7 “Woodrow … seemed to have aged”: Watt 1968, 87.
8 n. “was hysterical”: Interview with Bullitt, April 2, 1951, by Arthur Walworth. Walworth papers.
9 “when House got to the point”: Truman 1989, 355.
10 “Wilson very impatient”: Mayer 1967, 571.
11 Baker wrote that House “now begins”: Ibid.
12 Baker … “talked with the President”: Ibid.
13 “I found the President … discouraged”: Ibid., 572.
14 “a new premier … no better”: Ibid.
15 “Nice people … views are identical”: Nicolson 1933, 223.
16 the Japanese “will go home”: Heckscher 1991, 567.
30 Blood Money
1 “if Germany were left … prostrate”: Baruch 1960, 107.
2 one German mark … became one trillion: Craig 1978, 450.
3 Wilson wrote to Lloyd George: Harrod 1951, 247.
4 “paid less than five billion”: Baruch 1960, 108.
5 “Great Britain … on the make”: Walworth 1986, 522.
31 Closing Up Shop at the Peace Talks
1 “We lived many lives”: Lawrence 1939, 142–3.
2 “Great dissatisfaction … slow”: Riddell 1986, 261.
3 “Later saw … Kerr”: Ibid.
4 “I thought it advisable”: Ibid.
5 prime minister “is very angry”: Ibid., 262.
6 “Do not disband your army”: Fromkin 1989, 386.
7 “Commission … knows very little”: Grew 1952, 1:384.
8 “Snoop around”: Watt 1968, 103.
9 a “hopeless mess”: Mee 1980, 210.
10 “without reading them ourselves”: Ibid.
11 “flashed into our minds”: Watt 1968, 407.
12 “never been so miserable”: Harrod 1951, 249.
13 “disappointment … regret … depression”: Watt 1968, 407.
14 “a terrible document”: Ibid.
15 “If I were a German”: Ibid.
16 “a lovely day”: Nicolson 1933, 327.
17 “a smile on the face of the Tiger”: Riddell 1986, 273.
18 “no statement of ideals”: Berle 1973, 11.
19 “Yesterday Bullitt called me in”: Ibid., 12.
20 “the greatest … since Jesus”: Robert E. Lynch, Bullitt’s secretary in 1919, in an interview with Arthur Walworth, March 22, 197? [date illegible].
21 Walworth papers.
22 “This isn’t … peace”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 94.
23 as some remembered it: Berle 1973, 13.
24 about thirty … as Bullitt … recalled: Interview with Arthur Walworth, April 2, 1951. Walworth papers.
25 John Storck: FRUS, Paris Peace Conference 1919, 11:569.
26 Joseph V. Fuller: Ibid., 571.
27 George B. Noble: Ibid., 572.
28 Adolf Berle: Ibid., 570.
29 Samuel Eliot Morison: Ibid., 571.
30 “SENSATION”: Berle 1973, 12.
31 White … lectured Bullitt: Walworth 1986, 395.
32 “I was one of the millions”: FRUS, Paris Peace Conference 1919, 11:573–4.
33 “How about Bullitt?”: Walworth 1986, 395 n56.
34 “bamboozled”: Ibid., 240 n33.
35 “I expect a compromise”: Blum 1985, 114.
36 “I can’t see peace”: Ibid.
37 “IS IT PEACE?”: Steel 1980, 158–9.
38 “I can find no excuses”: Blum 1985, 119.
39 renouncing “the Imperial program”: Steel 1980, 160–1.
40 “I can understand these things”: Blum 1985, 122.
41 “curious irresponsibility in … language”: Steel 1980, 160.
42 “unjust and unprincipled”: Walworth 1986, 394.
43 “For 3 hours after dinner”: Gilbert 1978, 670.
44 commissioners wrote: FRUS, Paris Peace Conference 1919, 11:587.
45 House wrote to Wilson: Ibid., 588.
46 “The time to consider”: Watt 1968, 450.
47 “My months at the … Peace Conference”: Fromkin 1989, 399.
48 “Paris … like … Congress”: Frankfurter 1960, 162.
49 secretariat “has had a very unhappy time”: FRUS, Paris Peace Conference 1919, 11:598.
50 “sign their own death warrants”: Ibid., 600.
51 “I wish … the other road”: House 1926–28, 4:489.
52 “To bed”: Nicolson 1933, 371.
53 “What a wretched mess”: Watt 1968, 11.
54 “all a great pity”: Ibid.
32 The Idols Fall
1 “no money, no offices”: Moynihan 1960, 310.
2 “Well, we have to do something”: Ibid., 311.
3 “as if he had known me all his life”: Ibid., 312.
4 “apostles of Lenin in our own midst”: LaFeber 1989, 310.
5 “I consider … the league … useless”: Bullitt 1919, 102–3.
6 “the personal instrument of God”: Frankfurter 1960, 167.
7 “by the hand of God”: Smith 1964, 167.
8 “You can go to it”: Ward 1989, 470.
9 “the only chance the Democrats have”: Ibid., 471.
10 “a lot of political bosses”: Ibid.
11 “a bewildered state of mind”: Blum 1985, 134.
33 The United States Signs Its Separate Peace
1 “a darned fine sail”: Ward 1989, 557.
2 “They’ll vote for you”: Ibid., 556.
3 “Frank Roosevelt … in the gutter”: Heinrichs 1966, 48–9.
4 “The war has used up words”: Reynolds 1976, 60–1.
5 “I was always embarrassed”: Ibid., 61.
6 “through rough … technique”: The New York Times, August 26, 1921, 2.
7 English newspaperman … remarked … lounge suits: Ibid.
8 “cut-and-dried”: Ibid., 1.
34 The Education of the Roosevelt Generation: First Lessons
1 “disband their armies”: Nye 1993, 49.
35 Going on the Biggest Spree in History
1 “watch the world go to hell”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 96.
2 “we were tired of Great Causes”: Fitzgerald 1931.
3 “we were the most powerful nation”: Ibid.
4 “young liquor … young blood”: Ibid.
5 “The people over thirty … had joined the dance”: Ibid.
6 “the Jazz Age now raced along”: Ibid.
7 “the attraction is purely physical”: Manchester 1978, 142.
8 “I don’t care what it costs”: Ibid., 147.
9 “I see Bill Bullitt, in retrospect”: Bullitt 1972, xv.
36 The Age of the Dictators
1 “during the second half of the twenties”: Keylor 1992, 133.
2 “fascinating figure”: James 1970, 345.
3 “If only your father”: Manchester 1978, 158.
4 “takes … care of his mother”: Pearson/Allen 1932, 209.
5 “he uses a … fan”: Ibid.
6 “virtual dictator”: Ibid.
7 “a matutinal rite”: Allen 1939, 44.
8 wrong “… to consider … coercion”: Steel 1980, 329.
9 “I don’t see”: Blum 1985, 279.
10 “troubled and confused”: James 1970, 371.
11 “not going to take an upturn”: Ambrose 1983–84, 1:88–9.
12 “nomads of the Depression”: Manchester 1973, 20.
13 “I distinctly remember”: Overheard by the author.
14 “I have bad news”: Schlesinger 1957–, 1:267.
15 “I might as well starve”: Time, August 8, 1932, 5.
16 “he said he was too busy”: James 1970, 401.
17 “the whole encampment … began burning”: Ibid., 402.
18 “a bad-looking mob”: Ibid., 403–4.
19 “this meeting led to the … impression”: Ibid., 404–5.
20 “Mac did a great job”: Time, August 8, 1932, 7.
21 “a feeling of horror”: Manchester 1973,
18.
22 “offer the men coffee”: Ibid.
23 (Pearson and Allen) had portrayed him as “dictatorial”: Manchester 1978, 169.
24 “unwarranted, unnecessary … brutal”: Ibid.
25 “his mother …!”: Ibid., 170.
26 “U.S. Army is too small”: Nye 1993, 98.
37 Rumors of Wars
1 “The next war will depopulate”: Swanberg 1961, 511.
2 “the most expensive orgy”: Fitzgerald 1931.
3 “glad to have you show Roosevelt”: Bullitt 1972, 17.
4 “I very much hope … you are right”: Blum 1985, 268.
5 “I never felt so confident”: Ibid., 277.
6 “doesn’t … have a very good mind”: Ibid., 280–1.
7 “amiable boy scout”: Ibid.
8 “a weaseling mind”: Ibid., 294.
9 “without a firm grasp”: Steel 1980, 291–2.
10 “to my dying day”: Ibid., 292.
11 “we should personally see to it”: Swanberg 1961, 515.
12 “made his … declarations publicly”: Ibid., 516.
13 “I would still favor … entry”: Nixon 1969, 1:23–4.
14 “almost tearfully”: Swanberg 1961, 518.
38 The Emergence of FDR
1 the Odyssey: I have drawn this reading of the work from the critic R. W. B. Lewis, whose “Homer and Virgil: The Double Themes,” from an old issue of Furioso magazine, I have followed in the text.
2 “Roosevelt … next President”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 126.
3 “tears were rolling”: Bullitt 1972, 18.
4 “we ironed out”: Wehle 1953, 113–14.
5 “Enclosed is my cheque”: Bullitt 1972, 20.
6 “Hitler is finished”: Ibid., 23.
7 “sent you to jail”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 130.
8 “the present emergency”: Schlesinger 1957–, 2:192.
9 “I think we’ll live”: Philip Hamburger, New Yorker, February 8, 1993, 76.
10 “nation … lost confidence”: Schlesinger 1957–, 2:13.
11 “make it unanimous”: Ibid.
12 “Bullitt was at the White House”: Bullitt 1972, 32–3.
13 “no right to an opinion”: Ibid., 33.
14 “fundamental economic ills”: Schlesinger 1957–, 2:222.
15 “neither you nor any other member of the Delegation”: Nixon 1969, 1:187–8.
16 “the Administration’s … program”: Ibid., 641–2.
17 “war in Europe is inevitable”: Ibid., 291.
39 A Foreign Policy at Minimum Cost
1 A September 1933 poll: Davis 1986, 339.
2 “Bullitt may do less harm”: Bullitt 1972, 58.
3 “thoroughly untrustworthy”: Ibid.
4 “to let Missy play”: Davis 1986, 340.
5 “BULLITT’S UNCLE”: Bullitt 1972, 58.
6 “bombastic and unreasonable”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 96.
7 It is said that their training under … Kelley: LaFeber 1989, 362.
8 “utterly terrified me”: Kennan 1967, 18.
9 “a striking man”: LaFeber 1989, 363.
10 “the old American friend”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 142.
11 “he and everyone else”: Bullitt 1972, 63.
12 “he really liked me”: Ibid., 64.
13 “men at the head of the Soviet Government”: Ibid., 65.
14 “delighted by young Kennan”: Ibid.
15 “the whole ‘gang’ ”: Ibid., 66–9.
16 “party hacks”: Heinrichs 1966, 188.
17 “gutter” politics: Ibid., 189.
18 “Dear Frank”: Ibid.
19 “Isn’t it fine”: Ibid., 190.
20 “most fervent prayer”: Ibid.
21 “Japan … has the most … powerful”: Nixon 1969, 1:179–80.
22 “war … inevitable”: FRUS 1933, 3:412.
23 “Anything that could be done”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 145.
24 “a restraining influence”: FRUS 1934, 2:35.
25 “Japanese have let us down”: Bullitt 1972, 83.
26 “honeymoon atmosphere”: Ibid.
27 “impossible to imagine”: Ibid., 97.
28 “forget you’re carrying it”: Marx 1961, 328.
29 “I’m going to join the I.L.O.”: Moynihan 1960, 539.
40 Unpreparedness as a National Policy
1 “We have hired him”: Craig 1978, 570.
2 “alarming … Hitler is a madman”: Davis 1986, 125.
3 “Few educated people”: Taylor 1965, 361–2.
4 A poll … 20,000 … clergymen: Manchester 1978, 163.
5 “excited by your suggestion”: Freedman 1967, 130–1.
6 n. Churchill demolished it: Churchill 1948–53, 1:71–2.
7 a “desire to enlarge”: Nixon 1969, 1:126–8.
8 “I … averted a war”: Davis 1986, 127.
9 “if I were a Frenchman”: Nixon 1969, 1:374–5.
10 “Walter Lippmann was here”: Ibid., 485.
11 “You’ve saved the Army!”: Ibid.
12 n. “When we lose the next war”: Manchester 1978, 169.
13 “the first time since 1922”: James 1970, 450.
14 “war talk”: Ibid., 449.
15 “Douglas, if war”: Manchester 1978, 174.
16 n. “Suggest … Marshall”: Marshall 1981–86, 1:399 n3.
17 “Hell, no!”: James 1970, 436.
18 “no improvements”: Ibid., 476.
19 “If Italy, Germany and Japan”: Nixon 1969, 3:44.
41 Curbing the President’s Powers
1 71 percent of the public agreed: Manchester 1973, 126.
2 A third … would not fight: Ibid.
3 the presidents of … 200 colleges: Nixon 1969, 2:104–6.
4 “Dear W.R.”: Swanberg 1961, 529.
5 “principal speculator in silver”: Manchester 1973, 109.
6 Roosevelt wrote to … House: Roosevelt 1947–50, 3:506–7.
7 “preparation for war”: Nixon 1969, 2:275–6.
8 “fixed purpose”: Ibid., 499.
9 “a dictatorial front”: Dodd 1941, 302.
10 Dulles told Dodd: Ibid., 304.
11 “three more years”: Nixon 1969, 3:278.
12 Bullitt, wrote Dodd: Dodd 1941, 309.
13 “another happy day”: Ibid., 349.
14 “fanatics like Winston Churchill”: Nixon 1969, 3:205.
15 “the most hair-trigger times”: Ibid., 2:437.
16 To … Baker … FDR predicted: Ibid., 3:50.
42 Staying Out of It
1 only 8,500 of them: LaFeber 1989, 368.
2 only 26 percent of Americans: Divine 1967, 28.
3 “keeping alive the two-party system”: Tompkins 1970, 130.
4 de facto Republican leader: Ibid.
5 “all diplomatic messages”: Bullitt 1972, 167.
6 “Bullitt practically sleeps”: Ibid., 169.
7 “I am very proud”: Ibid., xxxv.
8 “Offie was the guest of honor”: Ibid., 172.
9 “F.D.R. is a great man”: Davis 1993, 5n.
10 “betraying the trust”: Freidel 1952, 247.
11 “has … gone conservative”: Ibid., 222.
12 “take the minds … off their troubles”: Patterson 1972, 196.
13 “odor which pervades”: Bullitt 1972, 184.
14 “absolute determination … to stay out”: Ibid., 197.
15 “the only policy … out of the mess”: Ibid., 206.
16 Russell … “holds out”: Ibid., 228.
17 “did not see the … possibility”: FRUS 1937, 1:85.
18 “the far-off bugaboo”: Bullitt 1972, 244.
19 1936 the Japanese cabinet adopted: Keylor 1992, 245.
20 “grasped the significance”: Nixon 1969, 3:411.
21 “beat the whole of Europe”: Ibid., 278.
22 “a … flirt”: Donald 1987, 323.
23 “like a butterfly”:
Brysac, chapter 8.
24 A convicted spy: Ibid., chapter 7.
25 joint letter to Stalin: Ibid., chapter 9.
26 “the United States are the ultimate object”: FRUS 1937, 1:141.
43 The March Toward War
1 “event of his death”: Shirer 1960, 418.
2 Shirer later commented: Ibid., 437.
3 “Germany had no desire”: FRUS 1937, 1:172.
4 “your conversation with Goering”: Bullitt 1972, 240.
5 Jack … “had a good time”: Ibid., 273.
6 “That month … best”: Ibid.
7 “Live like a king”: Hamilton 1992, 260.
8 did not “affect our country”: Ibid., 223.
9 “we can never be satisfied”: Shirer 1960, 488.
10 “go to the utmost limit”: Ibid., 489.
11 “last days of Pompeii”: Bullitt 1972, 267.
12 “the death of a race”: Ibid., 268.
13 “a general conviction”: Ibid., 269.
14 “I remain … convinced … not permit ourselves to be drawn in”: Ibid., 270.
15 “Mrs. Ickes is charming”: Ibid., 271.
16 “War will … save me”: Ibid.
17 “Dear Bill … May God … prove”: Ibid., 272.
18 “an armful of roses”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 223.
19 “neither we, nor any nation”: Time, November 7, 1938, 7.
20 “had we … 5,000 planes”: Dallek 1979, 173.
21 “I want this in writing”: Bullitt 1972, 303.
22 “against … entangling alliances”: Langer/Gleason 1952, 1:49.
44 The Bell Tolls
1 “WAR SCARE”: Watt 1989, 162.
2 “a moral obligation”: Namier 1948, 69–70.
3 “I wish the British would stop”: Davis 1993, 403.
4 “neutrality and isolation … a power … on our side”: Blum 1985, 375.
5 “fight for her life”: Davis 1993, 398.
6 “We were morally right”: Ibid., 399.
7 “Chamberlain will either have to go”: Watt 1989, 167.
8 “enough guts”: Bullitt 1972, 332.
9 “possible” but not “certain”: Brownell/Billings 1987, 232.
10 “have Joe Kennedy transferred”: Bullitt 1972, 350.
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