104 Reagan, An American Life, 466.
105 Schweikart, America’s Victories, ch. 7, passim.
106 Reginald C. Stuart, The Half-Way Pacifist: Thomas Jefferson’s View of War (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1978); Joseph Whelan, Jefferson’s War: America’s First War on Terror 1801-1805 (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2003).
107 McFarlane, “From Beirut to 9/11.”
108 “Marine Explosion, October 23-November 3, 1983,” Box 41, Executive Secretariat, NSC: Country File, RL.
109 Bin Laden quoted in Mark Silverberg, “Paper Tiger,” http://www.jfednepa.org/mark%20silverberg/papertiger.html.
110 John Miller, “Greetings, America. My Name is Osama bin Laden,” Esquire, February 1999, 96-103. See also John J. Miller, Michael Stone, and Chris Mitchell, The Cell: Inside the 9/11 Plot, and Why the FBI and CIA Failed to Stop It (New York: Hyperion Books, 2003).
CHAPTER 7
1 See John Ziegler’s film Media Malpractice: How Obama Got Elected, 2009, http://howobamagotelected.com/.
2 James L. Moses, “Journalistic Impartiality on the Eve of Revolution: The Boston Evening Post, 1770-1775,” Journalism History 20 (Autumn-Winter 1994): 125-30. See also Bernard Bailyn and John Hench, eds., The Press and the American Revolution (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981).
3 Thomas C. Leonard, The Power of the Press The Birth of Political Reporting (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
4 Donald Lewis Shaw, “At the Crossroads: Change and Continuity in American Press News, 1820-1860,” Journalism History 8 (Summer 1981): 38-50 (quotation on 48).
5 Gerald Baldasty, The Commercialization of News in the Nineteenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 47. See also Frederic Hudson, Journalism in the United States from 1690 to 1872 (New York: Harper and Bros., 1873), 432-33.
6 New York Herald, May 6, 1835.
7 L. Edward Carter, “The Revolution in Journalism During the Civil War,” Lincoln Herald 73 (Winter 1971): 229-24 (quotation on 230). See also J. C. Andrews, The North Reports the Civil War (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1955), 6-34; Edwin Emery and Henry Ladd Smith, The Press and America (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1954); and Havilah Babcock, “The Press and the Civil War,” Journalism Quarterly 6 (1929): 1-5.
8 Carter, “The Revolution in Journalism,” 231; Jeffrey A. Smith, War and Press Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 199), 103.
9 Smith, War and Press Freedom, 104-5. See also David T. Z. Mindich, “Edwin M. Stanton, the Inverted Pyramid, and Information Control,” Journalism Monographs 140 (August 1999).
10 Dan Schiller, Objectivity and the News: The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981), 4.
11 James Carey, “The Dark Continent of American Journalism,” in Evea Stryker Munson and Catherine A. Warren, eds., James Carey: A Critical Reader (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 144-90 (quotation on 161).
12 See Jonathan Fenby, The International News Services (New York: Schocken Books, 1986), 25.
13 Sheldon R. Gawiser and G. Evans Witt, A Journalist’s Guide to Public Opinion Polls (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994), 13.
14 Ford Risley, “The Confederate Press Association: Cooperative News Reporting of the War,” Civil War History 47 (September 2001): 222-39.
15 Thrasher quoted in Risley, “Confederate Press Association,” 231.
16 Quoted in Risley, “Confederate Press Association,” 231.
17 Robert W. Jones, Journalism in the United States (New York: Dutton, 1947), 322.
18 Mitchell Stephens, History of News: from the Drum to the Satellite (New York: Viking, 1988), 254.
19 David T. Z. Mindich, Just the Facts (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 67-68. Also see Donald L. Shaw, “At the Crossroads: Change and Continuity in American Press News, 1820-1860,” Journalism History 8 (Summer 1981): 38-50, and “News Bias and the Telegraph: A Study of Historical Change,” Journalism Quarterly 44 (Spring 1967): 3-31; and Michael Schudson, Discovering the News (New York: Basic Books, 1978).
20 Gobright quoted in Mindich, Just the Facts, 109.
21 Harlan S. Stensaas, “Development of the Objectivity Ethic in U.S. Daily Newspapers,” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (Fall/Winter 1986-1987): 50-60; and Shaw, “At the Crossroads.”
22 “American and British Newspaper Press,” Southern Quarterly Review 4 (July 1843): 235-38.
23 William G. Bovee, “Horace Greeley and Social Responsibility,” Journalism Quarterly 63 (Summer 1986): 251-59.
24 W. S. Lilly, “The Ethics of Journalism,” The Forum 4 (July 1889): 503-12; George Henry Payne, History of Journalism in the United States (New York: D. Appleton, 1925), 251-53. Also see standards in the Minnesota Newspaper Association Confidential Bulletin, no. 20 (May 17, 1988): 4-5, and those adopted by Will Irwin, published in Collier’s Magazine (1911), reprinted in Clifford F. Weigle and David G. Clark, eds., The American Newspaper by Will Irwin (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1969).
25 Quoted in Bill Kovach and Tom Rosensteil, Elements of Journalism (New York: Crown, 2001), 53.
26 Oswald Garrison Villard, “Press Tendencies and Dangers,” in Willard G. Bleyer, The Profession of Journalism (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1918), 23.
27 Richard Grant White, “The Pest of the Period: A Chapter in the Morals and Manners of Journalism,” The Galaxy 9 (January 1870): 102-12 (quotation on 107), responding to Edwin Godkin, “Opinion-Moulding,” The Nation 9 (August 12, 1869): 126-27.
28 Thomas K. McCraw, Prophets of Regulation (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1984), 1-56.
29 “Edwin Lawrence Godkin,” The Journalist, July 11, 1891.
30 John H. Summers, “What Happened to Sex Scandals? Politics and Peccadiloes, Jefferson to Kennedy,” Journal of American History 87 (December 2000): 825-54.
31 Casper S. Yost, The Principles of Journalism (New York: D. Appleton, 1924), 154, 110.
32 Richard Grant White, “The Morals and Manners of Journalism,” The Galaxy 8 (December 1869): 840-67 (quotation on 840).
33 Ibid., quotation on 840.
34 W. Irwin, The American Newspaper, Part VII, April 22, 1911, 21.
35 Frederick L. Allen, “Newspapers and the Truth,” Atlantic Monthly, January 1922, 44-54; quotation on the ASNE Web site, http://www.asne.org/index.cfm?ID=3460.
36 Quoted in Bruce J. Evensen, “Journalism’s Struggle over Ethics and Professionalism During America’s Jazz Age,” Journalism History 16 (Autumn-Winter 1989): 54-63, quotation on 55.
37 Cited in ibid., 54.
38 Cited in Jim Kuypers, Press Bias and Politics: How the Media Frame Controversial Issues (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), 201.
39 “Code of Ethics,” Society for Professional Journalists, http://spj.org/ethics/code/htm.
40 “Associated Press, Code of Ethics,” http://www.asne.org/ideas/codes/apme.htm.
41 James L. Aucoin, “The Re-emergence of American Investigative Journalism, 1960- 1975,” Journalism History 21 (Spring 1995): 3-13.
42 Robert D. Leigh, ed., A Free and Responsible Press (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 23.
43 White, “The Pest of the Period.”
44 As historian Robert Loewenberg observed, this resulted in a situation in which facts become interpretations (Robert Loewenberg, “‘Value-Free’ vs. ‘Value-Laden’ History: A Distinction Without a Difference,” The Historian 38 (May 1976): 439-54. CNN reporter Christianne Amanpour echoed Loewenberg’s assessment: Objectivity meant “giving all sides a fair hearing, but not treating all sides equally. . . . So ‘objectivity’ must go hand in hand with morality” (Christiane Amanpour, “Television’s Role in Foreign Policy,” Quill 84 [April 1996]: 16-17).
45 Lou Guzzo to the author, January 27, 2001, via e-mail.
46 Ibid.
47 Ibid.
48 E-mail exchanges with Lou Guzzo, various dates, 2001.
49 Robert J. Donovan and Ray Scherer, Unsilent Revolution (Cambridge, Engl
and: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 266.
50 Gabriel Weimann, The Influentials: People Who Influence People (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), 91.
51 Joseph Keeley, Left-Leaning Antenna: Political Bias in Television (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1971), 28.
52 Theodore H. White, on William F. Buckley’s Firing Line, quoted in ibid., 47.
53 Hugh Hewitt, “‘Inbreeding’ Among Royals, Pitbulls and Editors,” July 12, 2006, http://www.townhall.com/Columnists/HughHewitt/2006/07/12/inbreeding_among_royals,_pitbulls,_and_editors.
54 Ibid.
55 Hugh Hewitt, “The Media’s Ancien Regime: Columbia Journalism School Tries to Save the Old Order,” January 30, 2006, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/619njpsr.asp.
56 Barbie Zelizer, Covering the Body (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 40.
57 Ibid., 35.
58 “President’s Assassin Shot to Death,” New York Times, November 25, 1963.
59 “The Marxist Marine,” Newsweek, December 2, 1963.
60 An analysis of the failures of the media in the Kennedy assassination do not require one to believe in a conspiracy to conclude that both television and newspapers, perhaps because of their having been co-opted by “Camelot,” or perhaps for other reasons, failed utterly to provide the public with all the relevant information. To have done so would have preempted dozens of conspiracy books and perhaps killed that cottage industry in its cradle. See Larry Schweikart and Jim Kuypers, “First, the Bad News,” working title, ms. in authors’ possession.
61 Keeley, Left-Leaning Antenna, 45.
62 David Frum, How We Got Here (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 36.
63 Charlotte Observer, June 26, 1977.
64 Chalmers Roberts, The Washington Post: The First 100 Years, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1977).
65 Oscar Patterson III, “Television’s Living Room War in Print: Vietnam in the News Magazines,” Journalism Quarterly 61 (Spring 1984): 35-39, 136.
66 “Vietnam and Electronic Journalism,” Broadcasting, May 19, 1975, 26.
67 Daniel Hallin, “The Media, the War in Vietnam, and Political Support: A Critique of the Thesis of an Oppositional Media,” Journal of Politics 46 (February 1984): 2-24, table on 8.
68 Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 895.
69 Ibid.
70 Ibid.
71 Ibid.
72 Gladys Engel Lang and Kurt Lang, “The Media and Watergate,” in Doris A. Graber, ed., Media Power in Politics (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1984), 202-9, quotation on 204.
73 Von Hoffman quoted in James Boylan, “Declarations of Independence,” Columbia Journalism Review, Nov./Dec. 1986, pp. 29-45. The “frame” was ideological, not financial: Fred McChesney found no significant effects on the stock value of The Washington Post as a result of the investigation. See Fred S. McChesney, “Sensationalism, Newspaper Profits and the Marginal Value of Watergate,” Economic Inquiry 25 (January 1987): 135-44.
74 Len Colodny and Robert Gettlin, Silent Coup: The Removal of a President (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991). See also Schweikart, 48 Liberal Lies About American History (New York: Sentinel, 2008), 134-38; Maureen K. Dean and John Dean v. St. Martin’s Press, Inc., Len Colodny, Robert Gettlin, G. Gordon Liddy, and Philip Mackin Bailey (1996), http://www.nixonera.com/media/transcripts/liddy.pdf.
75 Richard Nixon, “Memo to President Bush: How to Use TV—and Keep From Being Abused by It,” TV Guide, January 14, 1989, 26-30.
76 Ibid.
77 Seymour Martin Lipset and William Schneider, The Confidence Gap (New York: Free Press, 1983), 48-49.
78 Ibid., 55.
79 Stanley Rothman and Amy E. Black, “Media and Business Elites: Still in Conflict?” Public Interest, Spring 2001, 72-86, esp. 83-84.
80 John Leo, “Bad News,” New York Daily News, April 15, 2000.
81 Ibid.
82 Jonathan Cohn, writing in the American Prospect, quoted in James Fallows, Breaking the News: How the Media Undermine American Democracy (New York: Vintage Books, 1997), 79.
83 Michael Kelly, “The Game,” New York Times Magazine, October 1993, 65.
84 Joel Kotkin and David Friedman, “Clueless: Why the Elite Media Don’t Understand America,” The American Enterprise, November 11, 1999, 29.
85 Ibid.
86 Stephen Hess, The Washington Reporters (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1981), 87.
87 Excerpts from David Weaver et al., “The American Journalist in the 21st Century,” available online at www.poynter.org.
88 Shosteck’s results are reported in Robert McFarland, “Conservatives Can Beat Liberal Media Bias,” CNSNews.com, May 25, 2000.
89 K. Daniel Glover, “The NRA and the Press: A Case Study in Media Bias,” Intellectual Capital.com, September 2, 1999.
90 Will Lester, “Web Attracts Younger News Audience,” Washington Post online edition, June 11, 2000.
91 Matt Drudge, “Cable Quake: FOX News Beats CNN in Ratings; First Time During Breaking Event,” www.drudgereport.com, June 27, 2000.
92 Paula Bernstein, “CNN Ratings Slip; FOX News Up 22% in 3Q!” Reuters, October 3, 2000.
93 Tom Bierbaum, “FOX News Trounces the Cable Competition on Inauguration Saturday,” January 23, 2001, www.inside.com.
94 “Study: Viewers Disgusted with Local TV News,” www.DrudgeReport.com, April 20, 2000, citing a forthcoming Los Angeles Daily News article.
95 Bernard Goldberg, A Slobbering Love Affair: The True (and Pathetic) Story of the Torrid Romance Between Barack Obama and the Mainstream Media (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2009), 12.
96 Ibid., 66.
97 Ron Robinson, Young America’s Foundation, 2009, copy in author’s possession.
98 Robinson, comments in Speech at Young America’s Foundation, 2009.
99 Goldberg, A Slobbering Love Affair, 7.
100 Ibid., 30.
101 Ibid., 140.
102 Ibid., 30.
103 “Juan Williams Decries ‘High Tide’ of Media ‘Kowtowing’ to Obama,” http://newsbusters.org/blogs/brent-baker/2009/06/20/juan-williams-decries-high-tide-media-kowtowing-obama; Goldberg, A Slobbering Love Affair, 153.
104 “Love or Lust, Obama and the Fawning Press Need to Get a Room,” http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/bronstein/detail?blogid=47&entry_id=41380.
105 “Obama’s First 100 Days: How the President Fared in the Press vs. Clinton and Bush,” Pew Research Center, April 28, 2009, http://www.journalism.org/analysis_report/obamas_first_100_days.
106 Robert J. Samuelson, “The Obama Infatuation,” Washington Post, June 1, 2009.
107 “Media Boost Obama, Bash His Policies,” Center for Media and Public Affairs, April 27, 2009, http://www.cmpa.com/media_room_4_27_09.htm.
108 Goldberg, A Slobbering Love Affair, 5.
109 Ibid., 9.
110 Ibid., 152.
111 “The Radical Roots of Barack Obama,” Rolling Stone, February 22, 2007.
112 Goldberg, A Slobbering Love Affair, 55.
CONCLUSION
1 Mark R. Levin, Men in Black: How the Supreme Court Is Destroying America (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2005); Andrew Napolitano, Constitutional Chaos: What Happens When the Government Breaks Its Own Laws (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2006), and his The Constitution in Exile: How the Federal Government Has Seized Power by Rewriting the Supreme Law of the Land (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2007); and Stephen P. Powers and Stanley Rothman, The Least Dangerous Branch?: Consequences of Judicial Activism (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2002).
INDEX
Abu Nidal Organization
Adams, Abigail
Adams, John
government size and
terrorism and
Adams, John Quincy
national road and
Africa
Agriculture, Department of
Ahrens, Pete
AIDS
Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)
Albany Regency
al-Qaeda
American Builder’s Review
American Heart Association (AHA)
American Historical Review
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
American Life, An (Reagan)
American Red Cross
American Society of Clinical Nutrition
American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE)
Amin
antitrust laws
Appetite for Change (Belasco)
Appice, Carmine
Apple Records
Appleton, Nathan
Arab Mind Considered, The: A Need for Understanding (Laffin)
Arafat, Yasir
Argov, Shlomo
Armstrong, Louis
Army Corps of Engineers
Arthur, Chester A.
Articles of Confederation
arts
Ashcroft, John
Associated Press (AP)
Atkins, Robert
automobiles
Ayers, Bill
Azzam, Abdullah
Baader, Andreas
Baez, Joan
Baldasty, Gerald
Banisadr, Abolhassan
Bank of Italy
Bank of the United States (BUS)
Baraka, Amiri
Barton, Clara
Beach Boys
Beard, Charles
Beatles
Beecher, Henry Ward
Begin, Menachem
Beirut
Belasco, Warren James
Bennett, James Gordon
Bennett, Lerone
Benoit, Frederick
Bensel, Richard
Berlin Wall
Bernard, Claude
Berry, Chuck
Best, Pete
Biddle, Nicholas
Biermann, Wolf
Bingay, Malcolm
Bin Laden, Mohammed
Bin Laden, Osama
Bishop, Maurice
Bittlingmayer, George
Blackburn, Henry
Blackmore, Ritchie
Blair, Francis Preston
Blanco, Kathleen
Blood, Sweat & Tears
Blow, Peter
Bogert, Tim
Seven Events That Made America America Page 32
