philadelphia, 1886), 232 (second, sixth quotations); VD to Mrs. Jacob Thompson, March 26, 1885 (third quotation), Jacob Thompson Papers, MC; George T. Denison, Soldiering in Canada: Recollections and Experiences by Lt. Col. George T. Denison (Toronto, 1890), 72 (fourth quotation); Adams to VD, June 27, 1889 (fifth quotation), JD Papers, MC.
4. Walthall Diary, April 18, 1877, Walthall Papers, MDAH; James I. Crabbe to JD, May 10, 1888, and Adams to VD, June 27, 1889, JD Papers, MC; JD to Varina Hayes, May 17, 1888, JD Papers, UA; JD to E. G. W. Butler, August 31, 1883 (quotation), E. G. W. Butler Papers, DU; John Carl Parish, George Wallace Jones (Iowa City, 1912), 293–94; W. A. Swanberg, Pulitzer (New York, 1967), 147; Ishbel Ross, First Lady of the South: The Life of Mrs. Jefferson Davis (New York, 1958), 340–41, 355; Hudson Strode, Jefferson Davis (3 vols.; New York, 1955–64), III, 459–61.
5. VD to Winnie, February 16, 1880, JD Papers, UA.
6. McClure, The South, 231–38 (first, second quotations 233); Chicago Times, November 11, 1880 (third quotation); St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 12, 1883.
7. VD to Mr. Reed, June 7, 1883, Noxubee County Mississippi Historical Society; VD to Polly, June 12, 1883, JD and Family Papers, to Mrs. James Smith, January 21, 1888, Colin Humphreys Collection, both MDAH; VD to [J. T.] Scharf, September 7, 1885, J. T. Scharf Papers, MHS; VD to Mrs. Gilmer, December 24, 1884, Gilmer Papers, UNC; VD to Mr. Secor, May 15, 1886, JD Papers, DU; JD to Lise Hamer, December 4, 1886, Lise Mitchell Papers, TU; VD to [David] Secor, February 23, 1887 (quotation), Davis Family Letters, Historic New Orleans Collection; VD to H. T. Louthan, April 25, November 20, 1898, Henry T. Louthan Papers, VHS.
8. VD to Winnie, February 16, 1880, JD to Varina Hayes, December 19, 1882, July 19, 1884 (first, second quotations), JD to Polly, October 12, 1882 (“Bampa”), August 10, 1885, January 17, 1888, JD to [Grandson], April 26, 1889, JD Papers, UA; JD to Polly, July 12, 1882, June 11, 1889, JD to Varina Hayes, March 20, 1888, JD and Family Papers, MDAH; VD to Gaston Robbins, December 31, 1887 (final quotation), William M. Robbins Papers, UNC.
9. VD to Constance Harrison, December 20, 1886 (first quotation), Ha
rrison Family Papers, UVA, to [W. H. Morgan], [September 1888] (second quotation), JD Papers, LC; Ross, First Lady, 355–58; Strode, Davis, III, 498–99.
10. JD to Addison Hayes, March 9, 1882, JD and Family Papers, MDAH; JD to VD, July 15, 1877, JD Papers, UA; VD to Connie [Harrison], April 5, 1880, Harrison Family Papers, UVA; Lucian Bland to J. D. S. Newell, May 19, 1881, and JD to Newell, June 12, 15, 30, 1881, February 28, 1889, J. D. S. Newell Collection, TSLA; Walthall and R. M. Sands to John B. Gordon, August 23, 1877 (copy), Walthall to Francis Nicholls, October 16, 1877 (copy), Gordon to Walthall, n.d. (received September 19, 1877), Walthall Papers, MDAH; Gordon to Jubal Early, September 15, 1877, Early Family Papers, VHS; Colquitt to JD, November 27, 1877, Gov. A. H. Colquitt Personal Letterbook, 1877–1879, Georgia Department Archives and History, January 1, 1878, JD Papers, MC.
11. JD to Addison Hayes, December 27, 1879, January 5, 1880, December 11, 1881, JD-Hayes Papers, Memphis; JD to Martin Philips, January 28, 1887 (his quotation), JD Association Collection, RU; VD to Mrs. L. W. Norwood, May 6, 1887 (copy), Ned B. Shapker, Palo Alto, Calif. (1972); contract between JD and Cox, dated December 23, 1879, Owen B. Cox Papers, LSU; Memoir, II, 927; JD to Polly, July 18, 1881, JD and Family Papers, MDAH. When in New Orleans, JD usually saw Payne; many letters he wrote from the city in the late 1870s and 1880s are on the stationery of Payne’s company.
12. JD to Addison Hayes, September 11, 1879, December 11, 17, 27, 1881, JD-Hayes Papers, UM, February 2, 1882, JD Papers, TR; statement on Brierfield organization signed by JD on September 25, 1888, JD and Family Papers, MDAH.
13. JD to Hayes, February 2, March 9, September 23, October 13, 19, November 7, 1882, January 10, 1883, July 5, 18 (quotation), 1884, JD and Family Papers, MDAH, September 11, 16, 1879, December 11, 1881, January 28, 1882, JD-Hayes Papers, UM; JD to Hayes, February 27, March 4, 1882, to VD, December 22, 1885, January 1, 1886, B. R. Howell to JD, May 25, 1882, JD Papers, UA; Hayes to JD, March 12, 1882, JD Papers, MC; JD to J. A. S. Newell, December 17, 1883, Newell Papers, TSLA; JD to Martin Philips, November 24, 1887 (second quotation), JD Papers, Woodson Research Center, RU; Strode, Davis, III, 459. On postwar changes in the agricultural economy, I have benefited from two excellent books: Roger L. Ransom and Richard Sutch, One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation (New York, 1977), and Gavin Wright, Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War (New York, 1986), chaps. 1–4.
14. JD to VD, December 9, 1884 (quotation), JD Papers, UA; JD to T. F. Drayton, January 20, 1886, JD Papers, EU; JD to A. D. Mann, May 16, 1881, Breckinridge Long Papers (Autograph Collection), LC, and December 31, 1882, Rare Books and Special Collections Department, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; JD to Addison Hayes, September 23, 1882, July 5, 1884, JD and Family Papers, MDAH; JD to Lise Hamer, March 21, June 11, December 10, 1884, Mitchell Papers, TU; JD to J. Weis[s], May 19, 1884, McCarthy Collection, Louisiana State Museum, New Orleans; Frank Edgar Everett, Jr., Brierfield: Plantation Home of Jefferson Davis (Jackson, Miss., 1971), 107. Re: levees, the JD Papers, MC, contain numerous letters.
15. JD to Hamer, March 21, June 11, 1884, October 20, November 4, 1885, Mitchell Papers, TU; JD to Hayes, July 27, August 3, 26, 1880, January 9, 17, 31, August 14, December 27, 1881, JD-Hayes Papers, UM; agreement dated January 18, 1881, between JD and Hamer and Mitchell, JD Papers, UA; M. E. Hamer to Prof. Fleming, January 30, 1908, Walter L. Fleming Papers, NYPL.
16. JD to Hayes, December 27, 1879 (first quotation), January 28, 1882 (copies), JD-Hayes Papers, UM; JD to Hayes, January 28, 1883 (second quotation), to VD, March 15, 1879, and statement on Brierfield organization dated September 25, 1888, JD and Family Papers, MDAH; JD to VD, December 9, 1884, December 24, 1885, January 1, 1886, and VD to JD [March n.d.], 1879, JD Papers, UA; JD to Lise Hamer, February 7, 1884, Mitchell Papers, TU.
17. JD to Hayes, January 28, 1882, JD-Hayes Papers, UM; JD to Drayton, January 20, 1886, JD Papers, EU, January 27, 1886 (copy), John G. Thomas III, Pleasant Garden, N.C. (1991); Drayton to JD, March 5, 1886, JD Papers, MC; JD to VD, December 24, 1885, JD Papers, UA. On the migration of blacks, consult William Cohen, At Freedom’s Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861–1915 (Baton Rouge, La., 1991), chap. 9.
18. JD to Martin Philips, February 2, 1889 (copy, first quotation), Charles Cole, Dallas (1976), November 24, 1887 (second quotation), JD Papers, Woodson Research Center, RU; JD to VD, May 17, 1887, JD Papers, TR, November 12, 1889 (final quotation), First White House of the Confederacy, Montgomery; VD to Connie [Harrison], December 23, 1886, Harrison Family Papers, UVA; Memoir, II, 927; M. E. Hamer to Prof. Fleming, January 30, 1908, Fleming Papers, NYPL.
19. JD to T. F. Drayton, January 20, 1886 (first quotation), JD Papers, EU; JD to Bruce, March 29, 1889 (copy, second quotation), and Bruce to JD, April 9, 1889, JD Papers, MC; on JD’s earlier attitude toward the Montgomerys in particular and on race in general, see above, chapter seventeen; Bruce, The Plantation Negro as a Freeman (New York, 1889). For insightful treatments of postwar attitudes toward race relations, see two books which have informed my discussion: George M. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914 (New York, 1971), chaps. 6–9, and esp. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation (New York, 1984), parts 1–3.
20. Montgomery to JD, September 27, 1886, JD Papers, MC; Jones to JD, December 1, 1888, Mrs. Jefferson Davis Letters, IA and JD to Jones, December 26, 1888, JD Papers, North Carolina Division of Archives and History.
21. Re: Redpath, DAB, XV, 443–44; JD to Jubal Early, September 14, 1888, JD Papers, DU; A. T. Rice to JD, March 29 (notation on envelope), September 26, 1888, JD Papers, MC; “Robert E. Lee” and “The Doctrine of States Rights,” North American Review, CL (January 1890), 55–66, and (February 1890), 205–19.
22. James G. Wilson to JD, May 9, 19, 1888, JD Papers, MC; Lloyd Bryce to JD, September n.d., October 3, 1889, JD to Bryce, September 26, October 8, 1889, Redpath to JD, October 31, 1889, JDC, X, 138–39, 141–42, 159; Redpath to Franz, November 21, 1889, JD Collection, University of Arizona; Appleton’s Cyclopedia… (6 vols.; New York, 1888–89), VI, 51–55; JD, Short History… (New York, 1890); for the lawsuit, see chapter eighteen above.
23. Redpath to JD, October 31, 1889, JDC, X, 158–60; Redpath to Franz, November 21, 1889, JD Collection, University of Arizona; Memoir, I, 41–42; Belford’s Magazine, IV (1889–90), 255–66, and J. William Jones, The Davis Memorial Volume; or Our Dead President, Jefferson Davis…(Richmond, Va., 1890), 27–42; Memoir, I, 3–27, 32–41; PJD, I, includes both: “Autobiography,” liii–lxv, and “Autobiographical Sketch,” lxvii–lxxxii.
24. PJD, I, lxv; JD to [Crafts Wright], March 15, 1879, JD Papers, TR; JD to R. H. Henry, August 29, 1879 (first quotation), Nashville Daily American, September 18, 1879; JD to Mrs. A. I. McCardle, November 18, 1885 (second quotation), Old Courthouse Museum, Vicksburg.
25. JD to G. C. Hodges, June 19, 1884, John Ezell, “Jefferson Davis and the Blair Bill,” JMH, XXXI (May 1969), 121–26 (letter printed at 124–25).
26. JD to Lubbock, July 20, 1887, JDC, IX, 580–82.
27. Ibid. (quotation); Lubbock to JD [fall 1887, date in text incorrect], ibid., 589–91; Houston Post, September 24, 1887; JD to Reagan, September 20, 1887, JD-John H. Reagan Collection, Dallas Historical Society, Dallas.
28. JD to J. L. Power, September 9, 1887, J. L. Power and Family Papers, MDAH; JD to Galloway, September 7, 1887 (first three quotations), Louisville Courier Journal, July 12, 1931; JD to Martin Philips, November 24, 1887 (final two quotations), JD Papers, Woodson Research Center, RU.
29. Kappa Sigma Fraternity to JD, April 23, 1883, Andrew Bates to JD, August 1, 1883, Dr. B. H. Catching to JD, August 31, 1885, Lawrence Carson to JD, May 27, 1886, Master G. H. M. McCarthy to JD, January 18, 1887, Fitzhugh Lee to JD, September 8, 1887, G. W. Acklin to JD, September 10, 1887, B. S. Leathers
to JD, April 18, 1889, JD Papers, MC; Daisy Davis (no relation) to JD, April 13, 1887 (first quotation), JD Papers, Alabama Department of Archives and History; JD to J. D. Ramsey, October 30, 1888, JD Papers, UA; JD to David Boyd, June 14, 1879, David Boyd Papers, LSU; JD to J. W. Jones, October 5, 1882, JD Papers, DU; Gov. Robert Lowery to JD, May 7, 1888, Senator McAlwain Collection, MDAH; JDC, IX, 162–70, 206–07, 279–81 (remaining quotations). In his Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South (New York, 1987), 72–73, Gaines M. Foster also noted that JD was not submerged in the past.
30. M. H. Clark to JD, December 19, 1885, July 11, 1886, JD Papers, UA; Life and Reminiscences of Jefferson Davis by Distinguished Men of His Time (Baltimore, 1890), 61–64.
31. R. G. Spalding to JD, March 19, 1886, Henry McDaniel to JD, April 25, 1886, JD Papers, MC; JDC, IX, 412–13, 419–23, 424–31 (first quotation 429), 433–39, 440–43 (third and fourth quotations 441), 445–49 (fifth quotation 446); Clopton to “My dear Annie,” November 3, 1904 (typescript, second quotation), Fleming Papers, NYPL; VD to Mrs. Gilmer, May 22, 1886 (final quotation), [Jeremy] Gilmer Memorial Album, MC.
32. W. J. Northern to Jubal Early, September 2, 1887, Jubal Early Papers, LC; Memoir, II, 832; undated and untitled newspaper clipping (all quotations but VD’s), Mrs. Frances Sprague Scrapbook, MDAH.
33. Foster, Ghosts, 69–70, 104–05, 128–29.
34. W. J. Green to JD, April 18, 1889, D. G. Fowle to JD, September 27, 1889, JD to Committee, October 30, 1889, JDC, X, 105–07 (first quotation 105), 139–40 (second quotation 140), 153–58; JD to Green, May 31, 1889, JD Papers, MC.
35. VD to Mrs. Jacob Thompson, March 26, 1885 (first quotation), Thompson Papers, MC; VD to Connie [Harrison], December 20, 1886 (final quotation), Harrison Family Papers, UVA; JD to Virginia Clay, March 13, 1883 (second quotation), C. C. Clay Papers, DU; JD to “Dearest Mattie,” October 21, 1887 (third quotation), JD Letters, Missouri Historical Society.
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