Peng Dehuai, Gen., 92
Perry, William, 635, 637, 647
ping-pong diplomacy, 139–140
Pochonbo, battle of, 39–40, 212, 214
population, 139
relocation, mass, 112, 232, 294, 408, 544, 626–627
police
function, 6
manpower, 262
See also police state; Public Security; State Security
police state, 60, 89, 262
intensification under Kim Jong-il, 397
See also Public Security; punishment; purges; State Security; surveillance
political offenders. See punishment; purges; surveillance
post–Korean War period (1950s), 93–119
Potemkin villages, 178, 499, 518–519
power, electric, 177
Kim Il-sung’s priority use of, 499–500
Pyongyang system modernized, 662
shortage, 295, 329, 345, 503, 638
and coal mines, 559, 643
easing, 663
propaganda. See culture; indoctrination; Kim
Il-sung: personality cult of; Kim
Jong-il: personality cult of; news
media; subversion, of North Korea;
subversion, of South Korea
prostitution, 188, 201, 458, 590, 623
protest, 344–345, 441, 543, 545–547, 550, 611
Public Security (police), 262, 263–264, 269, 291
Pueblo incident, 128–133, 135, 534
punishment, 290–304
banishment (internal exile), 290, 293, 294, 298, 301–302, 557–558, 614–615, 616–628
without change in social class, 627
commitment to mental institution as, 589
demotion, for remaining dry-eyed after
Kim Il-sung’s death, 508
detention centers, 290–291
execution, 290
of accused spy for South Korea, 549
of agriculture minister, 575, 624
of camp-inmate family for escape try, 609
of coup plotters, associates, 546
of defector attempting to rescue family members, 460
of exhumed corpse, ritual, 575
of father as little son watches, 301
of failed assassin, 695
for hearing gossip about Kim Jong-il’s private life, 687
of official’s wife, at drinking party, for criticizing Kim Jong-il, 287
of personality cult critics, 292
of political prison camp inmates, 299
public, suspended, 631
seen as alienating elite, 648
for sexual promiscuity, 201–202
of Southerners during Korean War, 89
of woman who told authorities she had slept with Kim Jong-il, 318
expulsion, from school or job, 290, 377, 429, 432, 574
house arrest, 293
political prisons and prison camps, 280, 290–291, 293–294, 302–304, 557–558, 560, 562–564, 615
“destroy three generations of a family,” 290, 572, 607, 609
experiments on prisoners, 604
families of spies who fail sent to, 541
guards’ testimony, 604–610
inmates’ testimony, 298–300, 596–600
leniency to families of offenders, new policies, 416, 572, 617, 631
prisoners released (1984–86), 589
production in, 562, 615
short stature of inmates, 609
slow-death camps, 291, 572, 604
uniforms worn in, 562, 609
prison, women’s, 616
prisons, ordinary, 291, 329–330, 562, 611–613
reformatories (labor drill units), 291
revolutionary work classes, 574, 580
purges, 293
of artists and literary people, 171, 240–243
military
1969–1970, as succession maneuver, 277
1992, of military dissidents, 546, 548, 673
in 1950s, 94–96, 106–107, 109–111, 292
thought examination committees in, 110
Pyongyang
capture of, 80
construction in, 119, 295
controls on population and entry, 233, 294, 344, 405, 626–627
priority in distribution of goods, services, electricity, 449, 499–500, 576
rebuilding of, after Korean War, 93, 96
retaking of, 83
showcase role, 295
transportation in, 2, 177, 494
radio, external broadcasts
pending congressional bills regarding, 677–678
receivers capable of tuning in, 6, 368, 379, 423–424, 431–432, 495, 496, 522, 526, 601 (see also subversion, of North
Korea: balloon drops)
Radio Free Asia, Korean-language service, 297, 379, 385, 392, 401, 407, 454, 455, 496, 522, 526, 601
South Korean, 310, 368, 385, 390, 406–407, 420, 422, 424, 432, 570, 584, 600–602
Voice of America, 368, 495–496
Rangoon bombing, 323
Reagan, Ronald, 152–153
regime change
Gang of Four scenario, 492–493
South Korea’s caution, 672
U.S. advocates of, 86, 672–674, 677–678
See also coup d’état
regime collapse, prospects, 433, 440, 449, 454, 457, 478, 494, 503, 522, 553–555, 626, 635, 659, 672, 683–684
religion
belief as political offense, 292, 599
See also Buddhism, Christianity
Republic of Korea (South Korea, ROK) formation of, 62
Respected Mother (omonim), 701–703
revisionism, Soviet and Eastern European, 121, 474, 574, 652
See also co-existence, peaceful; Stalinism: de-Stalinization
Rhee Syngman
Connally remarks abhorred by, 67
economic development lagging under, 100
land reform postponement sought by, 91
northward invasion hopes of, 62, 65–66, 79, 87, 99
overthrown, 104
Republic of Korea proclaimed by, 61
senility, 114
trusteeship opposed by, 54
Ridgway, Gen. Matthew, 84
riots, 54, 56
Ri Ul-sol, Gen., 208
Rivers, Rep. L. Mendel, 129
“rogue state,” 671
Roh Moo-hyun (South Korean president), 675
Roh Tae-woo (South Korean president), 395–396, 440, 465, 476, 480
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 50
Rumsfeld, Donald, 672
Rusk, Dean, 50, 131
sabotage, 6
safety, workplace, 158–159, 174, 438
Samsung, 485, 639
sanctions, 451, 635, 654, 671, 672
savings, household, 164
Sea of Blood, 249–251, 254–255, 272, 327
Sea of Japan (East Sea), 101
second Korean war
factions of commanders, party commissars turning one another in, 520, 526
looting, as fatal KPA distraction in, 520
“one million lives, $1 trillion damages” in, 676
scenarios, 512, 519–520
war plan, U.S.–South Korean, 665
Seoul, 50
first capture of, 72
invaders’ rest-and-celebration stop in, 72
as political center of peninsula, 55
pre-invasion attitudes in, 71
Olympics, 343, 378–379
proximity to DMZ, 87, 513
second capture of, 83–84
sex, courtship and marriage, 164, 169–170, 201–202, 229, 268, 307, 316, 319–320, 340, 401, 538, 580, 581, 583, 618, 620. See also Korean People’s Army: sex
Shin Jong-hui (Kim Jong-nam’s wife), 686
Shin Myung-chul (State Security; defector), 112, 423–424, 594–595
Shin Sang-ok (South Korean film director kidnapped by Kim Jong-il), 326–339
Shu Chung-shin (dancer; defector), 310
–314, 366
siesta, 178
Sino-Soviet split, 113, 125, 142–143
small businesses, 663
Smith, Rear Adm. John Victor, 129
smuggling, 155, 581
punishment reduced, during famine, 566
by regime, 574
Socialist Working Youth, League of, 403–404, 579–580
corruption scandal in, 574
shock units, 419
Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, 2, 141
Society for Cultural Relations with the Soviet Union, 108
Sohn Jong-do, Rev. (Kim Il-sung’s benefactor), 25–28
Sohn Won-tai (Rev. Sohn’s son; Kim Ilsung’s childhood friend), 25–26
So Kwan-hui (agriculture minister), 575, 624
songbun, 226. See also family background,
status and
Song Hye-rang (Song Hye-rim’s sister), 687–688
defection, 693
Song Hye-rim (unofficial wife of Kim Jongil; mother of Kim Jong-nam), 686–690, 693–694, 697
Song of Best Wishes, 474–475
“Song of General Kim Il-sung,” 72–73, 88, 214
Song of Paradise, 1–9
South Korea, crises tempting Pyongyang or arousing its hopes, 483 1960, 124 1979, 151 1980, 152 1987, 436
South Korean economic cooperation, 476, 668, 670. See also investment, external: from South Korea; trade, external: with South Korea
South Korean military
budget, 113
troop reduction, 113
Soviet Army
Eighty-eighth Special Independent Sniper
Brigade, 48–51
Korean War planning role of advisors from, 69
troops withdrawal, 1948, 64
Soviet documents, findings from, 54, 57, 66, 81, 106
Soviet Koreans
post-liberation role of, 9, 52
purged, 94–95, 109–111
Soviet Union
cultural influences, 108
disguise of Korean War role, 89
military equipment shipments by, 69
role in liberation of Korea, 7, 50–51, 109
role in North, post-liberation, 51–68, 108
satellite status of North Korea, American assumption of, 115
sports
golf, 348–349, 660
table tennis, 8, 599–600
world tournament (1979), 140–142, 343
Stakhanovism, 57, 96, 159, 252, 359, 475
Stalin, Josef, 558
death of, effects, 86, 106
in Korean War, 81–83, 88
in Pacific War, 50
southward invasion approval by, 62–68
succession problems, as lesson, 266
Stalinism, 8
de-Stalinization, 106–107, 113, 292
See also Kim Il-sung: personality cult: Stalinism as antecedent of
state capitalism, 111, 120
State Security (secret police), 226, 262, 266–269, 291, 297
abuses addressed by regime, 571
hatred of, 297
and regime’s fear of internal threat, 493–494
Third Department (experiments on prisoners), 604
strategic hamlets, 35
subversion, of North Korea
balloon drops, 385, 395, 410, 522–523, 532, 678
as threat justifying national isolation, 125
See also radio, external broadcasts
subversion, of South Korea
after Korean War, 98, 99, 105
before Korean War, 61, 63, 67, 72, 95
from 1960s, 120, 126–127, 133, 152
from 1987, 364–368, 443 1990s, 478, 483, 490, 645–646
Voice of the Revolutionary Party for Reunification, 153
sun, as symbol of Kim Il-sung, 7
sunshine policy (South Korea), 630, 637, 646–647, 649, 675
Supreme People’s Assembly, 62, 322, 436, 551, 661
surveillance
of military, 494
by police, 155, 262–269, 291–297, 310, 377, 433
by Three Revolutions teams, 274–275
Tae-an work system, 122
Taedong River, 13
Tanaka, Makiko, 685
tax, 6, 106
Team Spirit exercises, 139, 446, 457, 486, 488–489, 490–491
technocrats, 155, 474
technology
imports of, 155, 347
pirating of, 157
telephones, 212, 662
terrorism, 343, 499, 535
television
sets, 162, 165, 345–346, 359, 360, 383, 395, 438, 449, 616
South Korean broadcasts, 395
textiles, 480
reed-and-wood-pulp-based, 102
vinalon, 156, 177, 363, 500
Third World, as diplomatic focus, 7, 125, 137, 363–364
third world war (global war), 85
feared during Pueblo incident, 129
seen as opportunity for forced unification, 98
38th parallel, 50, 69, 79
Three Revolutions, 157, 272
teams, 154, 273–275, 472, 475, 588
tourism, 338–339, 348–349, 466, 473, 633, 660
emphasis, over manufacturing, 640–641
gambling, 640
service, hospitality quality, 475
tractor plant, Kumsong, 157–160, 272
trade, external
with communist countries, 96–97, 468
expansion sought, 182
and juche, 177
with South Korea, 480
traders, trading companies, 312, 314, 447, 458–459, 447, 458, 573, 579–591, 600–601, 616. See also entrepreneurs, moneyed class
transportation
aviation, 476
public, urban, 177
ports, shipping, 182, 442, 468, 469–471, 479
railways, 185, 469, 470, 476
conductors’ high status, 620–621
road, 164, 471, 479, 560, 564
travel, international
difficulty adjusting after (reverse culture shock), 584
rarity of, 6
troop withdrawal, foreign (1958), 114
Truman, Harry S.
emergency proclaimed by, 84
MacArthur fired by, 85–86
nuclearization of war discussed by, 85
press conference by, Jan. 5, 1950, 64
reelection not sought due to low support, 86, 88
Soviet expansionism exaggerated by, 73–74
trusteeship plan, 54–56, 60
Tumen River, 18, 466, 469–470
tunnel(s), 85
connecting Kim Jong-il’s office and home, 687–688
escape, for Great Leader, 494
housing missile launchers, 563
infiltration, 139, 520
replica of downtown Seoul in, for spy training, 539
“subterranean society,” 665
See also underground factories
underground factories, 85, 564–565
unification
as post–Korean War goal, 97, 100
“by end of 1990s,” revised deadline, 516
“by 1995,” Kim Jong-il deadline, 488, 516, 545
confederation proposal, 140, 146–149, 339, 506
economic problems as distraction from, 136
German case as model, warning, 478–479, 486
liquidation of Southerners following, 487
southward rush of homeless job-seekers,
Seoul’s fear, 683
unitary idea, 168, 658
United Nations
election supervision by, 61, 116
entry by North and South Korea, 339, 473
Korean War resolution, 74
UN Command, post–Korean War, 99
operational control over South Korean forces by, 113
World Food Program, 553, 555–557, 678
United States
Korean relations with, nineteenth-century, 13
> Korean relations with, 1900–1945, 15
Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader Page 133
