Smith, D. A., and Davidson, L. A. 1986. Interfacing indicators and constructs in criminological research: A note on the comparability of self-report violence data for race and sex groups. Criminology 24:473-487.
Smith, D. I., and Kirkham, R. W. 1982. Relationship between intelligence and driving record. Accident Analysis and Prevention 14:439-442.
Smith, J. P. 1984. Race and human capital. Am. Econ. Rev. 74:685-698.
Smith, J. P. 1989. Children among the poor. Demography 26:235-248.
Smith, J. P., and Welch, F. 1987. Race and poverty: A forty-year record. AEA Papers and Proceedings 77:152-158.
Smith, J. P., and Welch, F. R. 1989. Black economic progress after Myrdal. J. of Econ. Literature 27:519-564.
Smith, S. M. 1975. The Battered Child Syndrome. London: Butterworth.
Smith, S. M., and Hanson, R. 1975. Interpersonal relationships and childrearing practices in 214 parents of battered children. British J. of Psychiatry 125:513-525.
Smith, S. M., Hanson, R., and Noble, S. 1974. Social aspects of the battered baby syndrome. British J. of Psychiatry 125:568-582.
Snow, R. E. 1982. The training of intellectual aptitude. In How and How Much Can Intelligence Be Increased. D. K. Detterman and R. J. Sternberg (eds.). Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Corp., pp. 1-37.
Snyderman, M., and Herrnstein, R. J. 1983. Intelligence tests and the Immigration Act of 1924. Am. Psychologist 38:986-995.
Snyderman, M., and Rothman, S. 1988. The IQ Controversy: The Media and Public Policy. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.
Solon, G. 1992. Intergenerational income mobility in the United States. Am. Econ. Rev. 82:393-408.
Soloway, R. A. 1982. Birth Control and the Population Question in England, 1877-1930. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.
Sommer, R., and Sommer, B. A. 1983. Mystery in Milwaukee: Early intervention, IQ, and psychology textbooks. Am. Psychologist 38:982-985.
South, S. J. 1985. Economic conditions and the divorce rate: A timeseries analysis of the postwar United States. J. of Marriage and the Family 47:31-41.
South, S. J. 1993. Racial and ethnic differences in the desire to marry. J. of Marriage and the Family 55:357-370.
South, S. J., and Lloyd, K. M. 1992. Marriage markets and nonmarital fertility in the United States. Demography 29:247-264.
Sowell, T. 1981. Ethnic America: A History. New York: Basic Books.
Sowell, T. 1989. The new racism on campus. Fortune, February 13, pp. 115-116.
Sowell, T. 1992. Inside American Education: The Decline, the Deception, the Dogmas. New York: Free Press.
Spanier, G. B., and Glick, P. C. 1980. Mate selection differentials between whites and blacks in the United States. Social Forces 58:707-725.
Spearman, C. S. 1904. “General intelligence,” objectively determined and measured. Am. J. of Psych. 15:201-209.
Spearman, C. 1927. The Abilities of Man. New York: Macmillan.
Sperl, T. C., Ree, M. J., and Steuck, K.W. 1990. Air Force Officer Qualifying Test (AFOQT) and Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) : Analysis of Common Measurement Attributes. Brooks Air Force Base, Tex.: Air Force Systems Command.
Spitz, H. H. 1986. The Raising of Intelligence: A Selected History of Attempts to Raise Retarded Intelligence. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Spitz, H. H. 1992. Does the Carolina Abecedarian early intervention project prevent sociocultural mental retardation? Intelligence 16:225-237.
Spuhler, J. N. 1968. Assortative mating with respect to physical characteristics. Social Biology 15:128-140.
Stanley, D. T., Mann, D. E., and Doig, J. W. 1967. Men Who Govern: A Biographical Profile of Federal Political Executives. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Stanley, J. C., Feng, C. D., and Zhu, X. 1989. Chinese youths who reason extremely well mathematically: Threat or bonanza? In Network News and Views, vol. 8. Washington, D.C.: Educational Excellence Network, pp. 33-39.
Staples, R. 1985. Changes in black family structure: The conflict between family ideology and structural conditions. J. of Marriage and the Family 47:1005-1013.
Steele, B. 1987. Psychodynamic factors in child abuse. In The Battered Child. 4th ed. R. E. Helfer and R. S. Kempe (eds.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 81-114.
Steele, S. 1991. The Content of Our Character. New York: Basic Books.
Stein, Z., Susser, M., Saenger, G., and Marolla, F. 1972. Nutrition and mental performance. Science 178:708-713.
Stephen, E. H., Rindfuss, R. R., and Bean, F. D. 1988. Racial differences in contraceptive choice: Complexity and implications. Demography 25:53-70.
Sternberg, R. J. 1985. General intellectual ability. In Human Abilities: An Information-Processing Approach. R. J. Sternberg (ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, pp. 5-30.
Sternberg, R. J. 1988. The Triarchic Mind: A New Theory of Human Intelligence. New York: Penguin.
Stevenson, H. W., and Azuma, H. 1983. IQ in Japan and the United States: Methodological problems in Lynn’s analysis. Nature 306:291-292.
Stevenson, H., Lee, S.-Y., Chen, C., Lummis, M., Stigler, J., Fan, L., and Ge, F. 1990. Mathematics achievement of children in China and the United States. Child Development 61:1053-1066.
Stevenson, H., Stigler, J. W., Lee, S., Lucker, G. W., Kitamura, S., and Hsu, C. 1985. Cognitive performance of Japanese, Chinese, and American children. Child Development 56:718-734.
Stewart, N. 1947. A.G.C.T. scores of army personnel grouped by occupation. Occupation 26:5-41.
Stigler, S. S. 1986. The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Storfer, M. D. 1990. Intelligence and Giftedness: The Contributions of Heredity and Early Environment. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Straus, M. A., and Gelles, R. J. 1986. Societal change and change in family violence from 1975 to 1985 as revealed in two national surveys. J. of Marriage and the family 48:465-479.
Straus, M. A., Gelles, R. J., and Steinmetz, S. K. 1980. Behind Closed Doors: Violence in the American Family. New York: Anchor Books.
Straus, R. P., and Sawyer, E. A. 1986. Some new evidence on teacher and student competencies. Economics of Education Rev. 5:41-48.
Stromsdorfer, E. W. 1987. Economic evaluation of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act. Evaluation Rev. 11:387-393.
Sturdivant, F. D., and Adler, R. D. 1976. Executive origins: Still a gray flannel world? Harvard Business Rev. 54:125-132.
Sue, S., and Okazaki, S. 1990. Asian-American educational achievements: A phenomenon in search of an explanation. Am. Psychologist 45:913-920.
Sussman, M. B., and Steinmetz, S. K. (eds.). 1987. Handbook of Marriage and the Family. New York: Plenum Press.
Sutherland, E. H. 1931. Mental deficiency and crime. In Social Attitudes. K. Young (ed.). New York: Holt, pp. 357-375.
Sweet, J. A., and Bumpass, L. L. 1987. American Families and Households. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Sweet, J. A., and Rindfuss, R. R. 1983. Those ubiquitous fertility trends: United States, 1945-1979. Social Biology 30:127-139.
Takagi, D. Y. 1990. From discrimination to affirmative action: Facts in the Asian American admissions controversy. Social Problems 37:578-592.
Takuma, T. 1966. On the early physical conditions influencing the development of intelligence. Japanese J. of Psych. 37:257-268.
Tambs, K., Sundet, J. M., Magnus, P., and Berg, K. 1989. Genetic and environmental contributions to the covariance between occupational status, educational attainment, and IQ: A study of twins. Behavior Genetics 19:209-222.
Taubman, P., and Wales, T. 1972. Mental Ability and Higher Educational Attainment in the 20th Century. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Taylor, J. 1992. Paved with Good Intentions: The Failure of Race Relations in Contemporary America. New York: Carroll & Graf.
Taylor, J. G., and Smith, P. C. 1956. An investigation of the shape of learning curves for industrial motor
tasks. J. of Applied Psych. 40: 142-149.
Taylor, L., and Skanes, G. 1977. A cross-cultural examination of some of Jensen’s hypotheses. Canadian J. of Behavioural Sciences 9:315-322.
Teachman, J. D. 1985. Historical and subgroup variations in the association between marriage and first childbirth: A life-course perspective. J. of Family History 10:379-401.
Teachman, J. D., Polonko, K. A., and Scanzoni, J. 1987. Demography of the family. In Handbook of Marriage and the Family. M. B. Sussman and S. K. Steinmetz (eds.). New York: Plenum Press, pp. 3-36.
Teasdale, T. W., and Owen, D. R. 1989. Continuing secular increases in intelligence and a stable prevalence of high intelligence levels. Intelligence 13:255-262.
Teasdale, T. W., Sørenson, T. I. A., and Owen, D. R. 1984. Social class in adopted and nonadopted siblings. Behavior Genetics 14:587-593.
Terman, L. M. 1942. The vocational successes of intellectually gifted individuals. Occupations 20:493-498.
Terman, L. M., and Oden, M. H. 1947. The Gifted Child Grows Up: TwentyFive Years’ Follow-up of a Superior Group. Genetic Studies of Genius, vol. 4. Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press.
Terrell, F., and Terrell, S. L. 1983. The relationship between race of examiner, cultural mistrust, and the intelligence test performance of black children. Psych. in the Schools 20:367-369.
Thornberry, T. P., Moore, M., and Christianşon, R. L. 1985. The effect of dropping out of high school on subsequent criminal behavior. Criminology 23:3-18.
Thorndike, R. L. 1971. Concepts of culture fairness. J. of Educational Measurement 8:63-70.
Thorndike, R. L. 1986. The role of general ability in prediction. J. of Vocational Behavior 29:332-339.
Thurstone, L. L. 1938. Primary Mental Abilities. Psychometric Monographs 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tildsley, J. L. 1936. The Mounting Waste of the American Secondary School. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Tolson, T., and Wilson, M. 1990. The impact of two—and three-generational black family structure on perceived family climate. Child Development 61:416-428.
Topel, R. 1993. What have we learned from empirical studies of unemployment and turnover? Am. Econ. Rev. 83:110-115.
Tribe, L. H. 1988. American Constitutional Law. New York: Foundation Press.
Trickett, P. K., Aber, J. L., Carlson, V., and Cicchetti, D. 1991. Relationship of socioeconomic status to the etiology and developmental sequelae of physical child abuse. Developmental Psych. 27:148-158.
Tucker, M. B., and Taylor, R. J. 1989. Demographic correlates of relationship status among black Americans. J. of Marriage and the Family 51:655-665.
Tuddenham, R. D. 1948. Soldier intelligence in World Wars I and II. Am. Psychologist 3:54-56.
Turkheimer, E. 1991. Individual and group differences in adoption studies of IQ. Psychological Bull. 110:392-405.
Turner, R., Hall, V., and Grimmett, S. 1973. Effects of familiarization feedback on the performance of lower-class and middle-class kindergarteners on the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices. J. of Educational Psych. 65:356-363.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1975. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States. Series P-60. Annual. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Poverty in the United States. Series P-60. Annual. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States, Annual. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1988. Study of National Incidence and Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, D.C.: Office of Human Development Services.
U.S. Department of Labor. 1970. Manual for the USTES General Aptitude Test Battery. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Labor. 1993. Employment and Earnings. 40:1.
Valdez, R. S., and Valdez, C. 1983. Detecting predictive bias: The WISC-R vs. achievement scores of Mexican-American and non-minority students. Learning Disability Quarterly 6:440-447.
Valen, L. V. 1974. Brain size and intelligence in man. Am. J. of Physical Anthropology 40:417-423.
Valencia, R. R., and Rankin, R. J. 1988. Evidence of bias in predictive validity on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for children in samples of Anglo and Mexican American children. Psych. in the Schools 25:257-266.
Valencia, R. R., and Rankin, R. J. 1985. Evidence of context bias on the McCarthy Scales with Mexican American children: Implications for test translation and nonbiased assessment. J.of Educational Psych. 77:197-207.
Vance, S. C. 1966. Higher education for the executive elite. California Management Rev. 8:21-30.
VanCourt, M., and Bean, F. D. 1985. Intelligence and fertility in the United States: 1912-1982. Intelligence 9:23-32.
Verba, S., and Nie, N. H. 1972. Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Vernon, P. A. 1982. The Abilities and Achievements of Orientals in North America. New York: Academic Press.
Vernon, P. A. 1983. Speed of information processing and general intelligence. Intelligence 7:53-70.
Vernon, P. A., et al. 1985. Reaction times and speed of processing: Their relationship to timed and untimed measures of intelligence. Intelligence 9:357.
Vernon, P. E. 1950. The Structure of Human Abilities. New York: Wiley.
Vincent, K. R. 1991. Black/white IQ differences: Does age make the difference? J. of Clinical Psych. 47:266-270.
Vining, D. R., Jr. 1982a. Fertility differentials and the status of nations: A speculative essay on Japan and the West. Mankind Quarterly 22:311-353.
Vining, D. R., Jr. 1982b. On the possibility of the reemergence of a dysgenic trend with respect to intelligence in American fertility differentials. Intelligence 6:241-264.
Vining, D. R., Jr. 1986. Social versus reproductive success: The central theoretical problem of human sociobiology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:167-216.
Wah, D. M., and Robinson, D. S. 1990. Examinee and score trends for the GRE general test: 1977-78, 1982-83, 1986-87, and 1987-88. Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service.
Wainer, H. 1988. How accurately can we assess changes in minority performance on the SAT? Am. Psychologist 43:774-778.
Waldman, I. D., Weinberg, R. A., and Scarr, S. In press. Racial group differences in IQ in the Minnesota transracial adoption study: A reply to Levin and Lynn. Intelligence.
Walker, D. A. 1976. The IEA Six Subject Survey: An Empirical Study of Education in Twenty-one Countries. New York: Wiley.
Waller, J. H. 1971. Differential reproduction: Its relation to IQ test score, education, and occupation. Social Biology 18:122-136.
Walsh, J. 1979. Does high school grade inflation mask a more alarming trend? Science 203:982.
Warner, W. L., and Abegglen, J. C. Big Business Leaders in America. New York: Harper & Bros.
Wasserman, G., , Brunelli, S., Garcia-Castro, M., and Necos, B. 1990. Psychosocial attributes and life experiences of disadvantaged minority mothers: Age and ethnic variations. Child Development 61:566-580.
Watkins, M. P., and Meredith, W. 1981. Spouse similarity in newly-weds with respect to specific cognitive abilities, socio-economic status and education. Behavioral Genetics 11:1-11.
Wattenberg, B. J. 1987. The Birth Dearth. New York: Pharos Books.
Wattenberg, B. J., and Zinsmeister, K. 1990. The case for more immigration. Commentary (April): 19-25.
Weekley, J. A., et al. 1985. A comparison of three methods of estimating the standard deviation of performance in dollars. J. of Applied Psych. 70:122-126.
Weikart, D. P., Epstein, A. S., Schweinhart, L., and Bond, J. T. 1978. The Ypsilanti Preschool Curriculum Demonstration Project: Preschool Years and Longitudinal Results. Ypsilanti, Mich.: Hi
gh/Scope Educational Research Foundation.
Weinberg, R. A., Scarr, S., and Waldman, I. D. 1992. The Minnesota transracial adoption study: A follow-up of IQ test performance at adolescence. Intelligence 16:117-135.
Weiss, J. G. 1987. It’s time to examine the examiners. Negro Educational Rev. 38:107-124.
Weitzman, R. A. 1982. The prediction of college achievement by the Scholastic Aptitude Test and the high school record. J. of Educational Measurement 19:179-191.
Weitzmann, F., Wiener, N. I., Wiesenthal, D. L, and Ziegler, M. 1990. Differential K theory and racial hierarchies. Canadian Psych. 31:1-13.
Welch, F. 1973. Black-white differences in returns to schooling. Am. Econ. Rev. 63:893-907.
Welch, F. 1981. Affirmative action and its enforcement. Am. Econ. Rev. 71:127-133.
Welsh, J. R., Jr., Watson, T. W., and Ree, M. J. 1990. Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) : Predicting Military Criteria from General and Specific Abilities. AFHRL-TR-90-63. Brooks Air Force Base, Tex.: Air Force Systems Command.
Werner, E. E. 1989. High risk children in young adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to 32 years. Am. J. of Orthopsychiatry 59:72-81.
Werner, E. E., and Smith, R. S. 1982. Vulnerable. But Invincible: A Longitudinal Study of Resilient Children and Youth. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Wessely, S., and Taylor, P.J. 1991. Madness and crime: Criminology versus psychiatry. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 1:193-228.
Whimbey, A. 1985. Focusing on trainable g. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:245-246.
White, E. 1969. Intelligence, individual differences, and learning: An approach to political socialization. British J. of Sociology 20:50-66.
White, J. L., Moffitt, T. E., and Silva, P. A. 1989. A prospective replication of the protective effects of IQ in subjects at high risk for juvenile delinquency. J. of Consulting and Clinical Psych. 57:719-724.
White, S., et al. 1988. Beyond intelligence testing. National Forum: Phi Kappa Phi J. 68:2-29.
White, T. H. 1958. The Once and Future King. New York: Putnam.
White, W. F., Nylin, W. C., and Esser, P. R. 1985. Academic course grades as better predictors of graduation from a commuter-type college than SAT scores. Psychological Reports 56:375-378.
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life Page 100
