Kangxi, emperor of China (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii)
Kaplan, Steven L. (i), (ii)
Karelia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) n 91
Kei'an Laws (i)
Kent (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Kepler, Johannes (i), (ii), (iii)
Kerbala (i)
Kerdiff, John (i)
Kern, Leonhard (i), Plate 2
Khaniá (i)
Khmelnytsky, Bohdan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)
Khyber Pass (i)
Kiev (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Kilkenny (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Kishimoto Mio (i), (ii), (iii)
Kishlansky, Mark (i) n 18, (ii) n 92
Kivelson, Valerie (i)
Knox, John (i)
Koçi Beg, Mustafa (i), (ii) n 30
Kodak fortress (i)
Koenigsberger, Helmut G. (i)
Komagatake (i)
Komlos, John (i), (ii)
Kongelov (Danish Royal Law) (i), (ii)
Kongo, kingdom of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Königsmarck, Hans Christoff (i)
Köprülü, Mehmet (i), (ii), (iii) n 52
Köprülü Fazil Ahmed (i), (ii)
Korea (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
Kösem, mother of Sultans Murad IV and Ibrahim (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Kozlov (i), (ii)
Kraków (i), (ii), (iii)
Kumazawa Banzan (i)
Kyoto (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) n 48
Kysil, Adam (i)
Kyushu (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), see also Shimabara
Ladoga, lake (i)
Lahore (i)
Laicacota (i), (ii)
Lahori, Abdul Hamid (i)
Laimbauer, Martin (i), (ii)
Lambert, John (i), (ii)
Lambeth Palace (i), (ii)
Lamormaini, William (i), (ii)
Lancashire (i), (ii), (iii)
Lancellotti, Secondo (i), (ii), (iii)
Lang, Hans Conrad
Languedoc (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Laud, William (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) n 17
‘Laud's Liturgy’, see Prayer Book
Laws of War (i), (ii) n 39, (iii) n 65
Leary, Timothy (i)
Leiden (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Leipzig (i), (ii), (iii)
Lemnos (i), (ii)
Lemos, Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro, count of (i)
Lena, river (i)
Lennaeus (Lenaeus), Johannes Canuti, (i)
Lens, battle of (i), (ii)
Leopold, Holy Roman Emperor (i)
Lérida, see Lleida
Leslie, Alexander (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Leuven (i), (ii)
Levi, Scott (i)
Levy, Jack S. (i)
Lexington (i)
Li Tingsheng (i)
Li Wen (i)
Li Zicheng (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix) n 53, (xx) n 55, (xxi) n 23
Liangshan mountain (i)
Liaodong (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Libya (i)
Lille (i), (ii)
Lilly, William (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) n 41
Lima (Peru) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Lincolnshire (i)
Lingnan (i), (ii), (iii)
Linz (i), (ii)
Lisbon (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi)
Literacy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii) n 50, see also Education
Lithuania (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Little Ice Age (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv), (lvi), (lvii), (lviii), (lix), (lx), (lxi), (lxii), (lxiii) n 3, (lxiv) n 22, (lxv) n 78, (lxvi) n 93, Plates 7, 9, Figs 5, 18, see also Drought, Floods, ‘Years without a summer’
Livorno (i)
Lleida (Lérida) (i), (ii)
Locke, John (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) n 44
Locusts (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), Fig. 17
Lombardy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), see also Lombardy
Lombardo de Guzmán, Don Guillén (also Lompart) (i), (ii)
London (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv), (lvi), (lvii), (lviii), (lix), (lx), (lxi), (lxii), (lxiii), (lxiv), (lxv), (lxvi), (lxvii), (lxviii), (lxix), (lxx), (lxxi), (lxxii), (lxxiii), (lxxiv), (lxxv), (lxxvi), (lxxvii), (lxxviii), (lxxix), (lxxx), Plate 25, Figs 6, 35
Londonderry (i)
Long Island (i), (ii)
Long Parliament (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), see also Parliament, English
Loofeldt, Peter (i)
Lope de Vega Carpio, Félix Arturo (i)
López Cogulludo, Diego (i)
Lorraine (i), (ii), (iii)
Los Vélez, Pedro Fajardo de Zúñiga y Requesens, marquis of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Lothian, Robert Kerr earl of (i), (ii)
Louis XIII, king of France (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv) n 77
Louis XIV, king of France (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii) n 43
Louis, the ‘Grand Dauphin’, son of Louis XIV (i), (ii) n 40, (iii) n 76
Low Countries (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), see also Dutch Republic, Flanders, Holland
Lu Shiyi (i)
Luanda (i), (ii)
Lucas, Charles (i)
Lucas, Margaret (i), see also Newcastle, marquis of
Lucas, Thomas (i)
Lucena (i)
Ludolf, Lorenz (i), (ii)
Lukaris, Cyril (i)
Lupu, Vasile (i)
Luther, Martin (i), (ii)
Lutter-am-Barenberg, battle of (i)
Lutzenberger, Jürg (i)
Luzern (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Lü Kun (i)
Lützen, battle of (i)
Lviv (Lwów) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Lyon (i)
Maas, river (i), (ii), (iii)
Macao (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Macauley, Thomas Babington (i)
Macedonia (i), (ii), (iii)
McNeill, John (i)
Macro-regions (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) n 28
Madras (i)
Madrid (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxv
ii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), Plates 6, 10, Fig. 27
Maetsuycker, Johan (i)
Magdeburg (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Maguire, Connor, Lord (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Main, river (i)
Maine (i), (ii)
Mainz (i), (ii), (iii)
Maize (corn) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)
Málaga (i)
Malaria (i), (ii), (iii)
Malden (i)
Makassar (i), (ii), (iii)
Malaria (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), see also Disease
Mallorca (i)
Malta (i)
Manastir (i)
Mancera, Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva, marquis of (i), (ii)
Manchester, Edward Montagu, Lord Kimbolton and earl of (i), (ii), (iii) n 97
Manchuria (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi)
Manchus, see Qing
‘Mandate of Heaven’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii) n 55, (xiv) n 52
Manila (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi)
‘Manila Galleon’ (i), (ii) n 44
Mannheim (i)
Mantua, duchy of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) n 107
Mantua, Margaret, duchess of (i), (ii)
Manuelinho, leader of Évora rebellion (i), (ii)
Mao Zedong (i) n 53
Maps (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), Plate 20
Marabouts (i), (ii), (iii)
Marcos Martín, Alberto (i)
María Teresa, Spanish princess (i), (ii), (iii) n 67
Markets (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), Plate 18
Marriage (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii)
Marsala (i)
Marsden, William (i)
Marshall, Stephen (i), (ii), (iii) n 9
Marston Moor, battle of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Martí i Viladamor, Francesc (i), (ii)
Martinez de Mata, Francisco (i)
Martorell (i)
Marvell, Andrew (i)
Marx, Karl (i) n 8
Mary II, queen of England (i), (ii), (iii)
Maryland (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Masaniello (Tommaso Aniello) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv) nn 23, (xvi), (xvii) n 63, (xviii) n 17, (xix) n 85, Plates 18, 21
Massachusetts (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii)
Massieu, Guillaume (i)
Mather, Increase (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor (i)
Mauch, Christof (i)
Maul, Johann Georg (i)
‘Maunder Minimum’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) nn 36, (vi), Plate 1, Fig. 2, see also Sunspots
Mauritania (i)
Mauritsstad (now Recife) (i)
Maximilian, archduke of Austria (i)
Maximilian, duke and Elector of Bavaria (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Maxwell, Robert (i)
Maya Civilization (i), (ii) n 2
Mazar-e Sharif (i)
Mazarin, Jules (Giulio Mazzarini) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii)
Mazarinades (i), (ii), Fig. 34
Mecca (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Mechelen (i)
Mecklenburg (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Mede, Joseph (i)
Media anata, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Medici, Marie de, queen regent of France (i)
Medicine (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), see also Disease
Medina Sidonia, Gaspar Pérez de Guzmán y Sandoval, duke of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Mediterranean Sea (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), Figs 11, 20
Medreses (Arabic: Madrasas) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv) n 75
Medway (i)
Mehmed III, Ottoman Sultan (i)
Mehmed IV, Ottoman Sultan (i), (ii), (iii) n 72
Melaka (i), (ii), (iii)
Melo, Don Francisco de (i), (ii)
Memmingen (i)
Men, masculinity (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)
Mencius (i)
Mentet de Salmonet, Robert (Robert Menteith) (i)
Merian, Maria Sybilla (i)
Merriman, Roger B. (i)
Mersenne, Marin (i) n 40, (ii) n 57
Merton, Robert K. (i), (ii)
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa (i)
Mesopotamia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Messianic leaders, see Prophets
Messina (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
van Meteren, Emanuel (i)
Meuse, river, see Maas
Mexico (New Spain) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii)
Mexico City (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Miami (i)
Miantonomo, Narragansett leader (i)
Michael Romanov, Tsar of Russia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Migration (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv) n 5, (xv) n 87, (xvi) n 15
Mikhail, Alan (i)
Milan, city (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) n 62, Fig. 15, see also Lombardy
Millet (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi)
Milton, John (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) n 18, (viii) n 6
Minck, Johann Daniel (i), (ii)
Ming dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv), (lvi), (lvii)
Miraculous reunion (play) (i), (ii) n 54
Mississippi, river (i)
Mitchelson, Margaret (i)
Mogilev (i)
Mohawks (i), (ii), (iii) n 42
Moldavia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Molesworth, Robert (i)
Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin) (i)
Moncada, Sancho de (i)
Monck, George (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Monferrat (i)
Monjuich (i)
Monmouth, James Scott, duke of (i), (ii)
Monro, Robert (i)
Monrodón, Miquel Joan (i)
Montcada, Joan Luis (i)
Monterrey (i)
Moore, Lady Alice (i)
Moosvi, Shireen (i)
Moote, Lloyd (i)
Moravia (i), (ii)
Morocco (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Morozov, Boris (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Mortality (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv) n 12, Plates 5, 16, 19, 21, 22, 25, Figs 6, 11, 12, 13, 24, 27, 34, 53, see also suicide
Morton, Richard (i)
Morton, Thomas (i)
Moscow (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (
x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii) n 27
Moscow, ‘Eternal Peace’ of (i), (ii), (iii)
La Mothe La Forêt, Antoine Dupuy, lord of (i), (ii)
La Mothe le Vayer, François (i), (ii) n 77
Motteville, Françoise Bertaut, Madame de (i), (ii) n 42
Mughal empire and dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl) n 42, (xli) n 1, (xlii) n 19, (xliii) n 39, (xliv) n 6, Fig. 39, see also India
Mühlhausen (i)
Mukden (now Shenyang) (i), (ii)
Mundy, Peter (i), (ii)
Munich (i), (ii)
Münster (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), see also Westphalia
Murad IV, Ottoman Sultan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Murray, William (‘Little Will Murray’) (i)
Musashi (i)
Music, Songs (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv) n 103
Muscovy, see Russia
Muslims, see Islam
Mustafa, Ottoman sultan (i)
Myddle (England) (i)
Mystic (Connecticut) (i), (ii), (iii), Plate 19
Nadal, Jorge (i), (ii)
Nagasaki (i), (ii), (iii)
Najaf (i)
Nájera (i)
Nalson, James (i)
Namarrkon (the ‘Lightning Spirit’) (i)
Nanchang (i)
Nanjing (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii) n 64
Nantes, edict of (i), (ii)
Nanyang (i)
Napier, Richard (i), (ii) n 4, (iii) n 65
Naples (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii) n 7, (liv) n 14, (lv) n 64, Plates 18, 21, Fig. 41
Narva (i)
Naseby (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Nasir al-Din (i), (ii)
Nassau, Maurice count of (i), (ii)
Nathan of Gaza (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
National Covenant (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) n 59, see also Covenanters
Naudé, Gabriel (i) n 45
Navalmoral de Toledo (i), Fig. 10
Navarre (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Navarrete (i)
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