Polish issues with, 456–57
Romanian conflicts with, 166–69
Soviet POWS in Sobibor uprising, 559
Spain, 71, 86, 90, 127, 285, 447
Spanish Jews, 6, 285
special commandos, Jewish, 357, 499, 503, 506–8, 580–82, 652, 663
special trains, 491–92 speeches, anti-Jewish
Goebbels’s, 76, 276, 472–79, 645–46
Himmler’s, 541–45
Hitler’s, 4, 11, 17–19, 79–80, 132–33, 166, 202–4, 272–82, 331–39, 402–4, 472–78, 541–43, 604–5, 645 Ley’s, 23–24
Speer, Albert, 76, 140, 345, 348–49, 481, 502, 646
Spellman, Francis, 565
Spier, Hans, 376, 408
spoils. See also expropriation campaign
Sprenger, Jakob, 291
Squire, Paul C., 461
SS forces. See Heydrich,
Reinhard; Himmler,
Heinrich; RKFDV agency; RSHA (Reich Security) office
Stahel, Rainer, 562
Stahlecker, Franz Walter, 219, 223, 240, 362
Stalin, Joseph, 67, 250, 657
Stalingrad, 400–402 stamps, Dutch, 407, 549
Stangl, Franz, 357, 432, 558
Stanislawów, 282–83, 321–22, 386–87
star, Jewish
in Croatia, 229
in France, 378–80
in Germany, 143, 238–39, 251–56, 298–303, 513–14
in Holland, xiii, 378–79
in Hungary, 452
Lilly Jahn and, 338–39
in Slovakia, 231
Staritz, Katerine, 299
Staron Stanislaw, 147
starvation campaign, 138, 144–50, 157–58, 236, 259–60, 389–90, 435, 507, 533, 629–32. See also food supply
Starzynski, Stefan, 61 Statut des Juifs, French, 111–12, 119–21, 172–73
Stauffenberg, Alexander von, 635
Stauffenberg, Berthold von, 635
Stauffenberg, Claus von, 634
Steiger, Eduard von, 447–49, 625
Stein, Edith, 411
Stein, Johanna, 51
Steinberg, Jonathan, 228, 453
Steinberg, Paul, 616, 649–50
Stephani, Hermann, 103
Stepinac, Alois, 228
sterilization, 15–16, 292, 342, 403, 547
Stern, Juliette, 552
Stern, Samuel, 615
Sternbuch, Isaac, 462, 626
Stettin, 35, 94, 459
Stollmann, Max, 586
Storfer, Berthold, 88
Strauch, Eduard, 362–63
Strauss, Marianne
Ellenbogen, 307–8
Streckenbach, Bruno, 40
Streicher, Julius, 281
strikes, Dutch, 125, 178–79
Stroop, Jürgen, 524–25
Struma ship, 319, 329–30
Stuckart, Wilhelm, 339, 341–42, 344
Stülpnagel, Karl-Heinrich, 377
Stülpnagel, Otto von, 377
Stuttgart, 652–53, 654
Stutthof concentration camp, 15, 584, 632, 650
submissiveness. See passivity
Sugihara, Chiune, 193–94
Suhard, Emmanuel, 74–75, 419–20
suicides, 65, 121, 127, 181, 251, 276, 278, 308–9, 348, 371, 426, 429, 459, 492–93, 532, 559, 580, 592, 599, 659–61
survival, 148–49
survivors, Jewish
from Belgium, 422
from Denmark, 547 diarists, 662–63
from Finland, 449
from France, 555
from Holland, xiii, 413
from Italy, 561
from Kovno, 584
from Lwov, 436
from Poland, 632
from Rhodes and Kos, 613
from Theresienstadt, 638
Süskind, Walter, 411
Sutzkever, Abraham, 590
Sweden, 80, 91, 447–49, 454, 459, 546–47, 648, 652
Switzerland, 91–92, 97, 193, 447–49, 460–61, 463, 498, 624–26, 638, 647–48
Sylten, Werner, 92
synagogues, 21–22, 257, 259, 514–15, 318, 444, 514–15, 524–25
Szalasi, Ferenc, 232, 640
Szerynski, Józef, 156, 521
Sztójay, Döme, 452, 483–84, 606, 614, 617–18
Szulman, Jacob, 63
Talinn, 449
Tarnopol, 214
Tarnów, 297–98
taxes, ghetto, 156
Taylor, Myron C., 464–65, 595
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 69
Tenenbaum, Mordechai, 365, 529–30
Terboven, Josef, 76
Terezín. See Theresienstadt transit camp
terror campaign in Poland, 13–14, 26–30
Thadden, Eberhard von, 562, 582
Théas, Pierre-Marie, 421
Theresienstadt: A Documentary from the Jewish
Settlement Area (film), 637
Theresienstadt transit camp, 310, 341, 345, 351–55, 425, 439–40, 445, 506, 577–80, 593, 636–39, 652, 648
Third Reich. See Nazi
Germany
Thomalla, Richard, 432
Thomas, Georg, 137–38, 295
Thoms, Albert, 499
Thomsen, Hans, 206
Thracia, 452, 484–85, 487–88
Tijn, Gertrud van, 182
Timoshenko, Semyon, 331
Tiso, Jozef, 80, 231, 373, 486, 606, 640
Tisserant, Eugène, 74–75, 464
Tito, Josip Broz, 228
Tittman, Harold, 465–66, 573–74
Todt, Fritz, 272, 345
Topf and Sons company, 503–4
torture, 27–28, 612
Tory, Abraham, 241–42, 384, 527, 584, 662
tourists, German, 38–39, 160, 435–36
trading of Jews. See exchange Jews
trains
bombing plan Hungary-to-Auschwitz railway line, 625–28
deaths on, 490–95 deportations and, 266–67
transit camps, 283, 310, 351–56, 375–76. See also
Theresienstadt transit camp; Westerbork transit camp
Transnistria, 226, 594
Treblinka extermination camp, 354, 357, 394–95, 405, 425, 429–33, 441–42, 445, 452, 454, 491, 521–22, 529–30, 557–59
Tresckow, Henning von, 210, 460
Trocmé, André, 421
Trunk, Isaiah, 44, 105–6
Trzebinski, Alfred, 655–56
Trzeciak, Stanislaw, 25
tuberculosis, 533, 655–56
Tuka, Vojtech, 80, 230–31, 373–74, 463, 485–86
Tulp, Sybren, 180, 406
Turkey, 329–30
Turner, Harald, 363–64
typhus, 158, 243, 405, 489, 547, 608–10
Udet, Ernst, 276
Uebelhoer, Friedrich, 266
Ueberall, Ehud, 88
UFA film studios, 19–20, 160–61
Ukraine, 44, 138, 197, 201, 212–19, 224, 259–60, 358–61, 410, 458, 463–64, 534–37
Uniate Catholic Church, 464
Union Générale des Israélites de France (UGIF), 258, 416–18, 551–52, 554–55
Union of Jewish
Communities, 226–27
Union of Orthodox Rabbis, 626
United Palestine Appeal, 466–67
United Partisans Organization, 325–26
United States
attempted rescue of French children by, 417
awareness in, about exterminations, 392, 460–67
extermination campaign as result of, 281–82
German undeclared naval war on, 269–70
Hitler’s concern about, 130–31, 264–67
Hitler’s declaration of war on, 272, 278–79
immigration to, 84–86
isolationist campaign in, 67, 270–72
Jewish leadership in, 304–5
Jewish political influence in, 9
Jewry in, 83–84
Lend-Lease Bill of, 201
plan of, to bomb
railway line between Hungary and Auschwitz, 625–28
Romanian exchange offer and, 594
universities. See academic institutions
Untermensch pamphlet, 542
Upper Silesia, 12, 34, 38, 154, 510, 649. See also
Auschwitz concentration camp
uprisings, 126, 348–50, 496, 520–29, 557–59, 629, 639–40. See also resistance
USSR. See Soviet Union
Ustasha movement, Croatian, 71, 227–30, 487
Vaadah (Jewish Relief and Rescue Committee), 620–25
Valenti, Osvaldo, 612
Vallat, Xavier, 172–73, 256, 258
van Daan, Peter, 550
vans, gas, 233–34, 286, 358, 363–64. See also Chelmno extermination site; gassings
Vatican. See also Catholic Church; Pius XII (pope)
awareness of extermination campaign in, 459, 463–67, 516
Croatian mass executions and, 229–30
Pius XI (pope), 58, 72–73 unavailability of documents in, xxiii
Veesenmayer, Edmund, 613, 618–19, 621–22, 623–24, 641
Veidt, Conrad, 20
Vendel, Karl Ingve, 459–60
Venice Film Festival, 100
Ventzki, Werner, 266
Verschuer, Otmar von, 505
vested interests, xx–xxi
Vichy France. See also France anti-Jewish measures in, 108–15, 117–21, 169–78, 190, 256–59, 550–52
Catholic Church in, 71
deportations of Jews from, 550–57, 610–12
deportation of Jews from Germany to, 65–66, 93–94
extermination plan for, 340–41
Pétain and (see Pétain, Henri-Philippe)
Vienna, 34–35, 139, 266–67, 308, 640–43. See also Austria
Vilna, 24, 44, 219–25
Vilna ghetto, 64, 198, 241, 324–28, 382–84, 436–38, 439, 446, 530–33, 590–91
Vinnytsa, 361–62
visas, 83–87, 90–91, 127, 193–94, 330
Visser, Lodewijk E., 123
Vlaamsch National Verbond, 259
Vleeschouwer, Jopie, 599
Voldermaras, Augustin, 220
Volk, xviii–xxi, xx
Völkischer Beobachter, 23, 205, 247, 337–38
Volksgemeinschaft, 14, 658
Volkstumskampf, 11, 12–14
Voss, Hermann, 236–37
Vrba, Rudolf, 614–15
Vught labor camp, 413
Wagner, Eduard, 134, 138, 236–37
Wagner, Robert, 93
Wagner, Winifred, 587
Wallenberg, Raoul, 642, 648
Wannsee conference, 334, 339–45
War Refugee Board (WRB), 596, 626, 647
Warsaw, 3–4, 12, 24
Warsaw ghetto
awareness in, of exterminations, 326, 390–95, 521–22
creation of, 38, 104–6, 242–45
cultural life in, 149–53
deportation and extermination of Jews in, 81–82, 426–33, 445, 464–65
Jewish Council in, 37–43, 61–62, 153–54
Jewish Fighting Organization and uprising in, 520–21, 522–27
Jewish perception in, 322
life in, 242–45, 322, 328, 389–95
Oneg Shabat chroniclers, 106, 146, 150, 394, 445, 528
Polish indifference to, 533–34
reaction of, to Eastern Front, 199
Soviet liberation of, 629
starvation in 146–49, 389–90
“Warsaw Ghetto, The,” vii
Wartenburg, Yorck von, 635
Warthegau, 12, 14, 30, 35–37, 144, 284, 510–11, 584–86
Wasser, Hersch, 106, 150, 155, 393, 662
Weck, René de, 450
Wehrmacht, 13, 22, 26–30, 134–35, 165, 171, 200–201, 208–12, 246
Weil, Erwin, 308–9
Weill, Julien, 120
Weill-Curiel, André, 611
Weininger, Otto, 278
Weiss, Aharon, 40, 555
Weissenberg, Yitshak Meir, 195
Weissmandel, Michael Dov Ber, 374, 626
Weizmann, Chaim, 10, 623, 627
Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 373–74, 562–64, 565–66
welfare activities, 148, 191–92
Wellers, George, 416
Welles, Sumner, 460–61, 595
Wenck, Walter, 527
Wertheimer, Henny, 371
Wessels, Ben, 608, 662
Westerbork transit camp, 375–76, 413, 438–39, 547–49, 599, 607
Western Europe, 6–8. See also Europe
Wetzel, Eberhard, 286
Wetzler, Alfred, 614
White Rose resistance group, 513
Wiernik, Jacob, 558–59
Wilenberg, Shmuel, 557–58
Wilhelm, Hans-Heinrich, 605
Wilkie, Wendell, 67
Wilson, Woodrow, 279
Wimmer, Friedrich, 179
Winant, John, 594
Wippern, Georg, 500
Wirth, Christian, 357
Wise, Stephen, 85–86, 304, 460–61, 462, 595
Wisliceny, Dieter, 80, 231, 374, 487–89, 613, 615, 621, 624, 647
Wisten, Fritz, 97–98
Wittenberg, Itzik, 532
Witting, Rolf, 277
Włodawa, 394–95
Woehrn, Fritz, 519–20
Wolff, Karl, 138, 491
Wolff, Theodore, 84
Working Group, 614–15, 626
working Jews, 95–96, 245–47, 495
World Jewish Congress, 66, 85, 247, 304–5, 460–61, 462–63, 627
Woyrsch, Udo von, 26–27
writers, 117, 206–7, 379
Wurm, Theophil, 202, 300–301, 516–17
Years of Persecution, The, xvii, xviii, xix
Yiddishkeit, xiv–xv, 7 Yishuv, 87–90, 305–6, 457–58, 594, 622–23. See also Palestine (Eretz Israel)
YIVO research center, 220, 590–91
YMCA, 193
Yom Kippur, 28, 49, 105, 444–47
youth movements, 153, 325, 364–65, 522
Yugoslavia, 6, 88–89, 131, 227–31
Zadri, Boris, 379
Zamboni, Guelfo, 489
Zamość, 233, 358
Zay, Jean, 112, 611
Zegota (Council to Aid Jews), 537–38
Zeitzler, Kurt, 400
Zelkowicz, Josef, 433–35, 632, 662
Zhukov, Georgy, 401
Zhytomyr, 224
Zionism, 10, 19, 48, 63–64, 88, 153, 306, 325, 351–53, 391, 457–58, 522, 532, 595–96, 597. See also Palestine
Zloczow, 213–14
ZOB (Zydowska Organizacia Bojowa), 520–29
Zolli, Israel, 560
Zöpf, Willy, 179, 407
Zörner, Ernst, 37
Zuccotti, Susan, 572
Zuckerman, Yitzhak, 318, 326, 328, 391–93
Zukunft, 153, 198
Zweig, Stefan and Frederike Maria, 84
Zygielbojm, Szmuel, 456, 598–99
Zyklon B gas, 236, 458–59, 503–4
Zywulska, Krystina, 508
ZZW (Zydowski Zwiazek Wojskowski), 522, 524
About the Author
Born in Prague, SAUL FRIEDLÄNDER spent his boyhood in Nazi-occupied France. He is now a professor of history at UCLA and has written numerous books on Nazi Germany and World War II.
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THE YEARS OF EXTERMINATION
“[The Years of Extermination] establishes itself as the standard historical work on Nazi Germany’s mass murder of Europe’s Jews…. An account of unparalleled vividness and power that reads like a novel…. Friedländer succeeds in binding together the many different strands of his story with a sure touch. He has written a masterpiece that will endure.”
—New York Times Book Review (Editor’s Choice)
“Saul Friedländer’s massive history of the Holocaust is a judicious, authoritative, and restrained
study. But it’s also a stark reminder that lunacy may have been as much a part of Nazism as cruelty.”
—Newsweek
“The Years of Extermination is one of the most important works of historical writing in recent years, and deserves to live in the company of works by Raul Hilberg, Lucy Dawidowicz, and Leni Yahil as one of the finest comprehensive studies of this darkest subject of all.”
—New Republic
“The second volume, like the first, lends the impression that ‘you are there,’ a witness with a kaleidoscopic panorama of history that juxtaposes the cries and whispers of ordinary men, women, and children against the sadistic bombast of Hitler, his henchmen, and their many helpers eager to indulge villainous appetites and vicious prejudices. These stories are woven together in a tapestry that comes to life (and death) by the vivid recall of eyewitnesses to what they otherwise could not have believed.”
—Washington Times
“The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews 1939–1945 by Saul Friedländer is a follow-up to his earlier work…together [they] provide a remarkable comprehensive history.”
Nazi Germany and the Jews, Volume 2: The Years of Extermination Page 117
