Hannibal’s Last Battle
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Hanno (‘the Great’), 22, 38, 43, 64
Hasdrubal Barca, vii, xiii, xiv, 13, 38, 40, 41, 75, 76, 77, 78, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 112, 128, 129
Hasdrubal Gisgo, 64, 75, 78, 84, 86, 94, 95, 99, 104, 105, 106, 107, 129
hastati, 19, 89, 107, 115, 126
Heirkte, Mount, 32
Heraclea, Battle of (280 BCE), 21
Himilco Phameas, 148, 149, 150, 151
Hippo Regius, 100
Hittite, 3
Iberia and Iberians, xiii, 11, 38, 39, 40, 47, 77, 78, 128, 149
Ilergetes, xv, 76, 96
Ilipa, Battle of (206 BCE), xv, 86, 93–99, 104, 127, 129, 150
Ilorca, Battle of (211 BCE), 77
Illyria, 69, 74, 75, 134
imperium, vii, 1, 6, 78, 105, 141, 145, 155
Indibilis, xv, 76, 96
infantry, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 29, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 51, 52, 53, 57, 64, 65, 68, 77, 78, 84, 86, 87, 88, 94, 95, 100, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 125, 126, 127, 131, 134, 147, 149
heavy infantry, 11, 12, 16, 18, 20, 29, 53, 64, 68, 84, 110, 115, 116, 127
light infantry, 3, 13, 16, 18, 20, 29, 48, 52, 77, 84, 86, 106, 110, 115, 116
Insubres, xiii, 40, 47, 48, 111
Issus, Battle of (333 BCE), 14
Isthmian games, 137
Italy, vii, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, 17, 21, 22, 32, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 57, 62, 63, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 100, 101, 105, 109, 111, 114, 116, 127, 128, 129, 132, 133, 134, 140, 141, 152, 162
Jaen, 83
Jupiter, Temple of, 71
Laelius, Gaius, xv, xvi, 79, 83, 84, 100–101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 110, 115, 116, 118, 125, 126, 130, 155
Laevinus, Marcus Valerius, xiv, 74, 93
Latins and Latium, 6, 7, 11, 15, 16, 48, 69, 132
Lebanon, 2
legate, xv, 78, 100, 101
legion, 12, 17, 19, 20, 21, 74, 83, 95, 129, 135
legionary and legionaries, 2, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 29, 32, 34, 48, 51, 52, 53, 57, 59, 63, 64, 65, 69, 72, 74, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 89, 90, 94, 95, 96, 99, 101, 105, 110, 117, 118, 119, 127, 132, 142, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 161, 163
Lentulus, Publius Cornelius, 130
Leptis Minor, 111
Libya and Libyans, 3, 11, 37–38, 94
Licinus, Porcius, 89
Liguria and Ligurians, 62, 89–90, 116, 119
Lilybaeum, 32, 140, 146, 161
Liternum, xvi, 142
Livy, 10, 11, 12, 18, 42, 45, 46, 58, 59, 68, 71, 72, 73, 77, 78, 87, 88, 89, 90, 94, 95, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 129, 130, 131, 132, 140
Locri and Locrian, xv, 32, 101–102
Macedonia and Macedonians, xiv, 10, 11, 14, 21, 42, 74, 75, 116, 134, 137, 142, 143
Macedonian Wars
First (215–205 BCE), xiv, xv, 74, 75, 134, 135, 143
Second (200–196 BCE), xv, 135, 142
Third (171–168 BCE), xvi, 143, 145
Fourth (149–148 BCE), xvi, 145
magister eqititum, 62
Magna Graecia, 7, 21, 141
Magnesia, Battle of (190 BCE), xvi, 137, 141
Maghreb, 3
Mago (commander at New Carthage), 79, 82
Mago Barca, vii, xv, 13, 52, 57, 65, 75, 76, 77, 78, 84, 86, 87, 94, 96, 111, 116, 119, 128, 129
Maharbal, 62, 64, 68
Malta, 3, 26
Mamertines, 22, 38
Mancinus, Lucius, 151–52
Manilius, Manius, xvi, 147–48, 149–50, 154
maniple, 18, 19, 20–21, 29, 65, 83, 115, 118, 119, 127, 150
Masinissa, xvi, 13, 76–77, 86, 94, 99, 101, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 126, 127, 129, 132, 146, 150, 151
Megalopolis, 10
Megara, 152
Melqart, 5
mercenary and mercenaries, xii, xiii, 2, 3, 10, 11, 13, 22, 29, 36, 37–38, 39, 43, 75, 83, 106, 107, 111, 116, 117, 118–19, 126, 129
Mercenary War (240–237 BCE), xii, xiii, 36, 37, 38, 43
Messana, xii, 22, 23, 161
Metaurus River, Battle of (207 BCE), xiv, 87–93, 94, 128
Metellus, Lucius Caecilius, 72
Moorish, 116, 149
Morocco, 3
Mylae, Battle of (260 BCE), xii, 24, 26, 162
navy
Carthaginian, 10, 22, 23, 24, 26, 43, 83, 133
Roman, xii, 7, 23, 24, 26, 34, 37, 83, 93, 106
Nepheris, 149, 150, 151, 154–55
Nero, Gaius Claudius, xiv, 77, 87–88, 89, 90, 93
New Carthage (Cartagena), xiii, xiv, 38, 40, 43, 46, 78, 83, 128, 155
siege of (209 BCE), xiv, 78–83
North Africa, vii, xii, xiv, xv, xvi, 1, 2, 3, 9, 11, 21, 22, 26, 29, 32, 34, 36, 37, 42, 43, 47, 75, 86, 93, 96, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 112, 117, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 141, 146, 150, 151, 155, 161, 162, 163
Numidia and Numidians, xvi, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13, 32, 27, 45, 48, 51, 52, 53, 64, 71, 76, 77, 84, 86, 88, 94, 99, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 125, 126, 127, 129, 131, 132, 146, 149, 150, 154
Olympus, Mount, 143
Orongis, 87
Oroscopa, 146
onagers, 147
optio, 17
Panormus, 32
patrician, 6
Paullus, Lucius Aemilius (‘Macedonicus’), xvi, 64, 68, 71, 72, 117, 143, 145, 148
peltasts, 13
Pergamum, 90, 135, 140
Perseus, xvi, 10, 142, 143, 145
Persian empire, 3
phalanx, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 29, 68, 118, 119, 126, 135, 143
Philip V (king of Macedon), xiv, xv, 42, 74, 75, 116, 134, 135, 137, 142
Phoenicia and Phoenicians, 2, 3, 5, 11, 12, 13, 134
Picenum, 62
Pillars of Hercules, 38
pilum and pila, 11, 18, 20, 83, 118, 163
Pisae, 41, 47
Placentia, 47, 48, 51, 57, 72
plebeian, 6, 100, 163
Plebeian Assembly, 100
Pleminius, Quintus, xv, 101
Plutarch, 11, 130, 146
Po River, xiii, 28, 46, 47, 48, 51, 57, 71
‘Polybian legion’, 17, 21
Polybius, 1, 11, 12, 17, 18, 23, 24, 29, 32, 36, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 46, 52, 53, 57, 58, 65, 68, 79, 82, 83, 84, 87, 89, 105, 106, 107, 109, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 125, 126, 128, 161
pontifex maxim us, 116
praetor, 6, 89, 111, 145
principes, 19, 106, 107, 115, 118, 126
proconsul, xiv, 90, 93, 102, 103, 104, 111, 126
Prusias I, king of Bithynia, 140
Punic Wars
First Punic War (264–241 BCE), vii, xii, 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 21, 22, 23, 34, 36, 38, 42, 43, 74, 83, 161
Second Punic War (218–201 BCE), vii, xii, xv, 1, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 21, 32, 39, 42, 43, 68, 70, 71, 75, 76, 90, 93, 103, 125, 130, 131, 132, 133, 141, 142, 145, 146, 150, 155, 162
Third Punic War (149–146 BCE), vii, xvi, 9, 10, 11, 133, 142, 145, 148, 150, 162, 163
Pydna, Battle of (168 BCE), xvi, 143, 148, 149
Pyrenees, xiii, 43, 44, 77, 86, 87
‘pyrrhic victory’, 21
Pyrrhus (king of Epirus), 14, 21, 130
quincunx, 18, 115
quinquereme, 23, 24, 32, 34, 112, 147, 153, 161
Regulus, Marcus Atilius, xii, 26, 29, 42, 100, 116
Rhegium, 22, 75, 101
Rhine, 12
Rhodes, 135
Rhone River, xiii, 44, 45, 47, 72, 75
Saguntum, xiii, 41, 42, 69, 75, 78, 127
Salaeca, 104
Salinator, Marcus Livius, xiv, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93
Samnites, 7, 16, 17, 21
Samnium, 62
Sardinia, xiii, 26, 37, 38, 42, 69, 112, 161, 162
Scipio, Gnaeus Cornelius, xiii, xiv, 23, 47, 71, 75, 76, 77
Scipio, Publiu
s Cornelius (the Elder), xiii, xiv, 8, 42, 75, 76, 77
Scipio Aemilianus, Publius Cornelius, xvi, 10, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 160, 161
Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius (the Younger)
assessment of qualities, 125–29
religious beliefs, 71
saves his father at Ticinus, 48
after Cannae, 72–73
political intrigue in Rome, 77–78
campaigns in Spain, 78–87
captures New Carthage, 78–83
fights Hasdrubal at Baecula, 84–87
Battle of Ilipa (206 BCE), 93–99
suppresses Roman mutiny, 99
returns to Rome, 99
arrival in Sicily, 100
crosses to North Africa, 103
successes around Utica, 104
meeting with Hannibal, 114
Battle of Zama (202 BCE), 115–25
compared to Hannibal Barca, 125–30
peace terms with Carthage, 132
returns to Rome and given title ‘Africanus’, 141
opposed in Rome, 141
second meeting with Hannibal, 137
dies in exile, 142
scorpion (siege weapon), 147
scutarii, 11
scutum, 11, 16, 18
Seleucid, 129, 134
Sempronius Longus, Tiberius, 42, 47, 51, 52, 53, 57, 72, 111
Senate, Roman, xiii, xiv, xv, 6, 22, 34, 38, 40, 42, 47, 58, 62, 63, 64, 69, 72, 74, 75, 77, 83, 87, 88, 93, 99, 100, 112, 128, 129, 132, 135, 137, 140, 141, 145, 146, 148, 151, 155, 161
Servian reforms, 16
Servius Tullius, 16
Seville, 94
Sicca, 37
Sicily, xii, xiv, xv, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 42, 47, 69, 74, 75, 93, 100, 101, 102, 103, 106, 109, 112, 140, 141, 146, 151, 161, 163
Sidon, 3
sieges
Carthage (147–146 BCE), xvi, 151–60
New Carthage (209 BCE), xiv, 78–83
Saguntum (219–218 BCE), xiii, 41–42, 69, 75, 78, 127
signifer, 18
Silanus, Marcus Junius, 78, 87, 95
slaves and slavery, xiv, 37, 38, 105, 110, 111, 112, 132, 145, 156, 163
slingers, 3, 12, 13, 52, 116
Sophonisba, 105, 110
Souk el Kemis, 106
Spain, vii, xiii, xiv, xv, 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 13, 21, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 83, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 101, 106, 111, 116, 117, 128, 129, 133, 141, 142, 146, 149, 160, 161, 162, 163
Sparta and Spartans, xii, 45
Sucro, 99
suffete, 5, 109, 132
Sulpicius Galba, Publicius, 135
Syphax, 13, 99, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 113, 131
Syracuse and Syracusans, xiv, 5, 7, 22, 23, 74, 75, 161
Syria, xv, xvi, 3, 40, 129, 134, 137, 140, 141, 142, 145, 163
Syrian War (192–189 BCE), xvi, 141, 142
tactics
Carthaginian, 10–15
Numidian, 13
Roman, 15–21
Tagus River, 86
Tanit, 5
Tarentine Wars (281–267 BCE), 21, 141
Tarentum, xiv, 75, 83, 88
Tarraco, 78, 83, 87, 128
Taurini, 40, 47
Telamon, 41
Thapsus, 111
theatre of operations, 23, 26, 32, 87, 128
Thessaly, 135
Thrace, 134, 137
Thurii, 75
Tiber River and valley, 5, 6, 15
Ticinus, Battle of (218 BCE), xiii, 2, 13, 47, 52–57, 62, 63, 64, 68, 72, 116, 117, 126, 127, 162
Trasimene Lake, Battle of (217 BCE), xiii, 2, 58–62, 63, 72, 117, 127, 162
Trebia, Battle of (218 BCE), xiii, 2, 13, 47, 52–57, 62, 63, 64, 68, 72, 116, 117, 126
triarii, 18, 19, 20, 57, 59, 106, 107, 115, 119, 126
tribune, 17, 58, 68, 70, 72, 83, 100, 101, 105, 106, 146, 148, 149, 150
trireme, 23, 24, 112, 132, 153
triumph, xv, 93, 99, 140, 143, 160
Tunis, xii, 29, 32, 100, 109, 110, 116, 131, 149, 161
Tunis, Battle of (255 BCE), 29–32, 100, 116, 161
Tunisia, 2, 3, 8, 13, 114
Turin, 46
turmae, 17, 19
Tychaeus, 113, 115
Tyre, 2, 3, 5, 134
Upper Baetis, Battle of (211 BCE), 77
Umbria, 62, 69, 88, 93
Utica, xv, 93, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 112, 130, 131, 146, 147, 151
Varro, Marcus Terentius, 64, 65, 73
velites, 19, 20, 29, 53, 84, 115, 118
Venusia, 73
Vermina, 131
Via Appia, 74
Via Domitia, 45
Via Latina, 74
Xanthippus (Spartan mercenary commander), xii, 29, 32, 116
Zama, Battle of (202 BCE), 115–126