by Craig Childs
Reid, J. Jefferson, John R. Welch, Barbara K. Montgomery, and María Nieves Zedeño. “A Demographic Overview of the Late Pueblo III Period in the Mountains of East-Central Arizona.” In The Prehistoric Pueblo World, a.d. 1150–1350, edited by Michael A. Adler, 73–85. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996.
Reid, J. Jefferson, and Stephanie Whittlesey. The Archaeology of Ancient Arizona. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997.
———. Grasshopper Pueblo: A Story of Archaeology and Ancient Life. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1999.
Renfrew, Colin. “Production and Consumption in a Sacred Economy: The Material Correlates of High Devotional Expression at Chaco Canyon.” American Antiquity 66, no. 1 (2001): 14–25.
Reyman, Jonathan E. “Pata’tkwabi: Red Land of the South.” In The Gran Chichimeca: Essays on the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Northern Mesoamerica, edited by Jonathan E. Reyman, 320–35. Aldershot, Eng.: Avebury, 1995.
———. “Preserving Culture, Conserving Birds: The Feather Distribution Project.” Living Museum 65, no. 4 (2003–2004): 3–7.
Riley, Carroll L. The Frontier People: The Greater Southwest in the Protohistoric Period. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987.
———. “The Sonoran Statelets and Casas Grandes.” In The Casas Grandes World, edited by Curtis F. Schaafsma and Carroll L. Riley, 193–200. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999.
Roberts, David. “Tracking a Vanished People Through the Sierra Madre.” Smithsonian 27, no. 8 (1996): 60–73.
Rocek, Thomas R. “Sedentarization and Agricultural Dependence: Perspectives from the Pithouse-to-Pueblo Transition in the American Southwest.” American Antiquity 60, no. 2 (1995): 218–39.
Roler, Kathy Lynne. “The Chaco Phenomenon: A Faunal Perspective from the Peripheries.” Ph.D. diss., Arizona State University, May 1999.
Saitta, Dean J. “Power, Labor, and the Dynamics of Change in Chacoan Political Economy.” American Antiquity 62, no. 1 (1997): 7–29.
Sánchez, Arturo Guevara. Las Cuarenta Casas: Un Sitio Arqueológico del Estado de Chihuahua. Col. Roma, Mex.: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, 1984.
Sayles, Edwin B. An Archaeological Survey of Chihuahua, Mexico. Medallion Papers 22. Globe, AZ: 1936.
———. Some Southwestern Pottery Types. Medallion Papers 21. Globe, AZ: 1936.
Schaafsma, Polly. “Tlalocs, Kachinas, Sacred Bundles, and Related Symbolism in the Southwest and Mesoamerica.” In The Casas Grandes World, edited by Curtis F. Schaafsma and Carroll L. Riley, 164–92. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999.
———. Warrior, Shield, and Star: Imagery and Ideology of Pueblo Warfare. Santa Fe, NM: Western Edge Press, 2000.
Schaefer, Bradley E. “The Length of the Lunar Month.” Archaeoastronomy 17 (1992): S32–S42.
Schillaci, Michael A. “The Development of Population Diversity at Chaco Canyon.” Kiva 68, no. 3 (2003): 221–45.
Schillaci, Michael A., Erik G. Ozolins, and Thomas C. Windes. “Multivariate Assessment of Biological Relationships Among Prehistoric Southwest Amerindian Populations.” In Following Through: Papers in Honor of Phyllis S. Davis, edited by Regge N. Wiseman, Thomas C. O’Laughlin, and Cordelia T. Snow, 133–49. Albuquerque: Archaeological Society of New Mexico, 2001.
Schmidt, Robert H., Jr., and Rex E. Gerald. “The Distribution of Conservation-Type Water-Control Systems in the Sierra Madre Occidental.” Kiva 53, no. 2 (1988): 165–80.
Scott, Stuart D. Dendrochronology in Mexico. Papers of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research 2. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1966.
Shackley, M. Steven. “Sources of Archaeological Obsidian in the Greater American Southwest: An Update and Quantitative Analysis.” American Antiquity 60, no. 3 (1995): 531–52.
Shaul, David Leedom, and Jane H. Hill. “Tepimans, Yumans, and Other Hohokam.” American Antiquity 63, no. 3 (1998): 375–96.
Sherratt, Andrew. “Climatic Cycles and Behavioural Revolutions: The Emergence of Modern Humans and the Beginning of Farming.” Antiquity 71, no. 272 (1997): 271–87.
Simon, Arleyn W., James H. Burton, and David R. Abbott. “Intraregional Connections in the Development and Distribution of Salado Polychromes in Central Arizona.” Journal of Anthropological Research 54, no. 3 (1998): 519–47.
Simon, Arleyn W., and John C. Ravesloot. “Salado Ceramic Burial Offerings: A Consideration of Gender and Social Organization.” Journal of Anthropological Research 51, no. 2 (1995): 103–24.
Smith, Watson. Kiva Mural Decorations at Awatovi and Kawaika-a with a Survey of Other Wall Paintings in the Pueblo Southwest. Reports of the Awatovi Expedition 5. Cambridge, MA: Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1952.
Sofaer, Anna. “The Primary Architecture of the Chacoan Culture.” In Anasazi Architecture and American Design, edited by Baker H. Morrow and V. B. Price. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997.
Sofaer, Anna, and Rolf M. Sinclair. “An Appraisal of Michael Zelik’s ‘A Reassessment of the Fajada Butte Solar Marker.’ ” Archaeoastronomy 10 (1986): S59–S66.
———. “Changes in Solstice Marking at the Three-Slab Site, New Mexico, USA.” Archaeoastronomy 15 (1990): S59–S60.
Spence, Michael W. “From Tzintzuntzan to Paquimé: Peers of Peripheries in Greater Mesoamerica.” In Greater Mesoamerica: The Archaeology of West and Northwest Mexico, edited by Michael S. Foster and Shirley Gorenstein, 255–61. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000.
Speth, John D. “Do We Need Concepts Like ‘Mogollon,’ ‘Anasazi,’ and ‘Hohokam’ Today? A Cultural Anthropological Perspective.” Kiva 53, no. 2 (1988): 201–9.
Spielmann, Katherine A. “Diet and Subsistence in the Classic Tonto Basin.” In Environment and Subsistence in the Classic Period Tonto Basin: The Roosevelt Archaeology Studies, 1989 to 1998, edited by Katherine A. Spielmann, 183–93. Tempe: Arizona State University, 1998.
Stark, Miriam T. “Causes and Consequences of Migration in the 13th Century Tonto Basin.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14 (1995): 212–46.
Stein, John R., and Stephen H. Lekson. “Anasazi Ritual Landscape.” In Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System, edited by David E. Doyel, 87–100. Albuquerque, NM: Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, 2001.
Stein, John R., Judith E. Suiter, and Dabney Ford. “High Noon in Old Bonito: Sun, Shadow, and the Geometry of the Chaco Complex.” In Anasazi Architecture and American Design, edited by Baker H. Morrow and V. B. Price. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997.
Stone, Tammy. “The Chaos of Collapse: Disintegration and Reintegration of Inter-Regional Systems.” Antiquity 73, no. 270 (1999): 110–18.
———. “Kiva Diversity in the Point of Pines Region of Arizona.” Kiva 67, no. 4 (2002): 386–411.
———. “Prehistoric Community Integration in the Point of Pines Region of Arizona.” Journal of Field Archaeology 27 (2000): 197–208.
———. “Social Identity and Ethnic Interaction in the Western Pueblos of the American Southwest.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 10, no. 1 (2003): 31–67.
Sutherland, Kay. “Mesoamerican Ceremony Among the Prehistoric Jornada Mogollon.” In Rock Art of the Chihuahuan Desert Borderlands, edited by Sheron Smith-Savage and Robert J. Mallouf, 61–87. Occasional Paper 3. Alpine, TX: Center for Big Bend Studies, 1998.
Swanson, Steve. “Documenting Prehistoric Communication Networks: A Case Study in the Paquimé Polity.” American Antiquity 68, no. 3 (2003): 753–57.
Tagg, Martyn D. “Early Cultigens from Fresnal Shelter, Southeastern New Mexico.” American Antiquity 61, no. 2 (1996): 311–24.
Till, Jonathan D. Chacoan Roads and Road-Associated Sites in the Lower San Juan Region: Assessing the Role of Chacoan Influences in the Northwestern Periphery. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, 2001.
Toll, H. Wolcott. “Making and Breaking
Pots in the Chaco World.” American Antiquity 66, no. 1 (2001): 56–78.
———. “A Reassessment of Chaco Cylinder Jars.” In Clues to the Past: Papers in Honor of William M. Sundt, edited by Meliha S. Duran and David T. Kirkpatrick, 273–305. Albuquerque: Archaeological Society of New Mexico, 1990.
Toll, H. Wolcott, Eric Blinman, and C. Dean Wilson. “Chaco in the Context of Ceramic Regional Systems.” In Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System, edited by David E. Doyel, 147–58. Albuquerque, NM: Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, 2001.
Tower, Donald B. “The Use of Marine Mollusca and Their Value in Reconstructing Prehistoric Trade Routes in the American Southwest.” Papers of the Excavators’ Club 2, no. 3 (1945): 1–56.
Triadan, Daniela. Ceramic Commodities and Common Containers: Production and Distribution of White Mountain Red Ware in the Grasshopper Region, Arizona. Anthropological Paper 61. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997.
Triadan, Daniela, and M. Nieves Zedeño. “The Political Geography and Territoriality of 14th-Century Settlement in the Mogollon Highlands of East-Central Arizona.” In The Protohistoric Pueblo World, a.d. 1275–1600, edited by E. Charles Adams and Andrew I. Duff. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2004.
Trombold, Charles D. “Causeways in the Context of Strategic Planning in the La Quemada Region, Zacatecas, Mexico.” In Ancient Road Networks and Settlement Hierarchies in the New World, edited by Charles D. Trombold. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Turner, Christy G., II, and A. Jacqueline Turner. Man Corn: Cannibalism and Violence in the Prehistoric American Southwest. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999.
Upham, Steadman. “Nomads of the Desert West: A Shifting Continuum in Prehistory.” Journal of World Prehistory 8, no. 2 (1994): 113–67.
Van Dyke, Ruth M. “Bounding Chaco: Great House Architectural Variability Across Time and Space.” Kiva 69, no. 2 (2003): 117–39.
———. “The Chacoan Great Kiva in Outlier Communities: Investigating Integrative Spaces Across the San Juan Basin.” Kiva 67, no. 3 (2002): 231–48.
———. “Chacoan Ritual Landscapes: The View from Red Mesa Valley.” In Great House Communities Across the Chacoan Landscape, edited by John Kantner and Nancy M. Mahoney, 91–100. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2000.
VanPool, Christine S. “The Shaman-Priests of the Casas Grandes Region, Chihuahua, Mexico.” American Antiquity 68, no. 4 (2003): 696–717.
Van West, Carla R., and Jeffrey S. Dean. “Environmental Characteristics of the A.D. 900–1300 Period in the Central Mesa Verde Region.” Kiva 66, no. 1 (2000): 19–43.
Varien, Mark D. “Persistent Communities and Mobile Households: Population Movement in the Central Mesa Verde Region, A.D. 950–1290.” In Seeking the Center Place: Archaeology and Ancient Communities in the Mesa Verde Region, edited by Mark D. Varien and Richard H. Wilshusen, 163–84. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2002.
Varien, Mark, Carla R. Van West, and G. Stuart Patterson. “Competition, Cooperation, and Conflict: Agricultural Production and Community Catchments in the Central Mesa Verde Region.” Kiva 66, no. 1 (2000): 44–65.
Villalpando, María Elisa. “The Archaeological Traditions of Sonora.” In Greater Mesoamerica: The Archaeology of West and Northwest Mexico, edited by Michael S. Foster and Shirley Gorenstein, 241–53. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000.
Vivian, R. Gwinn. “Chacoan Roads: Function.” Kiva 63, no. 1 (1997): 35–67.
———. “Chacoan Roads: Morphology.” Kiva 63, no. 1 (1997): 7–34.
Vivian, R. Gwinn, and Bruce Hilpert. The Chaco Handbook: An Encyclopedic Guide. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2002.
Walters, Harry, and Hugh C. Rogers. “Anasazi and ’Anaasází: Two Words, Two Cultures.” Kiva 66, no. 3 (2001): 317–25.
Wasley, William W. “A Ceremonial Cave on Bonita Creek, Arizona.” American Antiquity 27, no. 3 (1962): 380–94.
Waters, Michael R. “Geoarchaeological Investigations in the Tonto Basin.” In Environment and Subsistence in the Classic Period Tonto Basin: The Roosevelt Archaeology Studies, 1989 to 1998, edited by Katherine A. Spielmann, 7–47. Tempe: Arizona State University, 1998.
Whalen, Michael E. “Moving Out of the Archaic on the Edge of the Southwest.” American Antiquity 59, no. 4 (1994): 622–39.
Whalen, Michael E., and Paul E. Minnis. “Architecture and Authority in the Casas Grandes Area, Chihuahua, Mexico.” American Antiquity 66, no. 4 (2001): 651–68.
———. “Ball Courts and Political Centralization in the Casas Grandes Region.” American Antiquity 61, no. 4 (1996): 732–46.
———. “The Local and the Distant in the Origin of Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico.” American Antiquity 68, no. 2 (2003): 314–32.
Whiteley, Peter M. Deliberate Acts: Changing Hopi Culture Through the Oraibi Split. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988.
———. “Re-imagining Awat’ovi.” In Archaeologies of the Pueblo Revolt, edited by Robert W. Preucel, 247–65. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002.
Whittlesey, Stephanie M., ed. Sixty Years of Mogollon Archaeology: Papers from the Ninth Mogollon Conference, Silver City, New Mexico, 1996. Tucson: SRI Press, 1999.
Whittlesey, Stephanie, and J. Jefferson Reid. “Mortuary Ritual and Organizational Inferences at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona.” In Ancient Burial Practices in the American Southwest: Archaeology, Physical Anthropology, and Native American Perspectives, edited by Douglas R. Mitchell and Judy L. Brunson-Hadley. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2001.
Williamson, R. A. “Casa Rinconada: A Twelfth-Century Anasazi Kiva.” In Archaeoastronomy in the New World, edited by A. F. Aveni, 205–19. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Wills, W. H. “Ritual and Mound Formation During the Bonito Phase in Chaco Canyon.” American Antiquity 66, no. 3 (2001): 433–51.
Wilshusen, Richard H. “Estimating Population in the Central Mesa Verde Region.” In Seeking the Center Place: Archaeology and Ancient Communities in the Mesa Verde Region, edited by Mark D. Varien and Richard H. Wilshusen, 101–20. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2002.
Wilshusen, Richard H., and Scott G. Ortman. “Rethinking the Pueblo I Period in the San Juan Drainage: Aggregation, Migration, and Cultural Diversity.” Kiva 64, no. 3 (1999): 369–99.
Windes, Thomas C. “The Prehistoric Road Network at Pueblo Alto, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.” In Ancient Road Networks and Settlement Hierarchies in the New World, edited by Charles D. Trombold. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Windes, Thomas C., and Peter J. McKenna. “Going Against the Grain: Wood Production in Chacoan Society.” American Antiquity 66, no. 1 (2001): 119–40.
Woodson, M. Kyle. “Migrations in Late Anasazi Prehistory: The Evidence from the Goat Hill Site.” Kiva 65, no. 1 (1999): 63–85.
Woosley, Anne I., and John C. Ravesloot, eds. Culture and Contact: Charles C. Di Pesos’s Gran Chichimeca. Dragoon, AZ: Amerind Foundation, 1993.
Young, Jon Nathan. “The Salado Culture in Southwestern Prehistory.” Ph.D. diss., University of Arizona, 1967.
Young, M. Jane. “The Interrelationship of Rock Art and Astronomical Practice in the American Southwest.” Archaeoastronomy 10 (1986): S42–S58.
Zedeño, M. Nieves. “Artifact Design, Composition, and Context: Updating the Analysis of Ceramic Circulation at Point of Pines, Arizona.” In Ceramic Production and Circulation in the Greater Southwest: Source Determination by INAA and Complementary Mineralogical Investigations, edited by Donna M. Glowacki and Hector Neff, 74–84. Los Angeles: Costen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, 2002.
Zedeño, Nieves M., and Daniela Triadan. “Ceramic Evidence for Community Reorganization and Change in East-Central Arizona.” Kiva 65, no. 3 (2000): 215–33.
For notes, additional photographs, and field illustrations, go to houseofrain.com.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
CRAIG CHILDS is a comm
entator for National Public Radio’s Morning Edition and has written for the Los Angeles Times, Outside, Audubon, Sierra, Orion, and Mountain Gazette. He is a regular contributor to High Country News and Arizona Highways. His body of work has won the Spirit of the West Award, and he was also recipient of a Colorado Book Award. Childs has worked a wide variety of jobs, including jazz musician, journalist, gas station attendant, beer bottler, and river guide. He lives off the grid with his wife and two children at the foot of the West Elk Mountains in Colorado.
*On the other side of the planet and completely unaware of the Americas, medieval Europe was witnessing the construction of its fi rst large cathedrals, and London reached a population of 10,000.(back to text)
*This form of celestial orientation is common throughout the world. In the second millennium B.C., the henge builders of northern latitudes aligned their megaliths and shrines with myriad points in the sky and on the horizon. In Japan a thousand years later, the vast stone sundial of NonakadÕ was built, and in the second century B.C., aligned megalithic tombs were constructed at Brahmagiri in southern India. The Americas were not far behind. Beginning in Peru in the last few thousand years B.C. and continuing all the way up to eleventh-century Chaco, such celestial alignments were common in the Americas.(back to text)
*The burials at Chaco seem to be divided into hierarchical tiers. Those living insmall sites tended to be buried in exterior trash middens — which appear to have been treated very differently and with more veneration than modern American landfi lls. These small-site burials were often accompanied by common types of ceramic vessels and other everyday artifacts. By contrast, burials in great houses had far greater personal ornamentation, and the accompanying artifacts were of high quality, including many decorated vessels. Even among these great-house burials, some groups appear to have been much wealthier than others.(back to text)
*At a pre-Columbian site almost two hundred miles from Chaco, researchers once marveled at the presence of very accurate Chacoan masonry. Soon it was discovered that the stonework had actually been done in the early twentieth century by a stabilization crew. The crew had previously worked at Chaco, where they closely studied local masonry, and then mistakenly transferred their knowledge when they left to work elsewhere. This may anecdotally explain how styles of building once traveled around the pre-Columbian Southwest. People saw something they liked and took the technique back home, while masons moved from place to place carrying their practiced skills along with them.(back to text)
