by Lynn Vincent
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CONTENTS
Prologue: The Ship
BOOK 1 The Kamikaze
BOOK 2 The Mission
BOOK 3 The Deep
BOOK 4 Trial and Scandal
BOOK 5 An Innocent Man
Final Log Entry: August 19, 2017
Final Sailing List
Appendix A: Rescue Ships
Appendix B: Journey with
Methodology
Photographs
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Photo Credits and Information
For those who did not live to tell their stories
PROLOGUE
* * *
THE SHIP
SHE WAS BORN FROM soil as American as the men who sailed her. Ore mined near the Great Lakes and in the Tennessee Valley. Transported by barge and train to steel mills in Detroit and Pittsburgh. Machined and welded and hammered together in Camden, New Jersey, by tradesmen from across the forty-eight states. From her keel—forged red-hot and laid in 1930—she rose amid clang and clamor and showering sparks, unfolding bow to stern in 147 bands of high-strength steel, her superstructure climbing toward the sun until, in 1932, she parted water for the first time and was christened USS Indianapolis.
Indy was grand but svelte. Franklin Delano Roosevelt made her his ship of state and invited world leaders and royalty to dance under the stars on her polished teak decks. When war came, many of the sailors she carried into battle were still teenagers. They slept in bunks three high, went to chapel on Sunday mornings, and shot dice on the fantail on Sunday afternoons. They danced to Glenn Miller and sang along with the Andrews Sisters. They referred to Indy as their first love and the Queen. At least one of their wives called her “the other woman.”
Indianapolis was the flagship of the World War II Pacific fleet—the largest naval fleet in the history of the modern world. Along her centerline she carried three 250-ton turrets, each hefting three eight-inch guns that could reach out eighteen miles to rake beaches, destroy pillboxes, and punch through the armor of enemy ships. Her hull bristled with two dozen 40 mm Bofors guns, some radar-aimed for lethal precision, along with thirty-two machine guns that could cloak a mile-wide circle around her in a hail of 20 mm rounds. From her decks, Fifth Fleet commander Admiral Raymond Spruance would build an island bridge that stretched west from Pearl Harbor to Japan and was mortared in the blood of nations.
By the summer of 1945, the Pacific war was churning toward its fiery climax. A new weapon had been born, a “destroyer of worlds.” During the last week of July, under the command of Captain Charles B. McVay III, Indianapolis delivered the core of this weapon to its launch point, completing the most highly classified naval mission of the war. Four days later, just after midnight, a Japanese submarine spotted Indy and struck her with two torpedoes. Three hundred men went down with the ship. As Indy sank into the yawning underwater canyons of the Philippine Sea, nearly nine hundred men made it into the water alive. Only 316 survived.
The sinking of Indianapolis was the greatest sea disaster in the history of the American Navy. It was also a national scandal that would bridge two centuries. There would be a controversial court-martial. An enemy witness. Lies and machinations by men of high rank. Broken lives. Suicides.
Decade after decade, the survivors would fight for their captain, battling to correct a vulgar injustice. As Indy’s story rolled forward, spanning thirteen presidents, from FDR to George W. Bush, it would inspire a filmmaker named Spielberg, an eleven-year-old boy named Hunter Scott, a maverick lawmaker named Bob Smith, and Captain William Toti, skipper of her namesake submarine. Men fought over her for decades, and no victor emerged for fifty years.
Indianapolis is a war grave now. But don’t think of her that way. Roll the film backward. Watch her rise.
BOOK 1
THE KAMIKAZE
WORLD WAR II
PACIFIC THEATER OF OPERATIONS
SPRING 1945
1
* * *
MARCH 18, 1945
USS Indianapolis (CA-35)
The Northern Pacific
A CRY WENT UP from the gun crew range-finders aboard the heavy cruiser Indianapolis: “Judy! Port side! Close aboard!”
It was a Japanese dive-bomber—a “Judy”—the third bogie of the day. The plane plunged from a slab of clouds, its long, glazed canopy glinting softly in the filtered morning light.
On the cruiser’s bridge, Captain Charles McVay had the conn, with Admiral Raymond Spruance tracking the action from his high bridge chair. Both men wore khaki shirts, tieless, and soft garrison caps. Through the bridge wings, McVay, who was forty-six, could see the ships of the task group surrounding Indy in a rough ring, prows cutting cobalt seas along the same axis. Sailing closest were sixteen aircraft carriers, including Bunker Hill, Essex, Enterprise, Yorktown, Hancock, and Franklin. Farther out, the battleships and cruisers steamed, with the whole task group making way inside the sheltering embrace of a destroyer screen. A fighter CAP (combat air patrol), about thirty-two planes, fanned out over the task group.
Indy was at Condition I, general quarters, with all hands at battle stations. Bugler Glenn Morgan stood near McVay, headphones clamped over his ears, ready to relay data from critical combat stations around the ship.
The Judy kept coming, a dark-winged pill swelling against the pale dawn. Morgan watched its approach and wondered if it was another suicider. The Japanese had been crashing their planes into U.S. ships for five months, since Leyte Gulf. Most of the fellows thought they were bonkers. What kind of nut would do that, Morgan wondered, intentionally crash himself into a ship?
The Judy hurtled in, its engine thrumming past Indy’s port beam toward a juicier target off her bow, the carrier Bunker Hill. Staccato gunfire burst like black popcorn flung across the sky as Indy’s 20 mm gun crews arced their barrels with the plane’s flight path. But the Judy snapped through the flak unscathed, and the pilot released a bomb. It whistled close to Bunker Hill but missed and pierced the sea close astern. The carrier returned fire, chewing into the plane with her antiaircraft battery. Morgan watched the bomber’s shredded carcass cartwheel into the sea.
It was “L-14 Day,” two weeks before the American landing at Okinawa. Task Force 58 was maneuvering at Emperor Hirohito’s doorstep, just a hundred miles off Kyushu, southernmost in the slim scythe of islands that formed Japan. A land of sacred pagodas and active volcanoes, Kyushu was also home to the Japanese naval arsenal and shipyard at Sasebo, as well as major steel and arms works in the city of Nagasaki.
So far, the Empire’s air reaction to Task Force 58 had been wildly aggressive. Attacks developed so swiftly that U.S. task force radar gave little if any warning. The clouds themselves seemed to spawn enemy planes, and a visual sighting by a close screen—quick, agile destroyers protecting the fleet—was often the first sign of menace. A day earlier, Japanese bombers had hit three carriers, but crews were able to patch the holes and keep their planes flying.
For the men of Indianapolis, fighting off single planes had become ordinary work. Since Spruance hoisted his flag aboard Indy in 1943, the crew of nearly a
thousand had earned eight battle stars, not counting their last stop, Iwo Jima, where they’d helped tenderize the beach for the landing Marines.
Since his battle station was on the bridge, Morgan, a twenty-one-year-old Oklahoman, was always in the middle of the action—which is to say, the calm at the eye of the storm. Captain McVay and Admiral Spruance ran a quiet bridge, unlike the previous skipper, Captain Einar “Johnny” Johnson, a bantamweight officer who cursed loudly, cheerfully, and often.
Morgan had liked Johnson, but he wasn’t so sure about McVay, who’d taken command in November. Sure, he’d just won a Silver Star for courage under fire in the Solomon Islands. But Morgan still felt that McVay didn’t know much, and with his leading-man eyes and Pepsodent smile, the skipper also seemed a little snooty. The gossip was, he’d dated a movie star and married a princess.
Morning dawned in full. The air on the bridge tasted briny and cool, spring in the Northern Pacific. Morgan watched as the carriers went on offense, volleying waves of planes to strike enemy air bases at Kyushu. Launched singly, the planes formed up in swarms and arrowed toward the horizon, their props generating a low hum like venomous bees.
• • •
At intervals through the day, McVay reviewed the action report for Iwo Jima, which Yeoman Second Class Vic Buckett had typed up for his signature. The size and power of the force arrayed against Iwo Jima represented American naval power at its zenith. Buckett had recorded the bombardment of the island, which began in mid-February, as well as the weather: heavy rains had provided excellent cover for the surface fleet but played hell with the aviators. By February 19, the day of the landing, though, a high-pressure system had swept the squalls aside, and the Marines sloshed ashore under blue skies with a light northerly breeze.
McVay remembered watching hundreds of landing craft churn toward the beach. His sailors lined the rails, shouting, “Give ’em hell, boys!” Parked a few thousand yards offshore at Spruance’s order, Indianapolis supported the landing and subsequent infantry battle with more shore bombardment, which the action report showed in detail. What the report did not show was how the fighting ashore collapsed into chaos, the Marines mired to their knees in sludgy volcanic ash and mowed down by heavy machine-gun fire. Nor could it show the moment those saltwater cowboys staked the Stars and Stripes on Mount Suribachi in full view of the attacking U.S. fleet.
McVay remembered the moment vividly: the whole fleet blasting horns, ringing bells, sailors cheering and clapping and waving their Dixie cup caps. Some men said that when they saw that flag go up they thought of home and how it surely wouldn’t be long until they could sail back to their moms and sweethearts and the good old U.S.A.
The captain continued flipping through the thick sheaf of pages. The report noted that Indianapolis had taken no casualties at Iwo Jima and that the performance of her crew had been excellent. Satisfied, the captain scribbled his customary signature on the document: Chas. B. McVay, III.
• • •
Later in the day, Admiral Raymond Spruance emerged from the flag quarters for his daily laps around the forecastle, or “fo’c’sle,”I a superstructure just aft of the bow. Slim and tan, the admiral transmitted serenity, but his lucent blue eyes concealed an inward turbulence. At fifty-eight, Spruance vented his intensity as he had all his life, with physical exercise, usually dragging junior officers along, breathless. Sometimes he wore his khaki trousers, sometimes shorts and a T-shirt. Once, his chief of staff wrote home from the Marshall Islands that Spruance was “rigged out in a new pair of gaudy Hawaiian bathing panties.”
Alone this time, Spruance charged forward along the port side, passing the No. 1 turret. Indy’s crew was accustomed to his walks, and as he passed sailors polishing brass, painting, and swabbing decks, they greeted him—“Sir” or “Admiral”—with a respectful nod. He did not require that they snap to and render a hand salute. This was a ship at war, not a berthing inspection. While he insisted on efficiency, Spruance loathed commanders who burdened their men with ticky-tack formalities when there was important work to be done. On some ships, there was tension between an admiral’s staff and the ship’s company, with the staff seen as privileged intruders who made more work for the regular crew. There was none of that aboard Indianapolis. Spruance got on well with the reserved McVay just as he had with the more colorful Captain Johnson. He knew McVay to be the son of a rather difficult admiral, Charles B. McVay, Jr., a veteran of the Spanish-American War.
Today, Spruance was not content with hitting just the Kyushu airfields. He also wanted to hit Kure naval base on the island of Honshu, where an attractive chunk of the enemy’s remaining surface fleet swung at anchor. Some considered such tactics overkill, and Spruance had developed a reputation for it. An aide once objected that the admiral was going to “crack a walnut with a sledgehammer.” Spruance had peered over his reading glasses and said, “Roscoe, that’s the way to win wars.”
The admiral was famously unflappable, but found the attack on Pearl Harbor a shattering experience. Spruance revealed this only to his wife and daughter, then waited anxiously for Admiral Chester Nimitz to take over as CincPac—Commander in Chief Pacific Fleet. After the obscenity at Pearl, America’s Pacific Fleet leadership was demoralized. Spruance sensed that Nimitz would inject some sorely needed fighting spirit, and he was right. Nimitz proved bold, aggressive, confident. Energized, the Pacific fleet began to sortie out and fight back. Spruance was elated.
When he reached the foredeck, the admiral turned right and passed under the eight-inch gun barrels. A sea breeze ruffled his khakis and cooled his way. As he crossed the fo’c’sle forward, he saw a pair of sailors sitting near the gunwale. They wore Dixie cup hats, chambray shirts, and dungarees faded nearly sky-blue by a combination of sun and shipboard detergent. Spruance saw that the younger of the two men wore a cast on his right hand. Something odd protruded from the top. It looked like a wire. The admiral passed the men, hung another right, and walked aft along the starboard rail.
In June 1942, after Spruance engineered the surprise American victory at Midway, Nimitz lassoed him and made him CincPac chief of staff, then deputy commander, Pacific Fleet. Spruance quickly presided over a series of firsts: the first night carrier landing in naval history; the first to establish a rotation system for aviators in combat; the first to realize that the westward push toward Japan would require the creation of the most advanced logistics apparatus in the history of warfare. For Spruance, working for Nimitz had been an inspiration. Spruance considered the elder man one of the finest and most human characters he’d ever met. He was also the only man Spruance ever met who did not know what it meant to be afraid.
Now, with only Okinawa between his fleet and mainland Japan, Spruance saw no reason to alter his doctrine of overwhelming force. Shore bombardment of Okinawa was about to begin, with Indianapolis in the thick of it. The size of the landing force would be second only to D-Day at Normandy. Meanwhile, the Nazis were on the run in Europe, the Brits on the move in Burma, and General Douglas MacArthur—whose effectiveness, Spruance agreed with Navy Secretary James Forrestal, was mortgaged to his vanity—was rapidly recapturing the Philippines. The end of the Pacific war seemed just over the horizon.
Spruance completed a full lap of the forward superstructure and arrived again at the bow, where the two sailors were still sitting. Curious about the cast with the strange hardware, he detoured and walked over. Since they were at leisure, the men jumped to their feet and rendered hand salutes. Spruance glanced at the name stenciled on the younger man’s shirt. “Celaya, is it?”
“Yes, sir. Adolfo Celaya, sir.”
Celaya, who was seventeen, had joined the Navy out of the tiny, dust-swept desert town of Florence, Arizona. He’d seen a lot of brass aboard and had observed Spruance doing laps for nearly a whole year. But Celaya had never spoken to him, and he was a little nervous.
Spruance nodded toward Celaya’s hand. “What happened there?”
“Broke my hand, sir.”
Celaya glanced at his buddy, Seaman First Class Mike Quihuis, who pressed his lips into a thin line to keep from smiling. He knew Celaya was hoping the admiral wouldn’t ask how he broke his hand.
On closer inspection, Spruance could see that the wire, about the gauge of an ordinary coat hanger, originated in the area of the boy’s thumb. It rose more than eight inches from the cast and ended in a loop, resembling nothing so much as an antenna.
Spruance caught Celaya’s eye and smiled. “You picking up Tokyo Rose on that thing?”
Celaya shook his head and laughed. “No, sir.”
The admiral smiled again, then turned away and resumed his course to starboard.
That evening, Spruance received updates on Admiral Marc Mitscher’s air strikes on the Japanese mainland. Mitscher commanded the fast carrier force known as Task Force 58. By day’s end, his pilots had bested 102 enemy flyers in dogfights over Kyushu and destroyed another 275 aircraft on the ground. The fighter CAP, or combat air patrol, shot down a dozen planes over the task force, and antiaircraft batteries splashed another twenty-one. The enemy had managed to score hits on two American carriers, Yorktown and Enterprise, but damage to Yorktown was minor, and the bomb that hit Enterprise failed to detonate.
Meanwhile, the American sorties had yielded a bonus. Over the Japanese naval base at Kure, Mitscher’s pilots spotted the battleship Yamato in the harbor. Designed as a “supership,” Yamato was capable of fighting multiple enemy vessels at once. Lithe and muscular with minimal freeboard, the mighty vessel lurked low in the water, her vast superstructure bristling with guns. She was by far the Empire’s most dangerous remaining surface threat, and Spruance wanted her off the board. By hitting both Japan’s air and surface forces today and tomorrow, he hoped to disrupt interference with the Allied landing at Okinawa. Bitter experience had taught him that during the landing itself, his forces would be critically exposed.
