by Hugh Thomas
5. For the resettlement, see Julio González, Repartimiento de Sevilla, Madrid 1951, new ed., Seville 1993.
6. “madres de la nueva Castilla que era Andalucia.”
7. See Ladero Quesada [3:23], chs. 1 and 2.
8. In 1516, Dr. Juan Calvete, then juez de residencia, wrote to Cisneros saying that “en este cabildo … los unos siguían en todo lo que ofrecía la voluntad del Duque e Duquesa de Medina Cidonia y del asistente Juan de Silva … y la otra parte de regidores y veinticuatros … estauan en favor del Duque de Arcos.…”
9. See Lalaing in García Mercadal [2:57], loc. cit., for an impression.
10. The gates were De la Carne (previously De Minoar, near which there was a matadero outside); Jerez; Carbón; Postigo de Azacanes; Puerta del Aceite; Arenal (near which was the almacén de sal); Triana (one of the three gates through which wheat and barley could enter); Puerta de Goles (the word is a derivation of “Hercules”), afterward Puerto Real; Puerta de San Juan (or del Ingenio); Bib-Ragel (Barqueta or Almenilla); Macarena (Bab Maquarana, a wheat gate); Córdoba; Puerto del Sol (Bib Afar); Puerta Osario; and Carmona (a wheat gate; but also where the water from Los Caños de Carmona entered).
11. Jaime Esclava Galán in Martínez Shaw [37:18], 29.
12. Mena [24:23], 236.
13. See Julián B. Ruiz Rivera y Manuela and Cristina García Bernal, Cargadores a Indias, Madrid 1992, ch. 1.
14. These are the figures of Huguette and Pierre Chaunu [16:28], 6 (1).
15. Otte [16:38], 124.
16. Mena [24:23] published how the chaplain to Dr. Matienzo, together with Benito de Villoria and Juan Ponce, went to Villaba del Alcor on the way to Huelva and spent thirty-eight days there buying five hundred casks of wine from the vinateros of the place, coming back to Seville partly by carretas, partly by river.
17. Morales Padrón [32:35], 41.
18. AGI, Mexico, e.g. 203, no. 2. He was “un amigo e persona muy piadosa del dicho don Hernando.”
19. A belfry of another one hundred feet was added by Fernando Ruiz in 1568.
20. See the map in M. González Jiménez, Propriedades y rentas territoriales, reproduced in Miguel Ángel Ladero Quesada, Andalucía en torno a 1492, Madrid 1992, 44.
21. Navagero, in García Mercadal [2:57], 1, 849.
22. See the beautiful volume Historia de la Cartuja de Sevilla, Madrid 1992.
23. See Consuelo Varela’s essay in [38:22]. Gorricio was from a family from Novara, in northern Italy, and died in 1515.
24. For example, Los Negritos, studied so successfully by Isidoro Moreno. See his La Antigua Hermandad de los Negros de Sevilla, Seville 1997. The Cofradía de los Negros was founded in the 1390s by Archbishop Gonzalo Mena y Roelas.
25. See Martínez Shaw’s description in his essay “Que la fête commence!” in his Sevilla [37:18], 179–80.
26. Zúñiga cit. Carlos Álvarez Santaló, Le diable au corps, in Martínez Shaw [37:18], 149.
27. CDI, 27, 333, and other evidence cited in Thomas [27:15], 680, n. 80.
28. Ladero Quesada [6:1] thinks 40,000 “at the end of the Middle Ages,” cf. Gil [3:37], 1, 21.
29. See María Teresa López Díaz, Famines, pestes et inondations, in Martínez Shaw [37:18], 131.
30. Bernáldez [3:2].
31. See Michel Cavillac, in Martínez Shaw [37:18], 124.
32. Four hundred thirty-seven to be precise. There were among them 11 Centuriones, 12 Gentiles, 14 Gustinianis, 14 Sopranises, 16 Salvagos, 17 Piñelos, 19 Dorias, 26 Cattaneos, and no less than 28 Spinolas. But don’t forget that these were trade surnames, not necessarily family names. Rice and sugar were among the products in which they had a quasi-monopoly; in respect to the former, for example, it was imported from Valencia, and of forty-two sales recorded, only two were not managed by Genoese.
33. See Verlinden’s L’Esclavage dans l’Europe médiévale, vol. 1, Bruges 1955.
34. For the Alcázar family, see Ruth Pike, Linajudos and Conversos in Seville, New York 2000, 122.
35. Gil [3:37], 2, 104–5.
36. Gil [3:37], 1, 258.
37. Gil [3:37], 1, 261; and 4, 104.
38. Had the sin of Álvaro been purged by the contribution to the church of his son, Bartolomé del Río, who had been a success at the Vatican under both Julius II and Leo X and who had become Bishop of Scala in Rome? Not perhaps as yet—though he later undertook the building of the Capilla de Scala in the cathedral in Seville to make amends.
39. Otte [16:38], 29.
40. Otte [16:38] 30. An arroba was, as far as olive oil was concerned, twenty-six liters.
41. Otte [16:38], 35.
42. Otte [16:38], 38–39.
43. See Garrido’s Información de Servicios y Méritos.
44. Oviedo [2:43] has a good description of the effect on the naturales of Yucatan.
45. Otte [16:38], 43; Gil [3:37], 4, 258 and 301.
46. Along with other well-known Genovese such as Giovanni Tomasso Spinola, Bartolomeo Negroni, Gerónimo Salvago, and, above all, Melchor Centurione.
47. Marco Cattaneo, Francesco Pinello, Jacopo Grimaldi, and Tomasso de Morteo, alongside Rondinelli.
48. Those mostly concerned were Antonio Sopranis, Silvestre Vento, Leonardo Cattaneo, Lorenzo Pinello, Luca Battista Adorno, Franco Leardo, Jacopo and Gerónimo Grimaldi, Gerónimo Brignole, Niccolo Grimaldi, Melchor Grimaldi, and Gaspar Imperiale. But there were also the Sienese Gerónimo Buonseni and the Burgalés Alonso de Briones and Francisco de Lugo (Otte [16:38], 155–56).
49. See Iris Origo, The Merchant of Prato, London 1957, 85, 91.
50. The list of those who dealt in camlet can be seen in Otte [16:38], 160.
51. See Irving Leonard [3:34], 96 and passim.
52. Navagero, in García Mercadal [2:57], 1, 851.
53. General André Beaufre, Le drame de 1940, Paris 1970, 48.
54. “¡Oh! con qué afrentas y bofetadas atormenta nuestros tiempos la Fortuna!” wrote Martyr [1:2], 4, 121.
55. Fortuna is no. 5 in the series and can easily be seen in the Catálogo de Tapices del Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid 1986, 40.
Other books by Hugh Thomas:
The Spanish Civil War
The Suez Affair
John Strachey
Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom
An Unfinished History of the World
Armed Truce: The Beginnings of the Cold War
The Conquest of Mexico
The Slave Trade
HUGH THOMAS studied history at Cambridge and Paris. His career has encompassed both America and Europe, and history and politics, as a professor at New York and Boston Universities and as chairman of the Centre for Policy Studies in London. He was awarded a peerage in 1981. Hugh Thomas is the author of The Spanish Civil War, which won the Somerset Maugham Prize; Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom; An Unfinished History of the World, which won the National Book Award for History; Armed Truce: The Beginnings of the Cold War; The Conquest of Mexico; and The Slave Trade.
