Guthrie, William Keith, 38
Halbert, Herbert, 107–108
Hall, Grant, 17
Hamilton, William, 28
Hayes, Rutherford B., 57
herbicides, 135, 147, 148
hickory, 3, 145
Holt, Jane, 125
Hong Kong, 141
horticulture, 65, 57
Howard, N. B., 84
Hume, Harold, 96
Illinois, 3–4, 15, 17, 25, 37
immigrants, German, 46, 63, 65, 75
India, 53–54, 146, 154
Indians. See Native Americans industrialization, 34, 112, 115, 147, 172
insecticides, 88–89, 92, 93, 147
insects, 9, 15, 55, 82, 86, 88, 91–93, 100, 104, 136, 138, 147–150, 154. See also pecan pests
integrated pest management, 136, 147, 148
intercropping, 104, 105, 106
irrigation, 2, 52, 68, 69, 150
Japan, 141
Jefferson, Thomas, 28–31, 155
Jim Crow, 109
Juglandaceae, 3, 20
Juglans Pacane, 28
Karo Corn Syrup, 121, 132
Keller, John, 83
Kendall, G. W., 35, 45
Kentucky, 37, 84
Kline, John G., 84
Klingeman, Emma B., 86–87
labor, 7–8, 16, 44, 62, 68–70, 75, 81, 85, 101, 104, 113, 138, 150
Landrum, Abner, 58–61, 88
logging, 32–34
Louisiana, 4, 8, 17, 32–33, 37–39, 42–44, 50, 61, 63, 71, 72, 78, 146. See also New Orleans
mail-order, 126–127
Manifest Destiny, 35, 42
market (for pecans), 39, 40, 47–48, 55, 60, 98, 116, 136–138, 141
marketing, 111, 116, 141
Marshall, Humphry, 28
masting, ix, 8, 9, 18, 47, 105, 110, 111, 139; and pigs, 41
Meade, Mary, 120
Mexico, 4, 20, 93, 136, 141
Millicent, Elsie, 132
Mississippi (state), 4, 8, 37, 61–63, 73, 77, 83, 106
Mississippi River, 5, 11, 24, 26, 36, 61, 74
monoculture, 38, 99, 147
mutualism, 14, 18
National Pecan Growers Association, 108, 109
National Pecan Marketing Association, 112
Native Americans, x, xvi, 5, 7–11, 12, 13, 14–17, 18, 19, 23–26, 33, 35, 41, 42, 54, 126, 158n7
natural control, 15, 16
New Mexico, 10, 55, 109, 136; as modern pecan producer, 20, 93, 142–143
New Orleans, 26, 39–40, 47–48, 61, 65, 74, 83, 106–107, 113, 120–121
New York, 26, 28, 71, 96, 119, 126
Nickerson, Jane, 117
Norfleet, Lizzie, 62
Nueces River, 11, 25
nursery business, 27, 67, 74–75, 78–79, 80–81, 87, 90, 95, 101, 107, 109, 136
Ohio River Valley, 26, 27
Oklahoma, 4, 17, 39, 109, 113
Oliver, George W., 79
Pacane, xvi
Parker, A. A., 40
peach, 19, 51, 53–54, 56, 64
pecan farming, 100, 110, 135, 147–150; commercial, 20, 56, 61, 72, 92, 100–106, 163–164n23; density, 103; economics, 98; intercropping, 105–106; regions, 109; startup costs of, 68; subsidies, 111, 117–118. See also cultivation, passive; USDA
pecan nut: as commodity, 39, 140; harvest techniques, 6, 45; kernel, 27, 48–49, 64, 138; mail-order, 126–127; marketing, 112, 115–117, 124, 140; meal, 8; as meat substitute, 16–17, 117, 125, 129, 158n3; nutritional values, 7, 17, 18, 124, 125, 144, 158n3; oil, 129; pie, 116, 119, 120–124, 127–128, 132, 139, 145; poaching, 45, 150; polished, 40; pralines, 26, 199, 121; preparation, 8, 24; recipes, 18, 116–117, 118, 119, 120–124, 127, 129; in school lunches, 118; shell, 1–2, 7, 17, 129, 133; storage, 16–17, 127; surplus, 134. See also cultivars, pecan
pecan pests: aphid, 148; Asian ambrosia beetle, 148; fall webworm, 92, 148; fire ant, 148; pecan budmoth, 92; pecan leaf casebearer, 92; pecan nut casebearer, 91, 148; pecan phylloxera, 148; pecan weevil, 92, 148; soldier bugs, 86; spider mite, 148; spittlebug, 92, 148; stinkbug, 148; walnut caterpillar, 148; wood lice, 86; yellow aphid, 154. See also crows; raccoons; squirrels; wood rats
pecan tree (Carya illinoiensis): as climax species, 3; as commodity, 30, 109, 136; disease resistance, 107, 152; diseases, 104, 149; failure to “come true,” 57, 60, 72, 79; felling for nuts, 36–37, 42; native range, 3, 68; passive cultivation, 33, 38, 42–48, 54, 73, 74, 79, 81, 91, 94, 101; pollination, 4; root system, 4, 94, 103, 104; wild, 33, 37–38, 75, 81, 147, 152–153; yield, 36, 43–44, 48, 51, 69–70, 75, 78, 81, 84, 94, 105, 107, 110–111. See also cultivars, pecan; genetic diversity; grafting
pecan wood, 22; cabinetry, 23; drying methods, 22–23; flooring, 23, 130; furniture, 23; market, 130; trim, 23
pest control, 52, 89–91, 92, 148, 149
pesticide, 92, 99, 133, 135, 138, 154
pig farming, 40–41
pine, 18, 32–34, 42
Planck, Max, 72
plum, 57, 64
Pollan, Michael, 130, 157n3
Pope, J. D., 97
Prince, William, 27
protein, 7, 117, 125, 129, 158
Prudhomme, Paul, 133
Pyles, Stephan, 133
raccoons, 15, 150
railroads, 31
Reed, C. A., 109
resistance: to disease, 152; to pesticides, 149, 154
Risien, Edmond E., 83, 34, 94, 107, 132
Roberts, Oran, 41
Roman, Telesphore J., 61–62
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 124
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 113
rooting, of figs, olives, and pomegranates, 57
San Antonio, Texas, 39, 46–47, 48, 113
San Saba, Texas, 74, 83, 107, 132, 140
Scott, Willard, 137
shelling machines, 111, 113
slavery, 60, 61; and passive pecan cultivation, 61–62
Snow, Charles Henry, 22
soil: alluvial, 3; enhancement, 52; quality, 95, 103
South Carolina, 53, 55, 60, 93, 96
Southern Pecan Shelling Company, 113, 128
Spanish explorers, 10, 19, 24
sprayers, 92, 99
squirrels, 11–12, 14, 17, 150
Standard Brands, 128, 129
Stevens, Walter Bigelow, 37
Stuart, Archibald, 28
Stuart, W. R., 84, 106–107
Stuart Pecan Company, 3
Stuckey, William, 128
subsidies, 111, 117–118
Szathmary, Louis, 129
tariffs, 111
Texas: A&M University, 93, 105; best cultivars for, 109; boll weevil, 93–94; Department of Agriculture, 93; as epicenter of nineteenth-century pecan industry, 32, 48; frontier, 41–43; logging in, 32–38; markets, 39–40; modern commercial pecans in, 20, 71, 136; modernization of pecan industry in, 95; wild pecans in, 3–4, 8–11, 17, 25, 33, 50
top-working, 57, 58, 65, 86, 94–95, 101
trade, pecan: export, 32, 40, 47, 96, 111–112, 140–143; Native American, 10; private, 96
Tyng, George, 76
USDA, 51, 64, 67, 82, 84, 87, 88–89, 106, 112, 116; Bureau of Plant Industry, 79; Division of Entomology, 90–92; Division of Pomology, 43, 72, 109; Economic Research Service, 140; Forest Service, 22; founding of in 1862, 89; and insecticides, 88; Recommended Dietary Allowances, 124; regional trade associations, 141; Targeted Export Assistance Program, 141
varnish, 40
vegetarianism, 129
vertical integration, 135, 144
vetch, 150
vitamins, 7, 125
Walnut, 20, 21, 49, 54, 58
Washington, George, 28
White, Gilbert, ix–x, 14, 151, 155
wildcatters, 137–139, 140
Williams, Callie, 122
Wilson, Helen Van Pelt, 125
wood rats, 15
Worn, Jeff, 145
McWilliams, The Pecan
The Pecan Page 19
