by Naomi Klein
32. USA Today, 5 August 1997, B1.
33. Helen Cooper and Thomas Kamm, “Europe Firms Lift Unemployment by Laying Off Unneeded Workers,” Wall Street Journal, 3 June 1998.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Cooper and Kamm, “Europe Firms Lift Unemployment.”
37. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics.
38. Bruce Steinberg, “Temporary Help Annual Update for 1997,” Contemporary Times, Spring 1998.
39. Bernstein, “Outsourced —And Out of Luck.”
40. Ibid.
41. Peters, The Circle of Innovation, 240.
42. Steinberg, “Temporary Help Annual Update for 1997.”
43. Chris Benner, “Shock Absorbers in the Flexible Economy: The Rise of Contingent Employment in Silicon Valley,” May 1996. Published by Working Partnerships USA.
44. Leslie Helm, “Microsoft Testing Limits on Temp Worker Use,” Los Angeles Times, 7 December 1997, D1.
45. Ibid.
46. Microsoft won’t divulge how many temps it uses but the 5,750 figure comes from the National Writers Union, which came to it by counting the number of E-mail addresses at Microsoft that begin with the “a-” prefix. The “a” stands for “agency” and is on all the temps’ accounts.
47. Helm, “Microsoft Testing Limits.”
48. TechWire, 26 July 1997.
49. Business Insurance, 9 December 1996, 3.
50. Kevin Ervin, “Microsoft Clarifies Relationship with Temporary Workers,” Knight Ridder Tribune Business News, 24 June 1998.
51. Alex Fryer, “Temporary Fix at Microsoft?” Seattle Times, 16 December 1997, A1.
52. Remarks by Bob Herbold, Seattle, Washington, 24 July 1997. From transcript.
53. Helm, “Microsoft Testing Limits.”
54. Jonathan D. Miller, “Microsoft cutting back? In one sense it has, official says,” Eastside Journal (Bellevue WA), 17 July 1997.
55. Remarks by Bob Herbold, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Microsoft Corporation Annual Shareholders’ Meeting, 14 November 1997, Seattle, Washington.
56. Peters, The Circle of Innovation, 184–85.
57. Daniel H. Pink, “Free Agent Nation,” Fast Company, December 1997/January 1998.
58. “Opportunity Rocks!” Details, June 1997, 103.
59. Ron Lieber, “Don’t Believe the Hype,” Details, June 1997, 113.
60. “How We Work Now,” Newsweek, 1 February 1999.
61. “Nonstandard Work, Substandard Jobs: Flexible Work Arrangements in the U.S.,” Economic Policy Institute, Washington, DC.
62. Benner, “Shock Absorbers in the Flexible Economy.”
63. Employment and Unemployment in 1997: The Continuing Jobs Crisis, Canadian Labour Congress.
64. Clive Thompson, “The Temp,” This Magazine, February 1998, 32.
65. San Francisco Examiner, 27 April 1998, D27.
66. Wall Street Journal, 22 May 1998 (on-line).
67. Pink, “Free Agent Nation.”
68. Wall Street Journal, 23 February 1998, A22.
69. “Runaway CEO Pay,” on AFL-CIO’s Executive PayWatch Web site.
70. “Executive Excess ’98: Fifth Annual Executive Compensation Survey” (Boston: United for a Fair Economy), 23 April 1998.
71. Globe and Mail, “Report On Business,” 21 April 1998.
72. Jennifer Reingold, “Executive Pay,” Business Week, 20 April 1998, 64–70.
73. From “Corporate Success, Social Failure, Corporate Credibility,” a speech given to the Canadian Club of Toronto, 23 February 1998.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: BREEDING DISLOYALTY
1. Keffo, editorial, Temp Slave, Issue 11.
2. “A Wake-up Call for Business,” Business Week, 1 September 1997, 26–27.
3. World Development Movement, “Corporate Giants: Their grip on the world’s economy.” The 5 percent of world employment relates to both direct and indirect employment (73 million, or two-thirds, are directly employed). This figure comes from the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), occasional paper no. 5, written by Eric Kolodner. Figure on percentage of world’s productive assets comes from the UNCTAD’s 1994 World Investment Report.
4. “Global 500,” Fortune, 29 July 1991 and 3 August 1998. Companies are ranked by revenue.
5. Challenger, Gray & Christmas and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1999.
6. “UNCTAD Sounds Warning on Globalization,” UNCTAD press release, 11 September 1997.
7. “Poverty Amid Consumer Affluence,” UN Human Development Report 1998 press release, 9 September 1998.
8. Aaron Bernstein, “The Wage Squeeze,” Business Week, 17 July 1995, 54–62.
9. Bertrand Russell, Ideas and Beliefs of the Victorians: An historic revaluation of the Victorian Age (London: Sylvan Press, 1949), 20.
10. When Alan Greenspan commented that the rate of growth could not continue without, eventually, a corresponding increase in wages, The Wall Street Journal responded: “At the moment, the share of total gross domestic product that businesses keep is at a three-decade high of about 10 per cent, while the portion going to workers has slipped somewhat in recent years to 58 per cent. Changing that balance could be healthy for the economy, putting more money in the hands of consumers and dampening the possibility of social unrest.”
11. J. Walker Smith and Ann Clurman, Rocking the Ages: The Yankelovich Report on Generational Marketing (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 102.
12. American Demographics, May 1996.
13. Business Week, 3 November 1997.
14. Debbie Goad, “Hello, My Name Is Temp 378,” Temp Slave, Issue 10, 6.
15. Steven Greenhouse, New York Times Service, printed in International Herald Tribune, 31 March 1998, 1.
16. Helm, “Microsoft Testing Limits …”
17. Greenhouse, New York Times Service. The worker quoted is Rebecca Hughes, who edited CD-ROMs at Microsoft as a permatemp for three years.
18. Charles Handy, The Hungry Spirit (London: Hutchinson, 1997), 70–71.
19. Hal Niedzviecki, “Stupid Jobs Are Good to Relax With,” This Magazine, January/February 1998, 16–19.
CHAPTER TWELVE: CULTURE JAMMING
1. Personal interview.
2. Saul D. Alinsky, Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals (Random House: New York, 1971), 152.
3. Personal interview. Many adbusters I interviewed chose to remain anonymous.
4. Personal interview.
5. Mary Kuntz, “Is Nothing Sacred,” Business Week, 18 May 1998, 130–37.
6. Ibid.
7. Personal interview.
8. Personal interview.
9. Katz, Just Do It, 39.
10. New York Times, 4 April 1990, B1. DeWitt F. Helm Jr., president of the Association of National Advertisers, called the whitewashing over cigarette and alcohol ads by church groups “vigilante censorship.”
11. Alison Fahey, “Outdoor Feels the Drought,” Advertising Age, 6 August 1990, 3.
12. “The Greatest Taste Around,” Dispepsi, Negativland, 1997.
13. “Soda Pop,” Entertainment Weekly, 26 September 1997.
14. Susan J. Douglas, Where the Girls Are (Times Books: New York, 1994), 227.
15. Personal interview.
16. Stephanie Strom, “Billboard Owners Switching, Not Fighting,” New York Times, 4 April 1990, B1.
17. Steinem, “Sex, Lies & Advertising.”
18. Personal interview.
19. John Seabrook, “The Big Sellout,” New Yorker, 20 & 27 October 1997, 182–95.
20. Bob Paquin, “E-Guerrillas in the Mist,” Ottawa Citizen, 26 October 1998.
21. Personal interview.
22. Manifesto produced by Earth First! in Brighton, England.
23. Guerrilla Shots 1, no. 1.
24. Carrie McLaren, “Advertising the Uncommercial,” Escandola, published by Matador Records, November 1995.
25. Jim Boothroyd, “ABC Opens t
he Door,” Adbusters, Winter 1998, 53–54.
26. Personal interview.
27. Mitchel Raphael, “Corporate Perversion,” Toronto Star, 7 February 1998, M1.
28. Doug Saunders, “One Person’s Audio Debris Is Another’s Musical Treasure,” Globe and Mail, 25 September 1997, C5.
29. Barnaby Marshall, “Negativland: Mark Hosler on the Ad Assault,” Shift on-line, 22.
30. Time, 17 November 1997.
31. Advertising Age, 18 November 1996.
32. Lopiano-Misdom and De Luca, Street Trends, 27–28.
33. “Anarchy in the U.K.,” Times (London), 16 May 1998.
34. Martin Espada, Zapata’s Disciple (Boston: South End Press, 1998).
35. “Nader Nixes Nike $25K Run,” Washington Post, 13 May 1999.
36. Wilson Bryan Key, Subliminal Seduction (New York: Penguin, 1973), 7.
37. James Twitchell, Adcult USA: The Triumph of Advertising in American Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 12.
38. The term “creative psychiatry” comes from a speech made by Columbia journalism professor Walter B. Pitkin to the 1933 convention of the Association of National Advertisers.
39. Rorty, Our Master’s Voice, 382–83.
40. Ibid.
41. C.B. Larrabee, “Mr. Schlink,” Printer’s Ink, 11 January 1934, 10.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: RECLAIM THE STREETS
1. John Jordan, “The Art of Necessity: The Subversive Imagination of Anti-Road Protest and Reclaim the Streets,” in DiY Culture: Party & Protest in Nineties Britain, edited by George McKay (London: Verso, 1998).
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. RTS agitprop.
6. Personal interview.
7. Mixmag, no. 73, June 1997, 101.
8. A Liverpool dock worker quoted in Do or Die, no. 6, 9.
9. Daily Telegraph, 14 April 1997.
10. Express, 13 April 1997.
11. Personal interview.
12. RTS Sydney official report.
13. Both quotations come from the SchNEWS report of the event.
14. San Francisco Weekly, 27 May 1998.
15. This list of cities represents everyone who tried to plan a street party. Not everyone was successful and there were a few last-minute cancellations.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: BAD MOOD RISING
1. From an interview conducted by Oxblood Ruffin of the hacker group Cult of the Dead Cow. Authenticity of the interview confirmed with source.
2. “Derr Pied!” Biotic Baking Brigade press release, 10 March 1999.
3. “Entarteurs Take Note: Custard Wins Test of Best Pies for Throwing,” Wall Street Journal, 26 May 1999.
4. Kitty Krupat, “From War Zone to Free Trade Zone,” in No Sweat, 56.
5. “Toy Story,” Dateline, NBC, 17 December 1996.
6. Sydney H. Schamberg, “Six Cents an Hour,” Life, June 1996.
7. “Suu Kyi Calls for Halt to Investment in Burma,” Australian Herald, 4 September 1995.
8. “Disney Labor Abuses in China,” report produced by the Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee.
9. Ortega, In Sam We Trust, 236.
10. Philip S. Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement (New York: The Free Press, 1979), 358.
11. William Greider, One World, Ready or Not (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 338.
12.The libel suit was against “a Swiss group who translated War on Want’s publication The Baby Killer …” Source: “Baby Milk: Destruction of a World Resource” (London: Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1993), 3.
13. Fred Pearce, “Legacy of a Nightmare,” Guardian, 8 August 1998. These numbers represent conservative estimates. Satinath Sarangi, a researcher based in Bhopal, puts the death toll at 16,000.
14. Myriam Vander Stichele and Peter Pennartz, Making It Our Business: European NGO Campaigns on Transnational Corporations (London: Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1996).
15. Personal interview.
16. “Corporations and Human Rights,” Human Rights Watch 1997 World Report.
17. Julie Light, “Repression, Inc.: The Assault on Human Rights,” Corporate Watch, 4 February 1999.
18. “The ‘Enron Project’ in Maharashtra: Protests Suppressed in the Name of Development,” Amnesty International, 17 July 1997, 2.
19. Doonesbury, Toronto Star, 25 and 27 June 1997.
20. Pico Iyer, “India’s Night of Death,” Time, 17 December 1984.
21. Personal interview.
22. Personal interview.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: THE BRAND BOOMERANG
1. Stuart Ewen, Captains of Consciousness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976), 80.
2. Personal interview.
3. Lorraine Dusky, “What Jogging Has to Do with Jogjakarta,” USA Today, 21 May 1998.
4. Neal Stevenson, Snow Crash (New York: Bantam Books, 1992), 7.
5. “Testimony of Wendy Diaz before the Committee on International Relations,” Congressional Testimony by Federal Document Clearing House, 11 June 1996.
6. Joyce Barrett and Joanna Ramey, “Sweatshop-buster Charles Kernaghan: Fashion Hits Its Nader; Ralph Nader,” Women’s Wear Daily, 6 June 1996, 1.
7. Steven Greenhouse, “Anti-Sweatshop Crusader Makes Celebrities, Big Business Tremble,” New York Times, 4 July 1996.
8. Kernaghan, “Behind the Label: ‘Made in China.’”
9. Various sources. Confirmed with NLC.
10. Cathy Majtenyi, “Were Disney Dogs Treated Better Than Workers?” Catholic Register, 23–30 December 1996, 9.
11. “An Appeal to Walt Disney” in No Sweat, edited by Andrew Ross, 101.
12. Cynthia Enloe, “We Are What We Wear,” in Of Common Cloth, edited by Wendy Chapkis and Cynthia Enloe (Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1983), 119.
13. Personal interview.
14. Ortega, In Sam We Trust, 228.
15. “What’s Wrong with McDonald’s Factsheet,” first published by London Greenpeace in 1986.
16. “Honduran Child Labor Described,” Boston Globe, 30 May 1996.
17. Andrew Ross, “Introduction,” in No Sweat, 27.
18. “Tarnished Rings?” Wall Street Journal, 6 January 1999.
19. “Hootie & the Blowfish Criticizes Suzuki for Ties to Burmese Military Junta,” press release from Hootie & the Blowfish, 24 May 1999.
20. Josh Feit, “Stepping on Nike’s Toes,” Now, 27 November—3 December 1997, reprinted from Willamette Week.
21. “Pond Crowd Pummels Eisner’s Mighty Bucks,” Variety, 2 March 1997.
22. Hollywood Reporter, 26 February 1997 and Variety, 3 March 1997.
23. The Sweatshop Quandary: Corporate Responsibility on the Global Frontier, edited by Pamela Valery (Washington, D.C.: Investor Responsibility Research Center, 1998), 19.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: A TALE OF THREE LOGOS
1. Memo, 4 May 1998, from the Maquila Solidarity Network, “Nike Day of Action Canada Report & Task Force Update.”
2. “Nike protest update,” Labour Alerts, 18 October 1997.
3. “Nike Mobilization: Local Reports,” Labor Alerts, Campaign for Labor Rights, 26 October 1998.
4. Mark L. Zusman, “Editor’s Notebook,” Willamette Week, 12 June 1996.
5. Oregonian, 16 June 1996.
6. Campaign for Labor Rights Web site, regional reports.
7. Nick Alexander, “Sweatshop Activism: Missing Pieces,” Z Magazine, September 1997, 14–17.
8. Personal interview, 6 October 1997.
9. Katz, Just Do It, 271.
10. Letter dated 24 October 1997.
11. Personal interview.
12. David Gonzalez, “Youthful Foes Go Toe to Toe with Nike,” New York Times, 27 September 1997, B1.
13. Personal interview.
14. Minutes from 10 September meeting between Nike executives and the Edenwald—Gun Hill Neighborhood Center.
15. Personal interview.
16. “Wages and Living
Expense for Nike Workers in Indonesia,” report released by Global Exchange, 23 September 1998.
17. “Nike Raises Wages for Indonesian Workers,” Oregonian, 16 October 1998.
18. “Nike to Improve Minimum Monthly Wage Package for Indonesian Workers,” Nike press release, 19 March 1999.
19. Steven Greenhouse, “Nike Critic Praises Gains in Air Quality at Vietnam Factory,” New York Times, 12 March 1999.
20. Shanthi Kalathil, “Being Tied to Nike Affects Share Price of Yue Yuen,” Wall Street Journal, 25 March 1998.
21. “Third quarter brings 70 percent increase in net income for sneaker giant,” Associated Press, 19 March 1999.
22. “Cole Haan Joins Ranks of Shoe Companies Leaving Maine,” Associated Press, 23 April 1999.
23. Zusman, “Editor’s Notebook.”
24. Robin Grove-White, “Brent Spar Rewrote the Rules,” New Statesman, 20 June 1997, 17–19.
25. “Battle of Giants, Big and Small,” Guardian, 22 June 1995, 4.
26. “Giant Outsmarted: How Greenpeace Sank Shell’s Plan to Dump Big Oil Rig in Atlantic,” Wall Street Journal, 7 July 1995.
27. Grove-White, “Brent Spar Rewrote the Rules.”
28. “Battle of Giants,” Guardian.
29. Suzanne Moore, “Sea Changes in Political Talk,” Guardian, 22 June 1995.
30. Megan Tresidder, “Slick Answers in Oily Waters,” Guardian, 24 June 1995, 27.
31. “Giant Outsmarted,” Wall Street Journal.
32. Memo written by Major Paul Okuntimo, dated 5 May 1994, reprinted in Harper’s, June 1996.
33. Andrew Rowell and Stephen Kretzmann, “The Ogoni Struggle,” a report by Project Underground, Berkeley, 1996.
34. Nadine Gordimer, “In Nigeria, the Price for Oil Is Blood,” New York Times, 25 May 1997.
35. Letter posted on the shell-nigeria-action list dated 2 June 1998.
36. From a personal letter from R.B. Blakely to the author, 6 June 1997.
37. Janet Guyon, “Why Is the Most Profitable Company Turning Itself Inside Out?” Fortune, 4 August 1997, 120.
38. Jonathan Schorr, “Board Holds Off on Shell Decision,” Oakland Tribune, 8 August 1997.
