‘US Soldier Finds Father in Holland’, New York Times, 3 June 1945.
‘Yad Vashem Honour for Dutch Couple’, Jerusalem Post, 3 February 1978. (On Dr and Mrs Brillenburg-Wurth.)
Unpublished Manuscripts
Walter Absil, ‘Miracle at Avenue Louise’.
Lorraine Beitler, ‘Lucie Dreyfus, the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, and the Holocaust’.
Jack Brauns, ‘Memoirs’.
Professor Amos Dreyfus, ‘A Young Widow with Three Children’.
Pearl Good, ‘Life Story of Perela Esterowicz—Pearl Good’.
International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission, ‘The Vatican and the Holocaust: A Preliminary Report’, October 2000.
Margaret Kagan (Lady Kagan), recollections.
Luisa Naor, ‘Italian Jews at Risk during WWII’.
Robin O’Neil, ‘The Belzec Death Camp and the Origins of Jewish Genocide in Galicia’, doctoral thesis, University College, London, Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies, London, 2002.
Shimon Redlich, ‘Together and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews and Ukrainians, 1919–1945’.
Michel Reynders, ‘Father Bruno (Henry Reynders), His Life, His Work, Biography of a Righteous’.
Ursula Korn Selig, ‘My name Is Ursula Korn Selig…’.
‘Testimonianze dell’Olocausto: Documentary Evidence of the Holocaust’, Italian Immigrants Association, Israel, factsheet.
‘Testimony of Ad Vitale’.
‘Translation of Transcript of the Denazification File of Karl Plagge’ (testimonies of Major Plagge’s German employees), State Archive, Hesse.
Joseph Wisnicki, ‘My Fight for Survival’.
Marina Löwi Zinn, ‘To Whom It May Concern: Material Submitted to Yad Vashem’.
Exhibitions
‘No Child’s Play: Children in the Holocaust—Creativity and Play’, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, opened 13 October 1997.
‘Visas for Life’, Eric Saul, travelling exhibition, 2000–.
Books by Martin Gilbert
The Churchill Biography
Volume III: 1914–1916
Document Volume III: (in two parts)
Volume IV: 1917–1922
Document Volume IV: (in two parts)
Volume V: 1922–1939
Document Volume V: “The Exchequer Years” 1922–1929
Document Volume V: “The Wilderness Years” 1929–1935
Document Volume V: “The Coming of War” 1936–1939
Volume VI: “Finest Hour” 1939–1941
Churchill War Papers I: “At the Admiralty” September 1939–May 1940
Churchill War Papers II: “Never Surrender” May–December 1940
Churchill War Papers III: “1941: The Ever-Widening War”
Volume VII: “Road to Victory” 1941–1945
Volume VIII: “Never Despair” 1945–1965
Churchill: A Photographic Portrait
Churchill: A Life
Other Books
The Appeaser (with Richard Gott)
The European Powers 1900–1945
The Roots of Appeasement
Children’s Illustrated Bible Atlas
Atlas of British Charities
Atlas of American History
Atlas of the Arab–Israeli Conflict
Atlas of British History
Atlas of the First World War
Atlas of the Holocaust
The Holocaust: Maps and Photographs
Atlas of Jewish History
Atlas of Russian History
The Jews of Arab Lands: Their History in Maps
The Jews of Russia: Their History in Maps
Jerusalem Illustrated History Atlas
Sir Horace Rumbold: Portrait of a Diplomat
Jerusalem: Rebirth of a City
Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century
Exile and Return: The Struggle for Jewish Statehood
Israel: A History
Auschwitz and the Allies
The Jews of Hope: The Plight of Soviet Jewry Today
Shcharansky: Hero of Our Time
The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy
The Boys: Triumph over Adversity
The First World War
The Second World War
The Day the War Ended
In Search of Churchill
Empires in Conflict: A History of the Twentieth Century 1900–1933
Descent into Barbarism: A History of the Twentieth Century 1934–1951
Challenge to Civilization: A History of the Twentieth Century 1952–1999
Never Again: A History of the Holocaust
The Jews in the Twentieth Century
Letters to Auntie Fori: The 5,000-Year History of the Jewish People and Their Faith
Editions of Documents
Britain and Germany Between the Wars
Plough My Own Furrow: The Life of Lord Allen of Hurtwood
Servant of India: Diaries of the Viceroy’s Private Secretary 1905–1910
Acknowledgements
I AM GRATEFUL to all those who wrote to me about their personal experiences, or gave me access to information. At Yad Vashem, the Holocaust museum, archive and research centre in Jerusalem, Mordecai Paldiel, head of the Department of the Righteous for more than twenty years, helped me from the breadth of his knowledge. I was also helped at Yad Vashem in the 1970s by Yitzhak Arad, the late Dr Joseph Kermisz and the late Chaim Pazner; and more recently by Shmuel Krakowsky, Dan Michman, Elliot Nidam and Sari Reuveni. Judge Moshe Bejski gave me the benefit of his experience both as one who was saved (by Oskar Schindler) and as the judge who, at Yad Vashem, had the primary responsibility over many years in honouring the Righteous Among the Nations.
At the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC, I was helped in the Photo Archive both with photographic and archival material, and would like to thank Genya Markon, Sharon Muller, Judith Cohen and Leslie Swift; at the Hidden Child Foundation, New York, I was assisted by its President, Ann Shore, as well as by Lore Baer, Rachelle Goldstein, Carla Lessing and Marion Wolff. Harvey Sarner gave me access to his personal archive regarding Righteous whose visits to Israel he made possible. The Holocaust Memoir Digest has been a valuable source, and its Project Director, Esther Poznansky, a font of good guidance. I am also grateful to the archivists and staff of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva; of the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London; and of the Polish Library, London.
The rescuers remain to this day almost universally modest about their actions. Those who sent me details of their work included Jeannette Brousse, Pierre Golliet, Dr Michel Reynders and Dr Tina Strobos. Among those who were rescued, who wrote to me with their recollections and answered my queries, I am most grateful to the following, listed under the countries in which they were saved:
Belarus: Richard Vanger.
Belgium: Walter Absil, Nicole David, Rachelle Goldstein, Flora M. Singer, Bronia Veitch.
Czechoslovakia: Frank Bright, Hana Greenfield, David Korn, Jana Tanner, Henry Wilde.
France: Professor Amos Dreyfus, Betty Eppel, Gisele Feldman, Carl Hausman, Greta Herensztat, Lady Lipworth, Walter W. Reed, Helen Resnick, Anne Schwab, Felice Zimmern Stokes, Ines Vromen.
Germany: Professor Edgar Gold, Charles C. Milford, Evy Woods.
Greece: Jeff M. Levis.
Holland: Lore Baer, Ilana Drukker-Tikotin, Cecile Kahn-Kanner, Levie Kanes, Dr Robert Krell, Edna Heruthy, Donya Meijer, Steffi Robertson, L. I. Troostwijk, Dr Maurits Eduard de Vries.
Hungary: Pal Foti, Tibor Hegedus, David Peleg, Professor Gabor Vermes.
Italy: Marek Herman, Ursula Korn, Mario Lattes, Dora Herczog Levi, Elia Levi, Pia Levi, Adriana Bassani Luzzati, Dr Marcello Morpurgo, Luisa Naor, Ada Vitale, Marina Lowi Zinn.
Latvia: Maja Abramowitch.
Lithuania: Margaret Kagan (Lady Kagan).
Poland (pre-1939 borders): Ella Adler, Lydia Aran, Zwi Barnea, Benjamin Bender, Dora Bernstein, Alexandre Blumstein, Dr Leon Chame
ides, Ilana Feldblum, Lisa Garbus, Rachel Garfunkel, Halina Gartenberg, Myra Genn, Pearl Good, Helen Garfinkel Greenspun, Henry Herzog, Helena Horowitz, Marcel Jarvin, Lorraine Justman-Wisnicki, Jack Kagan, Michael Katz, Bianka Kraszewski, Jerzy Lando, Ben Meed, Vladka Meed, Betty Piechotka, Selma Rossen, Mania Salinger, Eugenia Schenker, Dana Schwartz, Ilana Turner, Dr Norris N. Wallach, Jane Weber, Bracha Weisbarth, Shewach Weiss, Joseph Wisnicki, Eli Zborowski, Harry Zeimer.
Slovakia: Professor Gerta Vrbova.
Concentration camps, slave labour camps, death marches and the last months of the war: Judge Moshe Bejski, Jack Brauns, Zvi Gill, Lea Goodman, Roman Halter, Lorraine Justman-Wisnicki, Jakub Lichterman, Anna Ostrowiak, Ilana Turner, Henry Wiener, Henry Wilde, Abraham Zuckerman.
Many other people have responded to my requests for material. I thank them all:
Roy Abrams, Jeffrey Adler, Ian W. Alexander (The Church of Scotland World Mission), Krik Ariens, Valerie Arnon, Aryeh Assan.
Professor Yehuda Bauer, Lorraine Beitler (Beitler Family Foundation), the late Arieh Ben-Tov, Leslie Blau.
Susan Caine, Daniel Chameides, M. Donald Coleman, Dr Kenneth Collins, Grazyna Cooper, Mel Cooper.
Dan Danieli, Yohanan ben David, Margit A. Diamond, William A. Donohue (President, Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights).
His Excellency Giulio Einaudi, Apostolic Nuncio, Croatia.
Pearl Fichman, Alice Fink, Eitan Finkelstein, Sandy Flitterman-Lewis, Eddy Florentin, Frank Fox, Si Frumkin.
Ben Gale, Professor John Garrard, Nicky Gavron, Ben Giladi (The Voice of Piotrkow Survivors), Professor Edgar Gold, Helen Goldberg, Alain Goldschläger, Michael Good, Professor Richard Griffiths, Dr Andras Gröbler, Ruth Gruber.
Suzan E. Hagstrom, David and Dorothy Harman, Marilyn J. Harran, Marek Herman, Herbert Herz (representative in Switzerland and Savoie of the Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Department), Agnes Hirschi, Jan Hoser, Michael D. Hull, Professor Otto Hutter.
Leonid Kelbert, Brother James M. Kelly (President, Mount Saint Joseph Xaverian Brothers Sponsored Schools), Roman Kent, Peter Kessler, Serge Klarsfeld, Rachel Kostanian (the Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum of Lithuania, Vilnius).
Laya Labi, Sinai Leichter, Alexander Levy.
Mira Marody, Dr Elisabeth Maxwell, Leif Arne Mendelsohn, Professor Eric Mendoza, Ruben and Sandra Montefiore (Italian Immigrants Association, Israel), Keith Morgan, Francis J. Murphy.
Ambassador Dr Istvan Nathon (Budapest), Robin O’Neil.
Gottfried Paasche, Dr David A. Patterson, Aldo Perosino, Iris Posner (President, One Thousand Children, Inc.).
Uriel Reingold, Glenn Richter, Clive Rosen (Israel–Judaica Stamp Club), Lawrence M. Rothbaum.
Leonid Saharovici, Sister Brenda St Lawrence (Sisters of Sion), Professor Marc Saperstein, Bat-Sheva Savaldi-Kohlberg, Ruth Schijveschuurder, Henry Schwab, Per Kristian Sebak, Baruch Sharoni, Jay Shir, Stanley J. Stahl (The Jewish Foundation for the Righteous), Dr Ernest Stock, Judy Stoffman.
Aba Taratuta, Ida Taratuta.
Ricardo Vargas, Professor Irena Vesaite, Hugo Vickers.
Janek Weber, Roman Weingarten (Cracow Friendship), Leon W. Wells, Dr Simon Wessely, Dr Wendy Whitworth (Remembering for the Future 2000), Barbara Wind (United Federation of Metro West Holocaust Remembrance and Education Council), Dr Bob Wolf, Myriam Wolf, Dr David F. Wright.
George P. Young.
Harry Zeimer, Mark Zingeris, Dr Anna Zsigmond, Ronald Zweig.
Ben Helfgott gave me as always the benefit of his wise advice. My publishers, Marianne Velmans at Doubleday and Liz Stein at Holt, have been supportive throughout. Gillian Bromley provided essential editorial support; proofreading was undertaken by Ashok Nehru, and by Chris O’Connell, Judy Collins, Ruth Carim, Deborah Adams and Mari Roberts. Katrina Whone co-ordinated the editorial process. Alice Corrie assisted me with the index. The maps were expertly crafted by Tim Aspden on the basis of my rough drafts. Arthur Wadsworth helped with filing and sorting. Translations have been provided by Deborah S. Jacobs, Carine Kennedy, Sara Rosen, Taffy Sassoon, Ilana Turner and Aliza Wurtman, as well as by Enid Wurtman, who also helped me throughout my researches at Yad Vashem. Kay Thomson made important suggestions of presentation and content, and helped organize the considerable mass of correspondence.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Aalten (Holland): fifty-one Jews hidden in
Abegg, Dr Elisabeth: a rescuer, in Berlin
Abrahams-Emden, S.: recalls her rescuer
Abrahamsen, Samuel: recounts acts of support and rescue in Norway
Abramovich, Ariela: saved
Abramowicz-Wolska, Maryla and Feliks: help Jews to survive
Abramowitch, Maja: see Zarch, Maja
Abresch, Father Pio: see Father Pio
Absil, Walter: and the rescue of his cousin
Achille, Father: helps an Italian Jewish family escape
‘actions’ (organized SS killings):; Jews saved during and after
Adama (Poland): an execution at
Adler, Ella: recalls no kindnesses, xviii
Adnet, Jules and Marie: save a Jew
Adolph, Krystyna: a rescuer
Adriatic Sea: Jews helped to escape across
Adventists’ Seminary (France): Jews sent for refuge to
Aerdenhout (Holland): a young Jewish boy finds sanctuary in
Agarici, Viorica: saves Jews
Ahlfeld, Eva: given sanctuary; with her rescuers’ two children, Photo
Ainsztein, Reuben: writes about Righteous Germans in Bialystok
Albania: Jews saved in, xvi; and the Albanian ‘moral code’
Alechinsky, Drs: shelter two Jewish boys
Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece: saves Jews
Alkmaar (Holland): rescuers in; a ‘health vacation’ in
All Saints Church (Warsaw): rescue in
Alpes Maritimes (Italian-occupied France): Italians refuse to enforce anti-Jewish measures in
Alsace: a priest from, provides false papers; an SS man from, betrays
Alsace-Lorraine: help for Jewish refugees from
Alsedziai (Lithuania): a priest in, saves Jews
Altara, Rahela: saved, with her family
Althoff, Adolf: helps three Jews
Amarant, Oded (‘Dorko’): in hiding
Amato, Albert; recalls a Righteous Italian on the island of Rhodes
Amato, Lina: saved
Amelia, Sister: gives sanctuary
American Emergency Rescue Committee: helps Jews
American Friends Service Committee (Quakers): help Jewish children to leave France
American $20 gold coin: averts a betrayal
Amersfoort (Holland): protesters imprisoned in; a rescuer in
‘Amira’: an assumed name
Amsterdam (Holland): Jewish self-defence in; Dutch protests in; arrest of Jews in; acts of rescue in; rescuers honoured in; deportation from; Jews from, smuggled out of Holland; a ‘health vacation’ from; Jewish children from, found hiding places in a distant village
Ancely, Captain Edmond: and a French rescuer
Anciaux, Mimi: with two Jewish children in hiding, Photo
Anderlecht (Belgium): sanctuary in
André, Father Joseph: a Belgian rescuer
Andriolo family: give sanctuary
‘Angel of Majdanek’: a Pole
Anger, Per (a Swedish diplomat): helps Jews in Budapest
‘Anne-Marie’: an assumed identity
Annemasse (France): a rescuer at
Anti-Defamation League: its head, a ‘Hidden Child’
anti-Semitism: animates, xvii; poisons, xix; and a Ukrainian’s curse; and a ‘terrible place’ ‘deep effects’ of; and a mother’s curse; and murder; ‘I am an anti-Semite’ and rescuers; repelled by Na
zi savagery; rebuffed; in Austria; in Romania; lacking, in Bulgaria; weak, in Belgium; in Holland; known in Italy as ‘the German disease’ ‘nowhere to be seen’ in Italy
Antonescu, Marshal Ion: Romania’s dictator
Antonowka (Poland): an escape from
Antwerp (Belgium): a Jew rescued from, xx; Jews from, given sanctuary in the Ardennes; Dutch Jews smuggled through
Arad, Yitzhak: and Vilna, xvii
Aran, Lydia (formerly Lydia Gluskin): saved
Arczynksi, Ferdynand: and the Council for Assistance to the Jews
Ardennes Forest: village rescuers in
Arendonk (Belgium): a Jewish child in hiding in
Armavir (North Caucasus): two Jews given shelter in
Armenians: rescuers
Arndt, Ellen: rescued
Arndt, Erich: a rescuer, in Berlin
Arnhem (Holland): an act of rescue in
Arnskov, Fanny: helps Danish Jews
Arrow Cross: seize power in Budapest; honour ‘protected’ houses; kill Jews in the streets; discover Jewish children, and kill them; a refuge near headquarters of; an SS man protects Jews from; execute a Roman Catholic rescuer; seize Jews; question a pastor; and a Death March; Jews rescued from; and a ‘miracle’ execute two Christian rescuers; a writer wanted by, in hiding; final attacks by; a massacre by, averted
‘Artymowicz, Alexander’: an assumed name
Aryan identity cards (and other forged documents):
‘Aryan’ Warsaw: Jews given sanctuary in
Ashkenazys (a Jewish couple): in hiding
Asse (Belgium): a final act of rescue in
Assisi (Italy): Jews hidden and rescued in
Asti (Italy): a Jewish family in hiding near
Athens (Greece): rescue of Jews in; a protective journey to
Atlantic Wall: defences of, and a rescue scheme
Au Revoir les Enfants (film): a tribute to a rescuer
Aubazine (France): Jewish girls in hiding at
‘Auntie Maria’: a rescuer
Auschwitz (Auschwitz-Birkenau): views of a survivor of, xix; a survivor of, finds her daughter; a suicide before deportation to; a rescuer deported to, for resistance activities; a future leader of rescue efforts imprisoned at; a rescuer’s father sent to; one of the first victims at; an Austrian rescuer deported to; Oskar Schindler extracts 300 women from; Schindler rescues a further 100 deportees from; eight Jewish women saved from deportation to; deportations to (from Poland); (from Germany); (from Central Europe and the Balkans); (from Norway); (from France); (from Belgium); (from Holland); a deportation to, averted; (from Italy); (from Hungary); two Jewish girls in, helped by a Polish prisoner; Jewish women in, helped by a Hungarian fellow-prisoner; a British sergeant’s quest in
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