Martin Truchseß von Wetzhausen 1477 – 1489
Johann von Tiefen 1489 – 1497
Friedrich von Sachsen 1498 – 1510
Albrecht von Hohenzollern 1511 – 1525
Bibliography
The literature pertaining to the Teutonic Knights is extensive. The time and vast area covered by the crusades of the military order, and the employment of its history for propaganda and political ends, tend to give this literature a mosaic quality. Most of the books and articles are in German or Polish, but the number of books in English has, fortunately, increased dramatically in recent years.
Original Sources in Translation
The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia, translated by James A. Brundage. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1961. The Chronicle is a lively, intelligent account of the period 1180 – 1227. Apparently written for the benefit of William of Modena, the papal legate who arrived in Riga in 1225, it is more thorough and more reflective than all but a very few mediaeval chronicles.
Chronicle of Novgorod, translated by Robert Michell and Nevil Forbes. Camden third series vol.25, London, 1914. Much less useful than the foregoing, and uneven in quality. Unfortunately, the editors mix together the texts of several editions of this indispensable account of the early history of an important Russian state.
The Hypatian Codex, Part Two: The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle, annotated translation by George A. Perfecky. Fink, München, 1973 (Harvard Series in Ukrainian Studies, 16, III). A somewhat dense and frustrating text with fascinating anecdotes. Essential for thirteenth-century Lithuania and Poland.
The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, translated by Jerry C. Smith and William Urban. New and expanded 2nd edition, Lithuanian Research and Studies Center (LRSC), Chicago, 2001. An indispensable narrative for the second half of the thirteenth century: naïve, lively, informative.
The Annals of Jan Długosz, English abridgement by Maurice Michael. IM Publications, Chichester, 1997. Fails to catch the spirit of the prose of this knowledgeable Polish Renaissance author, but provides the basic story.
Johannes Renner’s Livonian History 1556 – 1561, translated by Jerry C. Smith and William Urban, with Ward Jones. Edwin Mellen, Lewiston, Queenston, Lampeter, 1997. A well-informed chronicle of the last days of the Livonian Order.
The Chronicle of Balthasar Russow & Forthright Rebuttal by Elert Kruse & Errors and Mistakes of Balthasar Russow by Heinrich Tisenhausen, translated by Jerry C. Smith, Juergen Eichhoff and William Urban. Baltic Studies Center, Madison, 1988. The best contemporary Livonian history.
Secondary Sources in English
These are the best. Some well-known works have been omitted because their only worth is for propaganda in disputes now long forgotten or for providing the authors’ income.
Barber, Malcolm, ed. The Military Orders, vol.1: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick. Variorum (Ashgate), Brookfield, 1994.
Burleigh, Michael. Prussian Society and the German Order: An Aristocratic Corporation in Crisis c.1410 – 1460. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984.
Christiansen, Eric, The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier, 1100 – 1525. Cambridge, 1998.
Davies, Norman. God’s Playground: A History of Poland in two volumes. Columbia, New York, 1982.
Evans, Geoffrey. Tannenberg 1410:1914. Hamish Hamilton, London, 1970.
Jasienica, Pawel (translated by Alexander Jordan). Jagiellonian Poland. American Institute of Polish Culture, Miami, 1978.
Knoll, Paul. The Rise of the Polish Monarchy: Piast Poland in East Central Europe, 1320 – 1370. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1972.
Murray, Alan V., ed. Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150 – 1500. Ashgate, Aldershot, 2001.
Nicholson, Helen, ed. The Military Orders, vol.2: Welfare and Warfare. Ashgate, Aldershot, Brookfield, Singapore and Sidney, 1998.
— Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights: Images of the Military Orders, 1128 – 1291. Leicester University Press and St Martin’s, Leicester, London and New York, 1993.
Nicolle, David. Lake Peipus 1242: The Battle on the Ice. Osprey, London, 1996.
Rowell, Stephen C. Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire within East-Central Europe, 1294 – 1345. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994.
Turnbull, Stephen. Crusader Castles of the Teutonic Knights, vol.1: The Red Brick Castles of Prussia; and vol.2: The Stone Castles of Livonia. Reed, London, forthcoming 2003/2004.
— Tannenberg 1410. Reed, London, forthcoming 2003/2004.
Urban, William. The Baltic Crusade. 2nd edition, LRSC, Chicago, 1994.
— The Prussian Crusade. 2nd edition, LRSC, Chicago, 2000.
— The Samogitian Crusade. LRSC, Chicago, 1989.
— Tannenberg and After: Poland, Lithuania and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality. Revised edition, LRSC, Chicago, 2002.
Four books deserve special notice for their outstanding illustrations:
Arnold, Udo, ed. 800 Jahre Deutscher Orden. Bertelsman, Gütersloh/Munich, 1990. (Catalogue of the exhibition in the German National Museum in Nürnberg in co-operation with the Internationale Historische Kommission zur Erforschung des Deutschen Ordens.)
Benninghoven, Friedrich, ed. Unter Kreuz und Adler: der Deutsche Orden im Mittelalter. Hase & Koehler, Mainz, 1990. (Catalogue of the exhibition of the Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin.)
Kulnyt, Birut, ed. Lietuvos Istorijos Paminklai (Monuments of Lithuanian History). Mintis, Vilnius, 1990.
Roesdahl, Else, and Wilson, David, eds. From Viking to Crusader: Scandinavia and Europe 800 – 1200. Rizzoli, New York, 1992.
Original Sources
Nineteenth-century German and Polish scholars produced several very important critical editions and collected works. The most important are listed below. See commentary on http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/Landesforschung/Quellen.htm.
Scriptores Rerum Livonicarum. Sammlung der Wichtigsten Chroniken und Geschichtsdenkmale von Liv-, Ehst-, und Kurland, edited by A. Hansen. 2 vols. E. Frantzen, Riga and Leipzig, 1853. Carefully edited chronicles which are available elsewhere in more modern editions.
Scriptores Rerum Prussicarum, edited by Theodore Hirsch and others. 6 vols. S. Hirzel, Leipzig, 1861 – 74; Frankfurt, 1965. Contains the chronicles of the Teutonic Order.
Heinrici Chronicon Livoniae, edited by Leonid Arbusow and Albert Bauer. 2nd edition, Hahnsche, Hannover, 1955. The standard scholarly edition.
Livländische Reimchronik, edited by Leo Mayer. Georg Olms, Hildesheim, 1963 (reprint of 1876 edition). The principal account of the period 1227 – 90.
Preussische Urkundenbuch. Hartung, Königsberg, 1882 – ; Elwert, Marburg/ Lahn, 1955 – . Also: http://www.phil.uni-erlangen.de/~plges/quellen/pub/4frame.html. The collected documents of the Teutonic Order.
Liv-, Est-. und Kurländische Urkundenbuch, edited by Friedrich Georg von Bunge. 12 vols. H. Laakman, Reval, 1853 – 9; Riga and Moscow, 1867 – 1910. The collected documents of the Livonian Order.
Das Zeugenverhör des Franciscus de Moliano (1312), edited by August Seraphim. Thomas Oppermann, Königsberg, 1912. A transcript of the inquiry by the papal legate into the feud between Riga and the Teutonic Knights. Often incautiously mined for snappy quotes.
Lites ac Res gestae inter Polonos Ordineque Cruciferorum. 3 vols. Kónicke, Poznań, 1892. The papal legates’ hearings into the Teutonic Knights’ misdeeds in Poland. Also often used naively.
Monumenta Poloniae Historica. 6 vols. Gravenhagen, 1893; Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw, 1961. Contains the minor chronicles.
Johannis Długossi, Historiae Polonicae in Opera Omnia, edited by Alexander Przezdziecki. CZAS, Cracow, 1876 – 8. The most important source for mediaeval Polish history.
Secondary Accounts
Books on the crusading order in German and Polish are numerous, and the number of articles is almost beyond counting. The most important are:
Arnold, Udo, ed. Die Hochmeister de
s Deutschen Ordens 1190 – 1994. Elwert, Marburg, 1998. (Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens, 6.)
Benninghoven, Friedrich. Der Orden der Schwertbrüder. Böhlau, Köln-Graz, 1965.
Biskup, Marian, and Labuda, Gerard. Dzieje Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach: Gospodarka – Społeczeństwo – Panstwo – Idelogia. Morskie, Gdańsk, 1986.
Boockmann, Harmut. Der Deutsche Orden: Zwölf Kapitel aus seiner Geschichte. Beck, München, 1981. The most easily read overview.
Ekdahl, Sven. Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410, Quellenkritische Untersuchungen, vol.1: Einführung und Quellenunterlage. Duncker und Humblot, Berlin, 1982. Highly recommended.
Górski, Karol. L’Ordine Teutonico, alle Origini dello Stato Prussiano. Einaudi, Turin, 1971.
Jučas, Mečislovas. Žalgiro mūšis. 2nd edition, Baltos Lankos, Vilnius, 1999.
Kuczyński, Stefan. Spór o Grunwald. MON, Warsaw, 1972.
Labuda, Gerard, ed. Historia Pomorza, vol.1 (in two parts): do roku 1466. Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań, 1972.
Lowmiański, Henryk. Studia nad Dziejami Wielkiego Ksi stwa Litewskiego. UaM, Poznań, 1983.
Murawski, Klaus Eberhard. Zwischen Tannenberg und Thorn: Die Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens unter dem Hochmeister Konrad von Erlichshausen 1441 – 1449. Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Göttingen, 1953. (Göttinger Bausteine zur Geschichtswissenschaft, 10 – 11.)
Schumacher, Bruno. Geschichte Ost- und Westpreussens. 6th edition, Holner, Würzburg, 1977.
Tumler, P. Martin. Der Deutsche Orden: Werden, Wachsen und Wirkung bis 1400. Panorama, Wien, 1955.
Index
Acre
Adalbert of Prague
Advocates
Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini
Albert von Buxhoevden
Albert Suerbeer
Albrecht of Hohenzollern-Ansbach
Albrecht von Habsburg
Aldona
Alexander of Moldavia
Alexander IV
Alexander, Bishop
Alexander Nevsky
Alexandra
Algirdas
Alle River
Andreas
Andreas von Felben
Andrew of Hungary
Anna, wife of Vytautas
Anno von Sangerhausen
Archbishop of Gniezno
Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen
Archbishop of Riga
Architecture
Art
Aurochs
Austria, Austrians
Avignon, Avignon popes
Balkans
Bad Mergentheim
Baptism
Bartia
Bartenste in
Basil of Moscow
Batu
Bavaria, Bavarians
Bela of Hungary
Belgrade
Bernard of Clairvaux
Birutė
Bishop of Cracow
Bishop of Culm
Bishop of Dorpat
Bishop of Ermland
Bishop of Kujavia
Bishop of Oesel-Wiek
Bishop of Olmütz
Bishop of Płock
Bishop of Pomesania
Bishop of Prussia
Bishop of Riga
Bishop of Samland
Bishop of Vilnius
Blue Waters
Blumenau
Bohemia
Bohemian mercenaries
Boleslas III
Boleslas the Pious
Boleslas of Masovia
Boniface VIII
Boyars
Brandenburg
Bremen
Brzesc
Bruno of Querfurt
Bug River
Bulgaria
Burchard von Schwanden
Burgundy
Burzenland
Byzantine empire
Calixtus III
Cannon
Capistrano
Casimir the Great
Casimir IV
Castles
Castellans
Caupo
Celestine III
Charles IV
Charles V
Charles Robert
Chaucer
Chivalry
Christburg
Christiansen, Eric
Christmemel
Christopher von Münchhausen
Churchmen
Cistercians
Clans
Clara of Zać
Clement VII
Coinage
Conrad of Masovia
Conrad of Masovia-Czerski
Conrad of Thuringia
Conrad von Feuchtwangen
Conrad von Jungingen
Conrad von Landsberg
Conrad von Thierberg
Conrad von Thierberg the younger
Conrad von Wallenrode
Conrad Zöllner
Conspiracies
Constantinople
Conversion
Council of Basel
Council of Constance
Council of Pisa
Council of Vienne
Counter-Reformation
Cracow
Crimean Tatars
Crusades
Crusaders
Culm
Cumans
Damietta
Danzig
Daugava River
Daumantas
David of Gardinas
Denmark, Danes
Dietrich von Altenburg
Dietrich von Grüningen
Dietrich von Schönberg
Dietrich von Werthern
Diplomacy
Dirschau
Długosz
Dmitri of Perejslavl
Dobrin
Dobriner Order
Dominicans
Dorpat
Drang nach Osten
Drinking
Düna (see Daugava)
Dünaburg
Dzewa River
East Central Europe
East Prussia
Egypt
Eisenstein, Sergei
Elbing
England
English crusaders
Eric IX
Ermes
Ermland
Estonia
Fellin
Feudal society
First Peace of Thorn
First Prussian Insurrection
Fifth Crusade
Fourth Crusade
Fourth Lateran Council
France
Franciscans
French Crusaders
Friars
Friedrich Barbarossa
Friedrich von Habsburg
Friedrich von Hohenstaufen
Friedrich II 24 – 28
Friedrich III
Friedrich of Saxony
Galicia
Galindia
Gardinas
Gediminid dynasty
Gediminas
Genghis Khan
Georg of Saxony
Gerhard von Mansfeld
German churchmen
German language
German master
German Order
Gniezno
Golden Bull of Rimini
Golden Horde (see Tatars)
Gotland
Gotthard Kettler
Grand Chapter
Grand Commander
Grand Master
Great Poland
Great Prince
Great Schism
Gregory IX
Gregory X
Guerrilla warfare
Guillaume de Machaut
Grunwald; see Tannenberg
Gunzelin of Schwerin
Gunther von Arnstein
Habsburg dynasty
Half-brothers
Hanseatic League
Hartmann von Heldrungen
Heidenreich Vincke von Overberg
Heilsburg
Heinrich VI
Heinrich von Plauen
Heinrich von Plötzke
Heinrich of Bavaria
Heinrich Reuss von Plauen
Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg
Heinrich von Schwerin
Henry of Derby
Henry of Lancaster
Henry of Livonia
Henryk of Płock
Henryk of Silesia
Heralds
Herkus Monte
Hermann Balk
Hermann von Buxhoevden
Hermann von Salza
Hermann von Thuringia
Hiob, bishop of Pomesania
Historians
Hitler
Hohenstaufen dynasty
Hohenzollern dynasty
Holland, Netherlands
Holstein
Holy Land
Holy War
Holy woods
Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
Honorius III
Hospitaller Order
Humanism
Hundred Years War
Hungary
Hunting
Hussites
Imperialism
Interdict
Italy, Italians
Ivan III
Ivan IV
Ivan of Galschan
Jadwiga
Jagiełło
Jaroslaw
Jerusalem
Jesuits
Jews
Jodokus von Hohenstein,
Jogaila(see Jagiełło)
Johann von Posilge
Johann von Tiefen
John of Bohemia
John XXII
Juliana
Junker class,
Just war
Kalish
Karabutas
Karl Birger
Karl von Trier
Karlstejn
Kaunas
Kęstutis
Khans
Kiev
Königsberg
Konitz
Kremlin
Kriavas
Kujavia
Kurland Bay
Kurland, Kurs
Labiau
Ladislas of Oppeln
Ladilas the Short
Ladislas of Masvoia
Ladoga, Lake
Lady Mary
Latin
Leal
Lekno
Leopold of Austria
Lev of Galicia
Leszek the Black
Liegnitz
Lithuania
Lithuanian nobles
Livonia
Livonian Confederation
Livonian Crusade
Livonian master
Teutonic Knights Page 38
