New Palace, 128–131, 130(fig.), 131–133, 132(fig.), 134–135
Persian Ali, 186–187
Roxelana’s patronage, 147
Sinan, 177, 180,187, 264, 281, 309
the history of royal philanthropy, 185–186
Armenians, 169, 214, 305
Avrat Pazar (women’s market), 172–176, 173(fig.), 178(fig.), 187, 192–193
background and origins, Roxelana’s, 4–6, 14–16, 24–26, 43–44, 193
Baghdad, 16, 112, 149, 221, 296
capture of, 145–146
bath (hamam), 9, 47, 88, 122, 126, 134, 142, 156, 174, 187, 231, 312–313
Bayezid (son), 304–307
birth of, 58, 111
circumcision celebration, 204–205
childhood residence, 210–211
Iranian campaign, 260–261
provincial post in Konya, 241
public career, 247–248
question of succession, 297–299
Bayezid I, 43, 117, 198–199
Bayezid II, 45, 85, 86(fig.), 185, 215, 220, 231, 233, 239, 253, 254, 276, 302
Byzantine forum project, 174–175
concubines’ philanthropic works, 87–88
empire building, 10
family and tragedies, 87
hospital construction, 266
overthrow of, 63, 236, 276
Beyhan (Suleyman’s sister), 38, 168, 193, 208, 250, 307
Blue Mosque, 313
Bodin, Jean, 163–164
Boleyn, Anne, 8, 41,171
Bona Sforza, 224–225, 251
Bozdağ, 226, 230–231
Branković, Mara (stepmother of Mehmed II), 199–200
Bursa, 85–87, 196, 198, 230–231, 237–239, 271, 305–306, 310
Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, 118–119, 147, 199, 245–246, 274, 287–288, 298–299, 306–307
Byzantine empire, 10, 14, 18, 71, 124, 133,174, 194, 214, 231, 291, 313
Caesar, Julius, 153
Cairo, 10, 66, 86, 96, 154, 203, 207, 262
caravanserai, 47, 88, 231, 239, 289
Catherine of Aragon, 8
Celalzade Mustafa, 113, 161, 206, 280, 293
charitable foundations, 4, 9, 11. See also philanthropy
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 73, 103, 159–160, 163, 167, 218–219, 224, 292
charter deeds, 178–179, 189–190, 267
children
concubinage traditions of, 6, 44–45
death of Suleyman’s, 53, 60–61
ending reproductive responsibilities, 111–113
importance of multiple children, 61
of Christian captive females, 4–5
royal concubines’ responsibility in bearing, 32–33
Suleyman’s, 35–36, 72
See also Bayezid (son); Cihangir (son); Mehmed (son); Mihrumah (daughter); Mustafa (Suleyman’s son); Roxelana, children of; Selim (son)
Chinggis Khan (Genghis), 17–18, 215
Christianity, 9, 24, 43, 48, 78, 158, 199, 213, 227, 238, 267, 290
Hagia Eirene, 49(fig.), 50, 266
Hagia Sophia, 48–50, 94, 194, 266, 313
Roxelana’s background, 4–5
royal philanthropy and, 185, 289–294
Suleyman’s religious policy, 292
and Roxelana, 192, 229, 292
Cihangir (son), 280–281
birth of, 72, 111, 113
circumcision celebration, 204–205
concerns over Suleyman’s health, 247
death of, 281, 285, 287
domestic arrangements, 210–211
ill health of, 141–142, 267, 276
political responsibilities, 243–244
question of succession, 276, 297
travels through Anatolia, 238
circumcision of the princes, 102–108, 112–113, 204–205
civil war among the princes, 167, 276–278
Cleopatra, 8
clothing, 56(fig.), 56–57, 75, 75(fig.)
Column of Constantine, 47–48
concubines
emancipation of concubine mothers, 119
foreign fascination with the Ottoman court, 40–41
justifying serial concubinage, 60
mental and physical characteristics of, 32–33
origins of, 14–15
philanthropic works, 86–87
physical and intellectual requirements, 6–7
separate apartments for chosen women, 45–46
Suleyman’s household, 36
See also Hafsa (Suleyman’s mother); harem, imperial; Mahidevran (concubine); slaves
Constantine I, 47–48, 174, 290–291
Constantine XI, 48, 200
contraception, 58–59, 111–112
correspondence between Suleyman and Roxelana, 283(fig.)
news from the war front, 282–284
Crimean Khanate, 16–17, 20–21, 25, 34, 65, 107, 219
Cromwell, Thomas, 153
Customs of the Janissaries of the Imperial Household, 240
death
of Hafsa, 113
of Mehmed, 233–237
of Roxelana’s children, 72, 305–306
of Selim I, 93–94
of Suleyman, 309–310
of Suleyman’s children, 53–54, 94, 111, 271–272, 281
of princes, 85–87
Roxelana’s concerns over internal dissent, 275–276
Roxelana’s declining health and, 12, 281–282, 299–300, 302–304, 315
visiting shrines and tombs, 227–229
See also executions
Dernschwam, Hans, 162, 184, 186, 299
dervishes, 47, 144, 152, 187, 194, 215, 228(fig.), 230, 280
See also sufis
diplomacy
Franco-Spanish conflict, 221–222
Gritti’s contribution of service, 158–159
Safavid peace with the Ottomans, 295–296
treaties with Iran and the Hapsburgs, 286–287
with Poland, 253–254
women’s role in, 11, 251–252
Divan Hall, New Palace, 131–133, 190, 255
Divan. See Imperial Council
Diyarbakır, 149–150, 200, 206, 222–223, 250, 259, 274, 285–286
domestic life, Roxelana’s, 10–11, 210–211, 225–226, 307–309
Dulkadir dynasty, 107, 198
dynastic security
educating the princes, 218–219
mothers’ role in, 315–317
multiple children securing, 60–61
See also succession
Ebu Suud, 126–127, 192, 302
education
benefits of Roxelana’s foundation, 173
boys’ seminary at the New Palace, 135
choosing the mothers of princes, 20
Haseki Avrat, 174–175, 190–191
of concubines in the Old Palace, 39, 41
of imperial princes, 84–85, 218–219
of Mustafa, 95
of Roxelana after Mehmed’s birth, 58
of Roxelana’s children, 11, 78, 82–83, 204
of slave women, 31–32
Roxelana’s conversion to Islam, 33
teachers at the Haseki Avrat, 180–181
Egypt, 8, 10, 19, 66–68, 71, 86, 96, 107, 135, 155, 219, 262, 294
England, 38
Anglo-French alliance, 102–103
foreign fascination with the Ottoman court, 40–41
Roxelana’s diplomatic relations with, 251–252
securing the dynasty, 61
women’s diplomacy between the Ottomans and, 296–297
epidemics, 36, 53–54, 82, 90, 209, 233
Ertugrul, 18–19
eunuchs, 28–29, 47, 124–125, 124(fig.), 125, 183, 315
Evliya Çelebi, 22–23, 172
executions
Bayezid (son)
Ferhad
Ibrahim, 150–154, 160–163
Iskender, 160–161
Kara Ahmed, 294–295
> Mustafa, 271–279
expansion of the Ottoman Empire, 10–11, 145, 163–164
family planning, 111–112
Fatima (daughter of Prophet Muhammad), 113, 293
Fatma (Selim I’s daughter), 207–208
Ferdinand (archduke), 73, 101, 162–164, 184, 205, 218, 222–224, 286–287
Ferhad (Suleyman’s brother-in-law), 38, 71, 168, 193, 208, 250
Festival of the Sacrifice, 139
Field of the Cloth of Gold, 102–103
finances
bathing facilities, 142
charter for the Haseki foundation, 178–181
concubine mothers’ philanthropic roles, 86–87
costs of the Imperial Council home, 131
mapping the princely household, 84
revealing court practices, 88–90
Roxelana’s daily stipend, 77–78, 242
Rustem Pasha’s frugality, 251, 268–269
the vizier’s income, 155–156
fire, 121, 203, 212–213, 258
Forum of the Bull, 174
foundations. See philanthropy
France
conflict on multiple fronts, 221–222
marriage connections to the Ottomans, 14
foreign fascination with the Ottoman court, 40–41
French ambassadors, 14, 129, 140, 210, 221, 261, 300
French-Ottoman alliance, 221
Francis (king of France), 14, 40, 102, 196, 213, 221
fratricide, 7, 64, 304
Genoa, 3–4, 16, 24, 39, 45, 146, 197
Giray Tatars. See Tatars
gout, Suleyman’s, 246, 282, 300
governance
Divan days, 130–131
domestic effect of strong empire building, 304
Egyptian revolt, 71
female monarchs, 315–316
intelligence gathering, 11
in Suleyman’s absence, 117, 138–139
Mustafa’s governorship, 108–109
Nurbanu’s contributions to Selim II and Murad’s reigns, 312–313
overseeing the management of a prince, 84–85
peace treaties: Safavid empire, 295–296
public initiation of the princes, 108–109
quasi-constitutional sovereignty, 314–315
religious policy, 291–292
Roxelana’s marriage giving women a voice in, 122–123
Seljuk influence on Ottomans, 18–19
state building within the Ottoman Empire, 164
under Selim II, 304
under Suleyman, 67–68
Gritti, Alvise, 158–160, 162
Gulfem, 35, 75–77, 142, 260, 300
Gurji Khatun, 229
Hadice (Suleyman’s sister), 156–157
Hafsa (Suleyman’s mother)
background and tenure of, 20–21, 34–35, 114
care of the royal family, 85–86
correspondence with Suleyman, 79
death of, 11–12, 113, 127
female entrepreneurs, 39
Ferhad’s execution, 38
gift of Roxelana to Suleyman, 34, 69–71
harem hierarchy, 36
informational networks, 140
philanthropic projects, 88, 171–172, 187
Roxelana’s rise in status threatening Mahidevran, 94–95
Selim I’s aspirations to the throne, 69–70
stipend, 90
succession concerns, 64–65
Suleyman’s relationship with, 32
Sultaniye complex, 232
upgrading the New Palace, 123
Hagia Eirene (St. Irene), 49(fig.), 50, 129
Hagia Sophia, 48–50, 94, 194, 266, 313
Hall of the Maidens, 45, 46, 51, 53, 119, 121–122
Hammer, J. von, 68, 220
Hapsburg, House of, 72–73, 101, 108–109, 145–146, 158–160, 162–163, 184, 205, 224, 237, 254, 287, 307
harem, imperial, 136–138
financial management, 77–78
Hafsa’s position in, 34–35
hierarchy of the Old Palace, 27–29, 34–36
New Palace, 11–12, 27–29, 35–37, 43, 45–47
Roxelana’s daily life during Suleyman’s military absences, 75–77
Roxelana’s royal responsibilities for, 11
See also concubines, New Palace; Old Palace
Harun al-Rashid, 165, 194, 292–293
Haseki foundation, 178(fig.)
choosing a site, 172–176
controversy connected to, 184
daily life and personnel, 181–184
following imperial traditions, 266–267
healing services provided by, 268
madrasa, 180–181
planning the mosque, 176–177
political significance of, 172
services and amenities, 177
staff requirements, 179–180, 268
Suleyman’s endorsement and financial support, 189–191, 193
Hatuniye foundation, 231
Hayreddin Barbarossa, 140–141, 201, 219, 312
Helena (mother of Constantine I), 290–291
Henry VIII, 8, 61, 104, 153, 167
hierarchy of the Old Palace, 27–28
hippodrome, 50, 104–105(fig.), 108, 137, 146, 204, 258, 313
Holy Roman Empire, 14, 73, 103, 159, 292
honeymoon of Roxelana and Suleyman, 71–72
hospitals, 9, 47, 88, 112, 170, 184, 187, 232, 264–268, 300
Huma Shah (Mehmed’s daughter), 232, 235–236, 241–242, 244, 260, 262, 282, 300
Hungary, 72–73, 82–83, 162–163, 223
Hurrem (Ottoman name of Roxelana), 4, 30, 52, 144, 303, 319
Husnushah (concubine of Bayezid II), 86, 88, 231
Ibn Battuta, 19–20
Ibrahim (Suleyman’s grand vizier), 90, 197
background and career, 154–157
blame for Suleyman’s errors, 161–162
conflicting descriptions of his virtues, 161–163
conversion, 161–162
execution of, 150–154, 160–161, 163
Mustafa’s jealousy, 95–96
Roxelana as gift from, 32
Roxelana’s relationship with, 165–166
Suleyman’s relationship with, 167–168
Imperial Council (Divan), 37, 77, 105, 109, 130(fig.), 140, 155, 226, 237, 250, 263, 294
interregnum rule, 7, 285, 309, 312–314
Iraq, 17, 116, 145–146, 149, 286, 296
Isabella (queen of Hungary), 223–224, 254
Iskender (treasurer), 156, 160–161
Islam, 111, 116. 133. 265(fig.), 278
calendar, 111, 139, 164, 208, 237, 249, 289
conversion of slaves, 4–5, 42–44, 83, 185, 224
emancipation of slaves, 24, 35, 54, 113–114, 118–119, 184–186, 212, 223
holy men, 75, 284
Ibrahim and Islam, 156
Istanbul’s built landscape, 46–50
and law, 35, 54, 58, 78, 85, 113, 115, 176, 207
pilgrimage, 118, 262, 265, 290–293
and philanthropy, 9, 170–171, 192
Roxelana’s charitable actions, 9, 289–294
Roxelana’s conversion, 33, 192,-193, 291–292
shi`i and sunni, 107, 161, 164, 172, 228, 255, 296
status of non-Muslims in, 42, 47,126, 215, 296
teachers at the Haseki Avrat, 179
women’s chastity through seclusion, 126–127, 213, 251
See also dervish; madrasa; philanthropy; sufi
Ismail, Shah, 65, 66, 146, 261
Istanbul
Blue Mosque, 313
built landscape and attractions, 46–50
Haseki Avrat, 173–174
Kagithane, 264
Janissaries
antipathy towards Roxelana, 148–149
engagement in Anatolia, 117
infantry corps, 10, 60
Iranian campaign, 269
Mustafa’s popularity, 73
revolt of 1525, 96, 162, 258
Roxelana’s generosity toward, 240–241
Jerusalem, 137, 170, 194, 261
rebuilding, 164–165
Roxelana’s foundation, 288–293
Suleyman’s project, 288–293
jewels and ornaments, 57, 96–97, 158, 159(fig.), 189, 213, 263
John VI Kantakuzenos, 198
Judaism and Jews, 9, 60, 126, 140, 158, 213, 223, 227, 238, 289, 292, 312
tradeswomen, 39, 114, 140, 158, 213
Justinian I, 48, 194
Ka`aba (Mecca), 265, 265(fig.)
Karaman, 214–215
Khadija (first wife of Prophet Muhammad), 293
Khosraw (Chosroes), 168–169, 216
Knox, John, 315
Konya
Bayezid’s post, 241, 243
family reunion at, 226–227
history of a royal presence, 201
Selim (son)’s post, 214–216, 226–227
Korkud (Suleyman’s uncle), 65–66, 86, 92, 216
Kosem (dowager queen), 315–316
Kutbeddin el-Mekki, 301–303
lalas (tutors), 84–85, 110, 202, 217, 233, 308
literature, educational and entertainment value of, 169
Lituanus, Michalon, 24–25
loyalty to the dynasty, 42–44, 272, 286
Lutfi, 189, 193–194, 204–208, 230
madrasas, 46–47, 170, 173.180–181, 190–191, 266
Mahidevran (concubine, mother of Mustafa)
arrival in Istanbul after Selim I’s death, 93–94
as role model for Roxelana, 57
background and training, 84, 88–89
circumcision of the princes, 106
eligibility of sons to succeed their father, 249
emergence into politics, 101–102
harem hierarchy, 36
Haseki foundation, 188
increasing power at court, 90
life in Manisa, 90–92, 109
Mustafa’s execution, 270–272
Mustafa’s harmony with Roxelana, 83
Mustafa’s provincial government, 216–217
public opinion, 7–8, 83, 150, 270–271, 310
retirement, 310
rivalries among the princes, 10, 62, 79
rivalry with Roxelana, 90–91, 94–99, 148–149
Mahmud (Suleyman’s son), 35–36, 54–55, 64, 67
Mamluk dynasty, 10, 66, 104, 107, 157, 160, 262
Manisa, 82–85
family reunion, 237–238
Hafsa’s foundation, 88, 113, 148–149, 165, 186–187
Mahidevran’s life in, 90–92, 109
Mehmed’s post, 214–216, 226
Roxelana’s travels to, 231, 231–232
royal presence, 201
Suleyman’s post, 34–36, 52, 65–66
Marlowe, Christopher, 198–199
marriage
arranged, 37–38, 91, 115
French-Ottoman alliances, 14
Ibrahim’s lavish wedding, 156–157
Mihrumah and Rustem, 205–208
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