Reinventing Politics

Home > Other > Reinventing Politics > Page 43
Reinventing Politics Page 43

by Vladimir Tismaneanu


  16 Henry Kamm, “East German Social Democrats Back a Candidate and a Unification Plan,” New York Times, February 26, 1990.

  17 Serge Schmemann, “East Germany’s Ballot: Voting Away a Nation,” New York Times, March 18, 1990.

  18 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, June 27, 1990, quoted in Ronald D. Asmus, “An Obituary Without Tears,” Report on Eastern Europe, January 4, 1991., p. 18.

  19 Rada Nikolaev, “Between Hope and Hunger,” Report on Eastern Europe, 2, no. 1 (January 4, 1991): 5-10.

  20 Zlatko Anguelov, “The Leader and His Movement,” East European Reporter, 4, no. 3 (Autumn-Winter 1990): 27-28.

  21 “Bulgaria’s Reichstagsbrand?” EER, 4, no. 3: 29.

  22 For a survey of Bulgarian the changes during 1990, see John D. Bell, “‘Post-Communist’ Bulgaria,” Current History (Philadelphia), December 1990, pp. 417-20, 427-29.

  23 Jiri Pehe, “The Instability of Transition,” Report on Eastern Europe, January 4, 1991, p. 12.

  24 Henry Kamm, “Civic Forum, Prague’s Leading Party, Splits in Two,” New York Times, February 12, 1991.

  25 “President Havel’s Speech on the Anniversary of the 1968 Invasion,” EER, Autumn-Winter 1990, p. 93.

  26 Ivan Volgyes, “For Want of Another Horse: Hungary in 1990,” Current History, December 1990, p. 423.

  27 Ibid., p. 424.

  28 Rudolf L. Tökes, “Hungary’s New Political Elites: Adaptation and Change, 1989-90,” Problems of Communism, November-December 1990, p. 64.

  29 See the interview with the Hungarian social philosopher Mihaly Vajda in East European Reporter, 4, no. 3 (Autumn-Winter 1990): 43.

  30 Celestine Bohlen, “Hungarians Are Thriving, Gloomily,” New York Times, June 24, 1991.

  31 For an informative and dispassionate analysis of the split, see Jakub Karpinski, “The Difficult Return to Normality,” Uncaptive Minds (New York), November-December 1990, pp. 24-26.

  32 Jacek Maziarski, “The Goals of the Center Alliance,” East European Reporter, Autumn-Winter 1990, p. 7.

  33 Interview with Zbigniew Bujak, East European Reporter, Autumn-Winter 1990, pp. 10-11.

  34 Mary Battiata, “The Two Lech Walesas: Solidarity Hero Accused of Demagoguery,” Washington Post, November 22, 1990.

  35 Victoria Pope, “Lech-Luster: Walesa’s Personal Transformation,” The New Republic, December 3, 1990, p. 25.

  36 Barbara Spinelli, “The Day After,” La Stampa (Milan), November 30, 1990; English translation in Uncaptive Minds, November-December 1990, p. 35.

  37 See Piotr Wierzbicki’s masterful essay “Lech Walesa: The Sphinx from Gdansk,” Uncaptive Minds, November-December 1990, pp. 27-31.

  38 Vladimir Tismaneanu, “Sindromul Bucuresti,” Romania Literara (Bucharest), August 9, 1990.

  39 “Proclamatia de la Timisoara,” Romania Libera (Bucharest), March 20, 1990; English translation in East European Reporter, Spring-Summer 1990, pp. 32-35.

  40 For the difficulties of Romania’s transition to democracy, see Vladimir Tismaneanu, “The Revival of Politics in Romania,” in Nils H. Wessell, ed., The New Europe: Revolution in East—West Refotions (New York: Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 1991), pp. 85-99.

  41 See Vladimir Tismaneanu, “Homage to Golania,” The New Republic, July 30-August 6, 1990, pp. 16-18; William McPherson, “In Romania,” Granta, no. 33, pp. 9-56; Mihnea Berindei, Ariadna Combes, and Anne Planche , Roumanie, le livre blanc: La réalité d’un pouvoir néo-communiste (Paris: La Decouverte, 1990).

  42 “Romanian Resistance,” East European Reporter, Autumn—Winter 1990, pp. 89-91.

  43 J. L. Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (New York: Praeger, 1960), p. 6.

  44 David Binder, “Exiled Romanian King Has Hopes of Return,” New York Times, February 17, 1991.

  45 Milan Andrejevich, “The End of an Era, New Beginnings?” Report on Eastern Europe, January 4, 1991, p. 39.

  46 Robin Alison Remington, “The Federal Dilemma in Yugoslavia,” Current History, December 1990, p. 408.

  47 Brenda Fowler, “Slovenes Vote Decisively for Independence from Yugoslavia,” New York Times, December 24, 1990.

  48 Sabrina P. Ramet, “Serbia’s Slobodan Milosevic: A Profile,” Orbis (Philadelphia), Winter 1991, p. 105.

  49 “Alia Speaks on Ideology, Changes in Bloc,” FBIS—Eastern Europe, November 29, 1989, p. 6.

  50 See Simon Jones, “Albanians Cheer for Their New Freedom,” The Independent (London), July 14, 1990.

  51 “Top Albania Writer Seeks Asylum in France, a Blow to His President,” New York Times, October 26, 1990.

  52 David Binder, “Albanian Exile Writer Sees Reform,” New York Times, December 6, 1990.

  53 “Albania Removes Statues of Stalin,” New York Times, December 22, 1990.

  54 Paul Anastasi, “New Albania Barely Conceals a Stalinist Bedrock,” New York Times, January 20, 1991.

  Epilogue Fears, Phobias, Frustrations

  1 Nicolae Manolescu, “How We Have to Destroy Communism,” East European Reporter, 4, no. 4 (Spring-Summer 1991): 79-80.

  2 Stelian Tanase’s speech “Romanian Civil Society and Violence,” delivered at the Timisoara Conference, March 25-27, 1991.

  3 Dimitrina Petrova, “Political Pluralism in Bulgaria,” East European Reporter, 4, no. 4 (Spring-Summer 1991): 35.

  4 Agnes Heller, “Is There Anything New Under the Sun in East-Central Europe?” paper presented at the Timisoara Conference; French translation: Est-Ouest (Paris), June 1991, pp. 8-11.

  5 Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1985), pp. 215-81.

  6 Adam Michnik, “The Presence of Liberal Values,” East European Reporter, 4, no. 4 (Spring-Summer 1991): 71, and Ralf Dahrendorf, Reflections on the Revolution in Europe (New York: Random House, 1990).

  Index

  “Action-Program” (Czechoslovakia, April 1968), 93, 187

  Aczel, György, 150, 199

  Adamec, Ladislav, 208, 216

  Afanasyev, Yury, 184

  aggiornamento, 281

  Agitprop departments, 32

  “Agrarians-Nikola Petkov” (Bulgaria), 256

  Agrarian Union (Bulgaria), 256

  Akhmatova, Anna, 23, 37

  Aladar, Imre, 12

  Albanian Communist Party, 17

  Alia, Ramiz, 177, 230, 275

  Alliance of Free Democrats (Hungary), 173, 203, 246, 247, 260, 261-262

  Alliance of Reformist Forces (Yugoslavia), 273

  Anderson, Sascha, 164

  Andreyeva, Nina, 190

  Andropov, Yury, 179

  Antall, Jozsef, 261, 262

  Antonescu, Marshal Ion, 15, 249

  Aragon, Louis, 102

  Arendt, Hannah, 172, 285

  Arrow Cross Movement (Hungary), 9, 15

  Atanasov, Georgi, 220

  Balcerowicz, Leszek, 266

  Baranczak, Stanislaw, 64

  Bence, György, 115, 246

  Benes, Eduard, 26

  Beria, Lavrenty, 22, 59

  “Berlin Appeal,” 165, 252

  Berlin Wall, 1, 46, 86, 162, 212

  Berman, Jakub, 43, 51-53, 54, 62

  Beron, Petar, 256

  Beszelö, 197, 200, 201, 203, 205

  Bialer, Seweryn, 185

  Bielecki, Jan Krisztof, 266

  Biermann, Wolf, 164

  Bierut, Boleslaw, 17, 43, 53, 56, 61, 62, 65

  Biszku, Bela, 199

  Blaga, Lucian, 56

  Blandiana, Ana, 235

  Bloch, Ernst, 79

  Bogomolov, Oleg, 187

  Bohley, Bärbel, 169

  Böhme, Ibrahim, 254

  Botez, Mihai, 116, 226, 281

  Brandys, Kazimierz, 126

  Brasov riot, 227

  Brecht, Bertolt, 55

  Brezhnev, Leonid, 85, 87, 89, 95, 104

  Brezhnev Doctrine, 211, 216, 217

  Brown, J. F., 83, 120-121

  Broz, Josip (“Tito”), 13

  Brzezin
ski, Zbigniew, 29, 46, 57, 172, 182, 184

  “Bucharest syndrome,” 269

  Budapest Commune, 13

  Bujak, Zbigniew, 133, 264, 265

  Bukharin, Nikolai, 40, 60

  Bulgarian Communist Party, 13

  Bulgarian Social Democratic Party, 256

  Bulgarian Socialist Party, 223

  Calfa, Marian, 258

  Carol II, King, 7, 14, 15

  Catholic Church, 25, 62, 66, 117, 119, 124, 171

  Ceausescu, Elena, 224, 225

  Ceausescu, Nicolae, 82, 84, 90, 95, 116, 171, 174, 197,208, 223235, 239

  Center Alliance (Poland), 264

  Cernik, Oldrich, 101

  Charter 77,116,133,141, 144-146, 156-157,159,171,174,216,235

  Chervenkov, Vulko, 17, 53, 56, 85

  Chetniks, 15

  Chisinevschi, Iosif, 80

  Christian Democratic Party (Czechoslovakia), 258

  Christian Democratic Party (East Germany), 212, 252

  Christian Democrats, 258

  Cioran, Emil, 5

  Citizens’ Committee, (Poland), 263

  Citizens’ Movement—Democratic Action (ROAD—Poland), 264-265, 266

  Civic Alliance (Romania), 271

  Civic Alliance Party (Romania), 271

  Civic Association (Czechoslovakia), 258-259

  Civic Forum (Czechoslovakia), 216, 217, 235, 247, 258

  “Club for the Support of Glasnost and Perestroika” (Bulgaria), 221

  Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea, 9, 14

  Cominform, 22-23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 35, 37, 40, 47, 79

  “Cominformists,” 48

  Comintern (Communist International), 8, 11-12,13,16, 18, 23, 53

  Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 49

  Conquest, Robert, 106

  Constantinescu, Miron, 80

  Cornea, Doina, 142, 226, 235

  Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), 57-58, 185

  Croatian Democratic Union, 274

  Czechoslovak Writers’ Union, 91

  “Czechoslovakia’s Road to Socialism,” 93

  Dahrendorf, Raif, 244, 251, 286

  Democratic Awakening (GDR), 252

  Democratic Opposition (Hungary), 185, 200-201, 246

  Demszky, Gabor, 260

  Dery, Tibor, 72

  Deutscher, Isaac, 62

  Dienstbier, Jiri, 259

  Dimitrov, Georgi, 13, 17, 27

  Dinescu, Mircea, 226, 229

  Djilas, Milovan, 13, 17, 49, 50, 76, 105

  Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Alexandru, 12

  Dogan, Ahmed, 256

  Draskovic, Vuk, 245

  Dubcek, Alexander, 92, 93, 94-95, 96, 97-100, 102, 181, 206-207, 216

  Duca, Ion G., 14

  Dzhurov, Dobri, 221

  East Berlin uprising, 55

  Ecoglasnost (Bulgaria), 256

  Eliade, Mircea, 5

  Endecjia (National Democratic Party, Poland), 107-108

  Eppelmann, Reiner, 165, 166, 252

  Eurocommunism, 95

  Evangelical Church (East Germany), 163

  Fabian, David, 12

  Farkas, Mihaly, 17, 53

  Federation of Young Democrats (FIDESZ) (Hungary), 68, 204-205, 246, 260

  Feher, Ferenc, 77, 115, 172, 281

  Filipescu, Radu, 142

  Fiszbach, Tadeusz, 195

  Fock, Jenö, 199

  Friedrich, Carl, 172

  “Gang of Four” (Ceausescu, Jakes, Honecker, Zhivkov), 282

  Garton Ash, Timothy, 132, 145, 195, 243, 246, 248, 285

  Gazeta Wyborcza, 264

  Gelman, Aleksandr, 180

  Georgescu, Teohari, 24-25, 45

  Georgescu, Vlad, 226

  Gerasimov, Gennady, 191

  Geremek, Bronislaw, 110, 263

  Gerö, Ernö, 17, 53, 73-74

  Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 16, 4243, 45, 53-54, 56, 80-81, 8284, 90

  Gierek, Edward, 108, 109, 110

  Goldstücker, Eduard, 91

  Goma, Paul, 116, 226

  Gomulka, Wladislaw, 16, 25, 28, 29, 43, 44, 62, 65-67, 76, 79, 107, 108, 110

  Göncz, Arpad, 261

  Gorbachev, Mikhail, 120, 142, 176, 177, 179-191, 194, 282

  Gorkic, Milan, 12

  Gottwald, Klement, 17, 26, 44, 54

  “goulash socialism,” 80

  Great Purge, 12, 18, 35

  Great Terror, 39

  Greek Civil War, 22

  Grenzfall (Borderline), 169

  Grosz, Karoly, 68, 189, 202, 203, 238

  Group for Social Dialogue (Romania), 270

  Groza, Petru, 24

  Gysi, Gregor, 213-214, 252, 254

  Hager, Kurt, 210

  Haraszti, Miklos, 116, 149-152, 173, 203, 281

  Harich, Wolfgang, 79

  Havel, Vaclav, 3, 104-105, 130, 133-147, 148, 153-154, 157-160, 167-168, 173, 215, 216, 217-219, 247, 250, 257, 258, 259-260

  Havemann, Robert, 164-165

  Hay, Gyula, 73

  Hayek, Friedrich von, 258

  Heller, Agnes, 77, 115, 172, 281, 285

  Helsinki Agreements, 117, 178

  Herbert, Zbigniew, 33

  Hirsch, Ralf, 166

  Hlinka, Andrej, 9

  Hodos, George H., 40, 41

  Holzer, Jerzy, 108

  Honecker, Erich, 142, 162-163, 206, 208, 210, 215, 238

  Honecker, Margot, 210-211

  Horn, Gyula, 189

  Horthy, Miklos, 7, 15

  Hoxha, Enver, 17-18, 56, 81

  Hoxha, Nexhmije, 276

  Hungarian Democratic Forum, 203, 260, 261, 262

  Hungarian Democratic Union, 236

  Hungarian Socialist Party, 203

  Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party, 203

  Husak, Gustav, 92-93, 102, 161, 239

  Hvizdala, Karel, 158

  Ideology, 136, 137, 150, 172-173, 176

  Ideological dictatorship, 191

  Ideological fetishism, 138

  Iliescu, Ion, 225, 235, 267-271

  Independent Students’ Association (Poland), 192

  Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers’ Parties (Cominform), 22-23

  Initiative for Peace and Human Rights (GDR), 145

  Internationalism, Stalin’s concept of, 47

  Intervention, 188-189

  Soviet intervention in Eastern Europe, 198

  Ionesco, Eugène, 5, 226

  Iron Guard (Romania), 9, 14, 15

  Italy, Communist Party of, 22, 95

  Jacobinism, 60

  Jakes, Milos, 161, 206-207, 215-216, 232, 238, 239, 282

  Jaruzelski, Wojciech, xi, 120, 131, 174, 192-194, 196, 238, 263

  Jeszensky, Geza, 262

  Jiu Valley Strikes (Romania), 116, 226

  “Joint Declaration from Eastern Europe,” 168

  Jowitt, Kenneth, xvi, 242

  Judaism, 6, 9, 44, 259

  Kadar, Janos, xi, 67, 74, 76-80, 86, 99, 115-117, 142, 149-152, 199, 200, 238, 283

  Kadare, Ismail, 276

  Kadarism, x, 142, 173-174, 198, 202-203, 281

  Kafka, Franz, 5, 91

  Kaganovich, Lazar, 58, 65

  Kamenev, Lev, 40, 60

  Kardelj, Eduard, 17

  KGB, 180

  KPD (Communist Party of Germany), 163

  Khrushchev, Nikita, xv, 47, 54-61, 65, 71, 80-82, 85, 89-100, 179, 276, 280-281

  Khrushchevism, 78, 79, 114, 173, 181

  Kirov, Sergei, 60

  Kis, Janos, xv, 29, 59, 66, 69, 109

  Klaus, Vaclav, 258-259

  Koestler, Arthur, 5, 10

  Kohl, Helmut, 212, 253

  Kohout, Pavel, 104

  Kolakowski, Leszek, xv, 29, 59, 66, 109, 124, 126, 182

  Kolarov, Vasil, 17

  Konrad, György, xv, 166, 147-148, 153

  KOR (Worker’s Defense Committee, in Poland), 110, 117, 122-124, 131, 144-145, 157, 171, 246

  Kosovo, xi, 237, 275

  Kostov, Traicho, 17, 29, 42, 44 />
  Kostrzewa, Wera, 12

  Kosygin, Aleksei, 85

  Köszeg, Ferenc, 205

  Kovalev, Sergei, 103

  Krakow, 9, 246, 263

  Krawczyk, Stefan, 169

  Kremlin, xi, 8, 13, 16-18, 27, 46-50, 75, 86, 89, 95-98, 101, 103, 105-106, 125, 132, 178, 184, 196, 280, 282

  Krenz, Egon, 209, 211, 213

  Kriegel, Frantisek, 102

  Kultura, 117

  Kun, Bela, 13

  Kundera, Milan, 1, 102, 104, 126, 145

  Kurdjali, 222

  Kuron, Jacek, 108, 110, 122, 124

  Kwasniewski, Aleksander, 195

  “Legion of Archangel Michael” (Iron Guard, Romania), 14

  Leipzig, 3, 208

  Lenin, V. I., 8, 12, 52-53

  Leninism, xiii, xiv, 13, 20, 31, 42, 94, 96, 121, 131, 144, 179, 181-182, 185, 195, 199, 242-244, 250, 255, 269, 283, 287

  Lenin shipyard in Gdansk, 129, 264

  Lenski-Leszcyinski, Julian, 12

  Lewin, Moshe, 170-171

  Liberal Club (Czechoslovakia), 259

  Liberals, 155, 178

  Liblice, (Kafka Conference), 91

  Liehm, Antonin, 98-99

  Ligachev, Yegor, 191

  Lilov, Aleksander, 255, 257

  Lipski, Jan Josef, 123

  Literarni Listy, 96

  Lublin Government, 17

  Luca, Vasile, 16, 45, 53

  Lukacs, Georg, 5, 78, 281

  school of critical Marxism, 246

  Lukanov, Andrei, 22, 257

  Luxemburg, Rosa, 61

  Luxemburgism, 12, 61

  Macedonian communists, 273

  de Maizière, Lothar, 252

  Malenkov, Georgy, 22, 55-58

  Malta Conference, 230

  Mandelstam, Nadezhda, 36-37

  Mandelstam, Osip, 37

  Manolescu, Nicolae, 272, 284

  “March on Warsaw” (Red Army, 1920), 8

  Markovic, Ante, 273

  Markus, György, 172

  Markus, Maria, 115

  Marshall Plan, 26, 218, 282

  Marx, Karl, 83, 84, 246

  Marxism, 63, 71, 125, 126, 163, 244

  de-radicalization, 172

  genuine, 49, 188

  humanism, 99, 125

  neo-Marxism, 188

  Soviet style, 28

  and universalism, 228

  Utopian blueprint, 179

  Marxism-Leninism, 2, 87, 113, 213, 237

  betrayal of, 27

  and Brezhnev, 104

  call for global worker solidarity, 135

  as codified by Stalin, 32

  in Czechoslovakia, 93

  in danger, 184

  distortion, 164

  and Gorbachev, 227-228

  self-perpetuation, 100

  weakness of ideology, 62

 

‹ Prev