Fulvous tree duck (from Bengal)
Chinese jade (pre-Columbus), near Amazon/Tapajos River juncture (Barbosa Rodrigues), at Trombetas River, Lago Sapakua, Lago de Faro, Ilha Jacinta, Costa do Parvo, Villa de Faro, Rio Yamunda, Cojmuru
Linguistics Sampan = boat in Brazil and China
Balsa = raft in Brazil and China
Chickens = kik (Venezuela), kikh (India)
Sweet potato = kumar (Peru), kumara (Pacific)
Fulvous tree duck (which fly with difficulty) = irere (Brazil), irere (Guyana), Sarere (Burma), Sarari (India)
Local legends
Guarani legend – their ancestors crossed a great and wide ocean to settle in Amazonia (M. Garcia)
Chinese claims to have discovered Brazil before Cabral Professor Liu Manchum: ‘extremely far Beira’ refers to Brazil
Professor Zhu Jianqui: Zheng He’s fleet still at sea in 1425
Professor Bi Quanzhong: Brazilian delegation left for China in 1501 with map showing way (Notebook of Wilderness – Ming dynasty writer Zu Yun Ming, delegation from Balazi = Brazil)
Illustrated Record of Strange Countries (1430) shows armadillo (unique to South America)
The Complete Herb Book of China (1530) shows herbs unique to South America – Zhong Guo Ben Cao Quan Shu
The Karayaba tribe have Chinese features, skin and hands
Ceramics – Amazonia (Paul Yih and Beloit University Wisconsin)
17. Patagonia and Straits of Magellan
The name ‘Chile’ is Chinese for ‘dependent territory’, and was in use before the Spanish arrived (Molina)
The first Spanish to round the Horn found wrecked junks (Grotius) at Taroja (22°S)
Molina – ancestors of Chileans
Chilean palican (a ball game) is the same as Chowgar (Molina 1)
Chilean chess, Comican (Molina ii 125)
Custom of covering chicken heads (Molina ii 25) 1726
Chileans treat smallpox with milk, similar to Chinese (Molina ii 321)
Chilean knowledge of iron metallurgy (Molina ii 22)
Lassos – same as in China (Molina ii 26)
Qipus – as in China (Molina ii 26), and in Marquesas and Hawaii
Characteristics of Chilean tribes (Molina)
Names of tribes of Chile (Molina): Arvacans – from Arracan (Burma); Promancians – from Prome (on borders of Arracan); Poy-yus – from Po Yeon in Cochin, China; Chuotes from Che Li; Cunches from Cunchi, Szechuan; Pi-Cunches – Northern Condis (Pi = North); Mappuchinians (Mapa in Chinese)
Chinese inscribed stones between Mendoza and La Punta (lats 33°–34°S) and near Diamond River (Ranking)
Legends of giants coming ashore on coast – Garcilaso de la Vega and Pedro Cieza de Leon
Illustrated Record of Strange Countries (1430) shows armadillo (unique to South America)
The Karayaba tribe have Chinese features, skin and hands
Horses on Tierra del Fuego (Sarmiento)
Rabbits on Tierra del Fuego (Magellan)
Chinese DNA (post Bering Straits flooding) of the Toba Indian people of Patagonia
Hookworm/roundworm afflictions of the Lengua people of the Mato Grosso
Piri Reis map shows Patagonia before Europeans arrived, with pictures of guanacos and pumas
The mylodon (alive in 19th century – Darwin) shown in Illustrated Record of Strange Countries and on Piri Reis
First Europeans found rice in Mato Grosso
18. Greenland to North Pole, across Arctic to Bering Straits
Greenland appears on Vinland Map (c.1440) published before Europeans ‘discovered’ the island; map is genuine (2002 radiocarbon dating)
Pope’s letter describes barbarian ship destroying local people by fire and taking them captive c.1418
Columbus reports Chinese people had preceded him to Greenland
Greenland native people (of Hvalsey) have Chinese DNA (post Bering Straits flooding)
Inuit people = Yin Uit (people from Yin) (Martin Tai)
Greenland was habitable for Europeans in 1420 (Sigrid Bjorndottir)
In 1421, climate was warmer than today, evidenced by horse flies; enamel on teeth in graves in Hvalsey; strontium levels in core ice samples taken from Greenland’s glaciers
Due to the earth’s precession, the North Pole as determined by Polaris at 90° elevation was approx. 200nm nearer to Greenland than it is today
Chinese claim to have reached North Pole (Professor Wei’s evidence) which is corroborated by Ju de Yuan’s account of the explorer Dong Fang Shuo (Martin Tai)
Chinese circumpolar star charts, which could only have been drawn by people who had seen the stars at a latitude north of 73°N
In 1870s, a British expedition got to within 19 miles of the latitude of the northern cape of Greenland – by then climate far colder than in 1421
The ‘mini Ice Age’ started in 1432 (Buisman – Dutch Meteorological Institute KNMI and European Union) (G. E. R. Nijman evidence)
1420, 1422 and 1428 summers were extremely dry and hot, and the Arctic north of Siberia was clear of ice in summers of 1422 and 1428 (Buisman)
‘Five consecutive warm winters could lead to the complete melting of the ice in the Arctic Sea’ (Delft Technical University NL)
Siberia appears on Waldseemüller map (1507) drawn two centuries before Europeans ‘discovered’ Siberian coast
The Illustrated Record of Strange Countries (1430) describes Eskimos
D. D. Jevans evidence – Latin MS – Barbarians on the Coast
Korean DNA in north Norwegian and Hebridean fishermen (Professor Bryan Sykes)
Stone cairns
Innu are Chinese (Baxter Smith)
19. Antarctica
Falkland Islands dog ‘the Warrah’ (Charles Darwin); recent DNA investigation
‘Lt Kendall’s foreign seaman’s body’ deep frozen on Deception Island (Geographical Journal 1830 pp.65, 66)
Piri Reis map shows Antarctica well before Europeans arrived
Chinese claims to have reached South Pole (Professor Wei)
Diego Hominems’ map showing Antarctica a decade before Magellan set sail
Ludovico de Varthema’s story of Chinese people setting sail for South Pole by following Southern Cross
20. The Pacific
Note: No Polynesian DNA has been found in South American people (Professor Bryan Sykes); no Inca DNA has been found in Pacific people (Cambridge Study).
Southern route
Senõr Arias’ story of Asian people setting sail across Pacific from South America.
Easter Island: Chinese carved lion (Kerson Huang); array of plants from across the world found by first Europeans; quadrangular observation platform (John Robinson)
Pitcairn: quadrangular stepped observation platform; carved rocks showing star alignments; skeleton with pearl shell from Tuamotu archipelago
Temoe: raised stepped stone observation platform; cotton – wild form of cultivated Gossypium amphidiploid species H.
Tuamotu – Bora Bora: stone platforms
Raia Tea: raised stone platform
Tahiti: ziggurat stone observation platform (Marae of Mahaiatea); cotton – as for Temoe
Society Islands – Tuahaia: round stepped stone observation platform; tokelau disease
Samoa – Savai: tiered observation platforms; tokelau disease
Tonga – Tabu: ziggurat observation platforms and stone archway; tokelau disease; ‘Chinese’ people (Craig Hill Handy)
Fiji: cotton – as for Tahiti and Temoe; tokelau disease
New Caledonia, Magnetic Island: stone pyramid observation platform
Cape York (Australia): cotton, as for Revilagigedo Islands, Marquesas (Temoe), Tahiti, Fiji
The author contends that the people who built the stepped pyramids (see table on here) also brought cotton from the Americas, where no Polynesian DNA has been found. They also brought tokelau disease from Malaysia and China (Fonseca).
Northern route
Revilagig
edo Archipelago: cotton – wild form of cultivated Gossypium amphidiploid species H.
Hawaii: stone fishponds; Menehune aqueduct; Menehune lizards; plants foreign to Hawaii found by first Europeans; stone platforms (Necker) remarkably similar to those of Marquesas
Kiribati (Gilberts)/Malden: stepped stone observation platforms; tokelau disease (Fonseca)
Micronesia: cotton, as in Revilagigedo Archipelago
Marshalls/Marianas: cotton, as in Revilagigedo Archipelago; tokelau disease; stepped stone observation platforms
Solomons – Mala, Ulawa and San Cristobal: stone observation platforms; tokelau disease
Carolines – Pohn Pei, Nan Madol and Tobi: Nan Madol, stone canals, observation platforms and fishponds; Tobi, stone observation platforms; Yao, stone wharves; Lele, canals, stepped stone observation platforms, shell money from North America
New Guinea: tokelau disease
Note: For information on cotton, see Man Across the Sea (ed. Carol Riley, ch.22); for information on stone platforms, see Geographical Journal XIII (1899).
Stepped Pyramid Sizes
21. New Zealand
New Zealand appears on maps published two centuries before Captain Cook ‘discovered’ the islands, viz. Jean Rotz, where the bays of Auckland Island and Campbell Island are drawn with correct latitudes
Captain Cook accepts he was not the first to Australasia
Kumera and cassava were found by first Europeans – the plants originate in South America, and no Polynesian DNA has ever been found in peoples of South America (Professor Bryan Sykes), thus some non-Polynesian people must have charted the islands and brought kumera (Inca people’s DNA is absent from Pacific)
North Island
The Ruapuke wreck, associated with: the ‘Colenso’ bell with its Tamil inscription naming the ship’s owner; the rivet; the jade korotangi – Chinese (F. Hochstetter and V. S. Cullen); inscribed writing on two stones nearby; Tamil plaque on ship (V.S. Cullen); willow-pattern ceramics in ship (E. Allen Aubin); teak wood from wreck (T. B. Hill); copper and iron bolts (Phillips & Liddell); triple hull
Mauku steatite figure
Stone wall at Lake Taupo (Kaimanawa) – a Chinese observation platform
Maori claims that foreigners settled among them and begat children; Maori mitochondrial DNA shows a ‘Chinese’ connection
South Island
Campbell Island – tree from Norfolk Island
Dusky Sound ‘Chinese’ wreck coupled with local history (Robyn Gossett)
Chenopodium album discovered by Cook, 1769 (indigenous to China and North America) (Dave Bell)
Marsh cress (Navajo Indian cosmetic) discovered by French, 1828 (Dave Bell)
Scented grass from Colombia (Dave Bell)
Taro from China
Chinese pigs – kune kune
Kaimanawa wild horses (from Tajikistan?)
New evidence for Zhou Man fleet wreck on south coast
The tsunami off New Zealand can be dated to 1422 (Professor Bryant); Chinese plates have been discovered on cliff tops in South Australia among tsunami debris; meeting waves as high as mountains, as described by Zheng He
A meteorite impact in position 50°S 175°E (Lamont Doherty Observatory USA) could have triggered the tsunami; it hit the sea approximately 100km east of Zhou Man’s track
Classification of wood near wreck (Dave Bell) from Pitcairn
Maori history, extinction of the moa in North Island and the economic consequences (Dave Bell).
Fernandez 1569 expedition to New Zealand, met ‘Chinese’ people wearing white woven garments
Dating of mortar (1676–1764) and wood (1360–1380) from South Island (Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory)
Chinese junk and Chinese Hottentots of south-west Africa (J. Parkinson); flightless duck found in Amazon, Falklands and Campbell Islands; Pitcairn (wood to New Zealand); Niue Island (Chinese linguistics)
Megalithic history of New Zealand – people lived there before Maoris (Dave Bell)
The New Zealand wild pig – Chinese DNA (Antonia Bowen-Jones & Dave Bell)
Maori axes (Perry Debell)
Preliminary discussion on DNA with Professor Susan Povey
Possible scenario
March 1421, fleets sailed; July, Cape of Good Hope; junks wrecked Namibia, crew got ashore (Chinese Hottentots)
October, Amazon; November, Falklands – left flightless ducks, dogs, horses, DNA, diseases
December to May 1422, crossed Pacific leaving trail of evidence
June 1422, landfall SE Australia; sail for Campbell Island (52°40′S, Canopus); leave wreck, Norfolk Islands pine, flightless ducks
August/September, set sail for home; at 50°S 160°E meet tsunami generated by large meteorite, which hit ocean and penetrated the seabed at 50°S 175°E; junks hurled north-west to South Australia and north-north-west to New Zealand’s South Island
Survivors on South Island live peacefully among Melanesians building barracks, reservoirs, fishponds, pig sties, stables; visited by Fernandez’ small fleet in 1569; moa nearing extinction on North Island by 1660s; food scarce; Maoris invade South Island; Chinese build forts (mortar dating) but are eventually wiped out; some are eaten by Maoris, who also take the Chinese women, resulting in ‘modern’ Maori mitochondrial DNA being Chinese and male (Y chromosome) Melanesian
22. Australia
Maps Australia appears on European maps of the Dieppe school published well before Europeans reached Australia, viz. Desliens, Vallard (showing horses), Desceliers, Jean Rotz (1540s)
Australia appears on Jesuit maps drawn when in China, based on Chinese maps, viz. Father Ricci (1589) and Taiwan porcelain map (1447) showing east coast to Tasmania
Zheng He’s passage chart shows Barrier Reef (Martin Tai)
Australia shown on Wu Pei Chi (Sun Shuyun)
Chinese claims (Professor Wei) Confucius, Spring and Autumn Annals (481 BC), recording solar eclipses in Australia
Classics of Mountains and Seas (338 BC) describes kangaroos, quiong-giong, boomerangs and black millet (South Australia)
Shizi (338 BC) reports kangaroos in China
Atlas of Foreign Countries (AD 265–316) describes small black pygmies (North Australia), Jiaojiao people; plants grow leaves in winter, shed them in summer
11th- and 12th-century Franciscan missionaries’ evidence describes voyages by huge fleets of junks (60 to 100) sailing for Australia to mine minerals
Accounts of local people Arnhem Land: paintings of men on horseback (Vallard); ‘honey-coloured people settle amongst us’; ‘women in pantaloons, men in long robes’; cave painting (Governor Grey) of Chinese – compare with Zheng He’s statue in Fujian Palace; painting of man being thrown from horse (Glenelg River); drawings of trees, fauna and flora (Rotz) which are found in Arnhem Land, together with written descriptions
Cape York/Gympie (John Green’s evidence 1862): Fraser Island, ‘small boats leave big ship’; ‘culture heroes sail into Gympie harbour and take away rocks’; Dhamuri people – ‘foreigners land to build pyramids’
South Australia: Warrnambool, Yanguy tribe – yellow people from shipwreck settle amongst them and create eel farms; Glenelty River – drawings of foreign sailors
Linguistics
Bajuni – boat people in Australia (Arnhem Land); in Chinese (Hokkien), joon = boat.
Shipwrecks with ‘Chinese’ characteristics South coast: Warrnambool, mahogany ships (1980 Symposium and Avis Quarrey’s evidence); King Island (Bass Strait); Tasmania (Storm Bay)
West coast: Blackwood River estuary, 34°19′S, 115°11′E (Legend of Sam Chalwell); Perth, King Sound (evidence of Jim Mullins/Norm Fuller)
East coast: Byron Bay – remains 40ft rudder; Woolongong (dated 1410)
Queensland: Fraser Island (J. Green account 1862); 1919 and 1972 photos of cannon (compare with Nanjing photos); North Stradbrooke Island, 18-mile swamp (27°30′S, 153°27′E approx. position); wrecks of Indian Head (Bill Ward); ancient lead weight with Loisels pumice dated 1
410–1630 (Bill Ward)
Arnhem Land and Gulf of Carpentaria: anchors, fish hooks
Chinese porcelain/ceramics/coins/bronzes Bradshaw, Elecho Island, Yirrkalla, Winchelsea Island, Cape York, Gympie, Tasmania
Chinese wine cooler, Fraser’s Island
Palmer River goldfields – Chinese coins
‘Chinese’ jade artefacts Darwin: Chu Lao (Professor Wei and Professor Needham’s evidence)
NSW: Ganesh and Hanuman statuettes
Queensland: Buddha
Gympie (Brett Green): orange-coloured jade carvings of bear/monkey plus belt buckle; necklace of jade on silk cord
Observation platforms
West of Blue Mountains; Penrith; Gympie; Atherton; central NSW coast; Blaxlands Flat, Nymboida, NSW – stone cairns (A. D. Fletcher); Copmanhurst stone cairns (E. N. R. Fletcher)
Ancient mining operations found by first Europeans Gympie: gold, silver, copper, quartz crystals, pure white ceramic clay, limestone, antimony (Brett Green)
Arnhem Land: lead, uranium
Metalwork
Gympie/Fraser Island: bronze Chinese wine cooler (Brett Green)
Plants and animals foreign to Australia From China: lotus and papyrus; from South America: 74 plant species
Brumby horses from Fraser Island (originally from Tajikistan?)
Ma Huan (= Australia, Darwin and Marani) (Martin Tai)
Father Ricci’s map (1589)
Hessel Gerrit’s chart (1618) (M. Righton)
23. The Spice Islands, Indonesia and the Philippines
Fei Xin’s poems – Chinese fleet reached Sulu
Zheng He Research Institute director Nin Dian Nian, published article, ‘Zheng He reached Philippines’
The Pandanan junk: hull wood dated 1440; Zhu Di (1403–24) coins aboard and Zhu Di blue and white porcelain; Dr Dizon’s evidence at Royal Geographical Society, 15 March 2002; in hold were metates from South America
1421: The Year China Discovered the World Page 44
