by Lynn Vincent
RESCUE CREW: George Barber, James Bargsley, Eva Jane Bolents-Savel, Charles Doyle, Bill Fouts, Tom Gray, Alfred Lederer, Albert Lutz, Roy McLendon, Jack Paul, Malcolm Smook, William Van Wilpe, L. Peter Wren.
FAMILY MEMBERS: Andrew Barksdale, Toyoko Belcher, James Belcher, Jr., Bonny Campbell, Peggy Campo, Michael Emery, Aurora Garcia, Norma Gwinn, David Harrell, Earl Henry, Jr., Alice Mae Horvath, Ann Kmit, Ethel Leenerman, Mary O’Donnell, Mary Stamm, Mitchell Stamm, Ben Tierney.
FRIENDS: Tom Balunis, Secretary of the Navy Gordon England, John Gromosiak, Sonoe Hashimoto Iida, Atsuko Iida, Oliver North, Hunter Scott, Senator Robert Smith, Captain William Toti.
Adolfo Celaya. Interviewed by Lynn Vincent in Florence, Arizona. August 2015. (LV-CELAYA)
Atusko Iida, granddaughter of Commander Hashimoto. Email interviews by Sara Vladic, May 2014–16.
Bob Smith, United States senator. The authors conducted multiple telephone and email interviews with Senator Smith in 2016 and 2017.
Captain William Toti. The authors conducted multiple telephone and email interviews with Captain Toti between 2012 and 2017.
David Furman, son of Army Major Robert Furman. Telephone interview by Sara Vladic on 31 March 2016.
Earl O. Henry, Jr., son of Lieutenant Commander Earl O. Henry, Sr. Interviewed by Sara Vladic and Sara Cunliffe in Nashville, Tennessee, September 2015.
Mary Lou Murphy, wife of survivor Paul Murphy. Telephone interview by Lynn Vincent on 2 August 2016.
Michael Emery, nephew of Seaman William Friend Emery. Telephone interview by the authors, 10 May 2016.
Margaret “Ducky” Hemenway,” legislative assistant to Senator Bob Smith. Interviewed by Lynn Vincent on 1 August 2016.
Paul Everts, grandson of Commander Joseph Flynn and Flynn’s wife, Anna. The authors interviewed Paul about the effects of the sinking of Indianapolis on the Flynn family, and about Anna’s resentment of McVay. Interviewed by Lynn Vincent, Spring 2017.
Teresa Goldston Brown. Granddaughter of Lieutenant Commander Kasey Moore. Teresa is the daughter of Mary, who was abandoned by her mother and, after Moore died, left with Katherine Moore. Telephone interview by Lynn Vincent, February 2017.
Viola Outland, wife of survivor Felton Outland, and two of the couple’s children, Felton, Jr., and Teresa. Interviewed by Lynn Vincent on 24 January 2016.
Private Papers, Diaries, Personal Histories and Correspondence
Armitage, Herb. Letter to Bill Delman seeking information on behalf of Commander John Emery regarding his son, William Friend Emery. 22 August 1945. Papers of Commander John Emery. Courtesy of Michael Emery, nephew of lost-at-sea Indianapolis crew member William Friend Emery.
Bauersfeld, Carl. Handwritten proof matrix prepared for the court-martial of Captain McVay. Papers of Carl Bauersfeld. Private collection. Courtesy of Carl Bauersfeld, Jr. The collection also includes the Navy memorandum assigning Lieutenant Bauersfeld to the case and a laudatory letter dated 2 January 1946, from Captain Ryan, the judge advocate. Ryan wrote that the lieutenant’s performance was “of the highest order” and that he acted as “an associate [counsel] rather than an assistant.”
Delman, Bill. Letter to Commander John Emery reporting what was learned about the fate of Emery’s son, William Friend Emery. 24 August 1945. Papers of Commander John Emery. Courtesy of Michael Emery, nephew of lost-at-sea Indianapolis crew member William Friend Emery.
Furman, Robert R. Papers of Robert R. Furman. Box 1. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
• Departure Memorandum written 9 July 1945. (FDN)
• Robert Furman’s writing on Manhattan Engineering District, c. 1982. (MED)
• Robert Furman’s writing on transporting the atomic bomb aboard USS Indianapolis, undated. (FOI)
• Robert Furman letter to parents, dated simply “August.” (FOLKS)
• Robert Furman’s handwritten account of bomb transport, undated. (FURMAN HW)
• “Tinian, July 31.” Furman’s typewritten account of experiences on Tinian. (TINIAN)
• Robert Furman’s handwritten account of the return to Tinian of the Enola Gay. Dated 7 August 1945. (TINIAN 2)
• “How to Carry an Atomic Bomb.” Furman’s remarks and reflections on the Alsos mission, the Manhattan Project, and his role in both. July 1985.
• “Draft: August 5, 1985.” Remarks prepared about the fortieth anniversary of the dropping of the first atomic bomb. (DRAFT)
Hashimoto, Mochitsura. Letter to Senator John Warner concerning the exoneration of Captain McVay. October 1999. www.ussindianapolis.org/hashimoto.htm. Accessed online 20 January 2017.
Henry, Earl O., Sr. Letters to his wife, Jane Henry, 22 May 1944–27 July 1945. Dr. Henry wrote more than 160 pages of letters to Jane. He would pass away three days after his final letter, in which he wrote to Jane that he had finally received photographs of his newborn son, Earl O. Henry, Jr.: “Baby-angel, those two wonderful pictures came today, and I am delighted as I can be over them! Considering that he is a premature baby, he looks mighty good.” Letters courtesy of Earl O. Henry, Jr.
Hershberger, Clarence L. Tragedy: As Seen by One Survivor. De Leon Springs, FL: self-published, 1994.
Higgins, Anna. Letter to Kimo McVay in response to McVay’s letters to President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George W. Bush. 12 September 1983. Indiana Historical Society. USS Indianapolis collection.
Horvath, George. Letter to his wife, Alice Mae, 9 August 1945. Written from the base hospital at Guam.
McVay, Charles B., Jr. Autobiography. Papers of Admiral Charles B. McVay, Jr. Library of Congress.
McVay, Kimo. Letter to Mochitsura Hashimoto, 1 November 1990. Indiana Historical Society. USS Indianapolis collection.
Morgan, Bugler Glenn, USS Indianapolis Survivor. “Glenn Morgan’s Story of the Suicide Plane Attack.” Print. (MORGAN)
Morgan, Glenn Grover. “Glenn Morgan Diaries.” 1 January–25 April 1945. Handwritten by Glenn Morgan and typed by Sharon Morgan and Ben Huntley. (GM-DIARIES)
Morgan, Glenn Grover. “My Story.” Memoir. 28 September 2011. 3 pages. (GM-MY STORY)
Morgan, Glenn Grover. “Story of Suicide Plane Attack” Memoir. 28 September 2011. 3 pages. (GM-KAMIKAZE)
Morgan, Glenn Grover. “Torpedoed.” Memoir. 1993. 43 pages. Handwritten by G. Morgan. (GM-TORPEDO)
Morgan, Glenn Grover. “A WWII Bugler Tells His Story.” Memoir. 28 September 2011. 36 pages. (GM-BUGLER)
Murphy, Mary Lou, and USS Indianapolis Survivors. Only 317 Survived!: USS Indianapolis (CA-35): Navy’s Worst Tragedy at Sea—880 Men Died. Indianapolis, IN: USS Indianapolis Survivors Organization, 2002. (317)
Podoll, Ensign Erling. “LCTs 354 & 991 at Tinian.” Ensign Podoll writes about the arrival of Indianapolis at Tinian Island and the offloading of the atomic bomb components on 26 July 1945.
Quihuis, Mike. “Mike Quihuis Diary.” 22 July 1944–26 November 1945. Handwritten. (KIWI)
Smith, Frances M., “Smitty.” “The Tragedy of the USS Indianapolis and My Role and Involvement.” 1995. (SMITTY)
Spruance, Admiral Raymond. Twenty-page typewritten narrative of island-to-island fighting across the Pacific. The account is partial and begins with Tarawa and proceeds to the end of the war. Holdings of the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island.
Twible, Harlan Malcolm. The Life and Times of an Immigrant’s Son. Sarasota, FL: self-published, 1997.
Wren, L. Peter. We Were There: The USS Indianapolis Tragedy, The Rest of the Story as Told by the Men Who Aided the Crew in This Tragedy. This book is a collection of first-person accounts and official reports from personnel and units involved in the rescue of Indianapolis survivors. Compiled by L. Peter Wren, a rescue boat officer at the scene. Richmond, Virginia: Wren Enterprises. Print. 2002. (WREN)
Speeches
Address by Adrian Marks (Navy pilot who landed his PBY “Dumbo” in the Philippine Sea and rescued fifty-three Indianapolis survivors.) Presented at the first USS Indianapolis Survivors Memorial Reun
ion, Severin Hotel, Indianapolis, Indiana, 30 July 1960. (MARKS 1960)
Address by Adrian Marks, “I’ve Seen Greatness,” July 1985. Abridged transcript of speech delivered at the fortieth anniversary of the Indianapolis sinking and rescue. (GREATNESS)
Address by Atsuko Iida, Commander Hashimoto’s granddaughter, at the USS Indianapolis Survivors Reunion, 2005.
Address by George H. Cate, Jr., “USS Indianapolis: A Tennessee Connection,” delivered at Old Oak Club meeting, University Club of Nashville, 25 February 1999; Torch Club Meeting, University Club of Nashville, 17 March 1999; Princeton Art Guild, Kentucky, 22 August 1999; Earl Henry Memorial Clinic sponsored by Second District Dental Society, Cherokee Country Club, Knoxville, Tennessee, 27 October 2000; and on numerous other occasions.
Materials from 1960 Indianapolis Survivors Memorial Reunion
Press, Radio, and Television Activities Schedule, 30–31 July 1960. Naval Reserve Public Relations Company 9–1, U.S. Naval Reserve Training Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Program, 1960 USS Indianapolis Survivors Memorial Reunion.
Additional Interviews and Oral Histories
“Corley Haggarton, World War II Veterans History Project.” Interview by Jean Reynolds. www.chandleraz.gov. January 21, 2009. https://www.chandleraz.gov/Content/WWII_Haggarton_Transcript.pdf. (HAGGARTON)
“Interview with Robert Furman,” Chief of Foreign Intelligence and assistant to General Lloyd Groves, Manhattan Project, February 20, 2008. Voices of the Manhattan Project, a joint project of Atomic Heritage Foundation and the Los Alamos Historical Society Online at: http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/robert-furmans-interview. Accessed on 3/25/2016. (FURMAN ATOMIC)
Interview with Robert Furman by author Richard Newcomb, Hotel Stacy-Trent, 17 May 1957. Papers of Robert Furman. Library of Congress.
“Oral History with Capt. (ret.) Lewis Haynes, MD, USN,” U.S. Navy Medical Department Oral History Program, June 5, 12, 22, 1995.
“Oral History Transcript of Charles F. Barber.” Flag Secretary to Admiral Raymond Spruance. Interview by Evelyn M. Cherpak. Archive.org. 1 March 1996. http://archive.org/stream/oralhistorytrans00barb/oralhistorytrans00barb_djvu.txt. (BARBER)
ADDITIONAL SOURCES
Books
Aitken, Robert, and Marilyn Aitken. Law Makers, Law Breakers, and Uncommon Trials. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association, 2007. (LAWMAKERS)
Axell, Albert, and Hideaki Kase. Kamikaze: Japan’s Suicide Gods. Harlow: Longman, 2002. (SUICIDE GODS)
Becton, Rear Admiral F. Julian, USN (Retired). The Ship That Would Not Die. New York: Prentice Hall, 1980. (BECTON)
Belote, William. Typhoon of Steel: The Battle for Okinawa. New York: Harper and Row, 1970. (TYPHOON)
Borneman, Walter R. The Admirals: Nimitz, Halsey, Leahy, and King—the Five-star Admirals Who Won the War at Sea. New York: Little, Brown, 2012. (ADMIRALS)
Buell, Thomas B. The Quiet Warrior: A Biography of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1987. Print. (QUIET)
Campbell, Richard H., and Paul W. Tibbets. The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012. (SILVERPLATE)
Christman, Albert B. Target Hiroshima: Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998. (TARGET)
Clemans, Charles. Harpo: War Survivor, Basketball Wizard. Tucson, AZ: Wheatmark, 2009. (HARPO)
Cracknell, William H. Profile Warship 28: USS Indianapolis(ca 35)/Heavy Cruiser. Place of publication not identified: Profile, 1973. (PROFILE)
Cunningham II, Paul E. Command and Control of the U.S. Tenth Army During the Battle of Okinawa. Thesis (West Point; Master Of Military Art and Science). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2009. (TENTH)
Feifer, George. The Battle of Okinawa: The Blood and the Bomb. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2001. (BLOOD)
Frank, Richard B. Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. Random House, New York, 1999. Print. (DOWNFALL)
Grayling, A. C. Among the Dead Cities: The History and Moral Legacy of the WWII Bombing of Civilians in Germany and Japan. New York: Walker, 2006. (ATDC)
Gromosiak, John G. Touched by So Many. Indianapolis: Printing Partners, 2008. (TOUCHED)
Groves, Leslie R. Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1962. (NOWTOLD)
Hammel, Eric. Coral and Blood: The U.S. Marine Corps’ Pacific Campaign. Pacifica Military History, 24 January 2010. (CORAL)
Hando, Kazutoshi. Japan’s Longest Day. 1990 ed. Vol. Eighth Printing. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1967. (LONGEST)
Harrell, Edgar, and David Harrell. Out of the Depths: An Unforgettable WWII Story of Survival, Courage, and the Sinking of the USS Indianapolis. 2nd ed. N.p.: Bethany House, 2014. (DEPTHS)
Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2006. (RACING).
Hashimoto, Mochitsura. Sunk; the Story of the Japanese Submarine Fleet, 1941–1945. New York: Holt, 1954. (SUNK)
Hastings, Max. Retribution: The Battle for Japan, 1944–45. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. (HASTINGS)
Helm, Thomas. Ordeal by Sea: The Tragedy of the U.S.S. Indianapolis. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1963. (OBS)
Hoyt, Edwin P. How They Won the War in the Pacific: Nimitz and His Admirals. New York: Weybright and Talley, 1970. (HTW)
Hoyt, Edwin P. Japan’s War: The Great Pacific Conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986. (HOYT)
Inagaki, Takeshi. Okinawa Higu No Sakusen: Itan No Sanbo Yahara Hiromichi [Okinawa: A Strategy of Tragedy]. Tokyo: Shinchosha, 1984. (INAGAKI)
Isely, Jeter A., and Philip Axtell. The US Marines and Amphibious War: Its Theory, and Its Practice in the Pacific. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1951. (WAR)
Kelly, Cynthia C. The Manhattan Project: The Birth of the Atomic Bomb in the Words of Its Creators, Eyewitnesses, and Historians. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal, 2007. Print. (MANHATTAN)
Kurzman, Dan. Day of the Bomb: Countdown to Hiroshima. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986. (DOTB)
Kurzman, Dan. Fatal Voyage. New York: Atheneum, 1990. (FATAL)
Laney, Robert H. One Lucky Sailor and His Ships. Chico, California: Graphic Fox, 2014. (LUCKY)
Lech, Raymond B. All the Drowned Sailors. New York: Stein and Day, 1982. Print. (ADS)
MacGregor, Jill Noblit. Unsinkable: The Inspiring True Story of USS Indianapolis Survivor: Robert P. Gause, QM1. Ed. Julie Gabell. 1st Ed. N.p.: self-published, 2014. Amazon Digital Services LCC, 14 March 2014. Kindle. (UNSINKABLE)
Mara, Wil. Harry Truman. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2012. (PRESIDENTS)
Marston, Daniel. The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima. Oxford: Osprey, 2005. (PACWAR) Article Contributed by Major Bruce Budmundsson. (BUD)
Marston, Daniel. The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima. Oxford: Osprey, 2005. (PWC)
McCullough, David G. Truman. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992. (TRUMAN)
Moore, Katherine D. Goodbye, Indy Maru. Knoxville, TN: Lori Publications, 1991. (MARU)
Morison, Samuel Eliot. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 14: Victory in the Pacific 1945. Boston: Little, Brown, 1960. (USNOPS)
Nelson, Pete. Preface by Hunter Scott. Left for Dead: A Young Man’s Search for Justice for the USS Indianapolis. New York: Delacorte, 2002. (LFD)
Newcomb, Richard F. Abandon Ship! New York: HarperTorch, 2001. (AS)
Norris, Robert S. Racing for the Bomb: The True Story of General Leslie R. Groves, the Man behind the Birth of the Atomic Age. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2002. (RACING)
Okinawa Ho¯men Rikugun Sakusen. Boei Kenkyujo Senshishiteu ed. Vol. 11. To¯kyo¯: Asagumo Shinbunsha, 1968. Print. Senshi Sosho [Okinawa area infantry strategy, War History Series]. (OHRS)
Potter, E. B. Nimitz. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1976. (NIMITZ)
Powers, Thomas. Heisenberg’s War: The Secret History of the German Bomb. New York: Knopf, 1993. (HEISENBERG)
Pry, Peter. The Role of Congress in the Strategic Posture of the United States, 1942–1960. (CONGRESS)
Reynolds, Clark. The Fast Carriers: The Forging of an Air Navy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2013. (Digital.)
Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987. (RHODES)
Salmaggi, Cesare, and Alfredo Pallavisini. 2194 Days of War: An Illustrated Chronology of the Second World War. New York: Mayflower Books, 1977.
Selden, Kyoko Iriye, and Mark Selden. The Atomic Bomb: Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1989. (ABOMB)
Silverstone, Paul H. U.S. Warships of World War II. New York: Doubleday, 1972. (SHIPS)
Skates, John Ray. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1994. (ALTERNATIVE)
Sloan, Bill. The Ultimate Battle: Okinawa 1945–The Last Epic Struggle of World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007. (SLOAN)
Stanton, Doug. In Harm’s Way: The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Extraordinary Story of Its Survivors. New York: H. Holt, 2001. (IHW)
Stimson, Henry L., Herman Kahn, Bonnie B. Collier, and Pauline Goldstein. The Henry Lewis Stimson Diaries in the Yale University Library. New Haven, CT: Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library, 1973. Link to diaries: http://www.doug-long.com/stimson.htm. (STIMSON)
