in Goodwyn murder plot, 210, 212, 213
illegal schemes of, 206
protection racket ran by, 207–10
in resignation from DA’s office, 214
Hampton v. State of Oklahoma, 283
Hamrick, James, 9, 11
“Hands That Can Still Pray” (Hamm), 131–32
Hardy, Clarence, 167–68
Hare, Francis, 257
Hare, Nicholas Stallworth:
background of, 257
in Lee v. Washington, decision, 267
in Washington v. Lee appeal, 257–66
Harlan, John M., 261, 266–67
Harper, John, 128
Harris, Edward, 179
Hawkins, George, 130
Haynes, Peggy, 323
Headrick, Escelle “Touey,” 210
Heatherly, Willie T., 169
Henderson, John, 32
Henry, Al, 223
Hickock, Dick, 202
Hill, Clifford, murder of, 339–40, 341
Hill, Lister, 241, 242, 244–45, 265
Hill, Virginia, xvi
Hill, Wiley, 241
Hinton, James E., 202
Hodges, Robert, 9
Hogan, Wilton H., 66
Holly Springs, Miss., 62
Holman, William C., 170–71, 186, 199
Holman Prison:
death row inmates at, see death row inmates
electric chair at, 203
prisoners transfered from Kilby to, 201
Honeycutt, Elijah, 43, 58–59, 68, 141, 193
1957 testimony of, 88
1970 testimony of, 314–15
honor code, see southern honor code
Hood, David, Jr., 9–11, 70, 191, 224, 270, 276, 306, 335–36
as chief Washington defense strategist, 77
civil rights lawsuits filed by, 77, 81–82
firearms arrest of, 81
Hood, David (continued)
as Howard’s attorney, 132
integration of Bessemer as goal of, 82
motions to quash the venire and indictment filed by, 79–80
in 1957 pre-trial hearing, 79, 80
and 1970 trial verdict, 324
in 1970 Washington trial, see State of Alabama v. Caliph Washington (1970 trial)
1971 habeas writs filed by, 331–32
police tailing of, 80–81, 313
possible insanity plea considered by, 79, 80
threats and violence against, 82
violations of Washington’s constitutional rights charged by, 79–80, 102–3
voter registration and, 129
and Washington’s 1972 arraignment, 335
in Washington’s appeals, 102, 218
and Washington’s 1959 trial, 138
in withdrawal from Washington case, 174
Hood, James, 243
Hoover, J. Edgar, 134
Horseshoe Bend, Battle of (1814), 17
Houck, Thomas E., Jr., 238, 240
Howard, Ada Mae, 314
Howard, Asbury, 56, 120, 122, 183, 252, 271, 292, 315
in Alabama House of Representatives, 346–47
armed resistance embraced by, 121
arrests of, 128, 131–32
bombing attack on, 130–31
as Christian, 121, 126
CIO’s expulsion of, 127
as civil rights leader, 121, 125–26, 128–29, 131, 345
as Communist, 121, 122, 124, 126–27, 128–29, 131, 346–47
death of, 348
FBI investigation of, 123, 124, 126–27, 128–29
labor violence and, 123, 124
miners’ strike and, 123
mob beating of, 133–34
nonviolence embraced by, 347
TCI’s illegal firing of, 125
as union activist, 121, 122, 125, 126, 127, 131
Howard, Asbury, Jr., 133
arrest of, 134–35
Howard, Mary, 314
Howard, Roosevelt, 172, 178, 202
Hughes, Charles Evans, 296
Humphrey, Hubert H., 134
Hunter, Edwin F., 227, 232
Huntsville, Ala., 17
Hutcheson, Joseph C., 225
“I’ll Fly Away” (song), xv
immigrants, prejudice against, 27
In Cold Blood (Capote), 202
in forma pauperis, 186, 270–71
integration, 10–11
Eisenhower’s use of troops in, 84
federal government and, 83
of lunch counters and restaurants, 247
of schools, 247, 260, 265
southern resistance to, 82–83
see also segregation
Inter-Citizens Committee (Birmingham), 222
International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers (IUMMSW), xv, 120, 122
CIO’s expulsion of, 127
in gun battle with United Steel Workers, 127–28
Red Scare and, 126
strikes called by, 123, 124–25
Iron and Steel Institution, 18
Jackson, Andrew, 17
Jackson, Bernice, 315
Jackson, Emory, 291
Jackson v. Denno, 193–94, 195, 231
January, Alphonso, 353
Jefferson, Thomas, 244
Jefferson County, Ala., 16
jury commission of, 73–74, 117, 301, 303
KKK in, 56–57
prohibition laws in, 25
Jefferson County Court:
Bessemer Division of, 57, 204, 301–2
Birmingham Division of, 301–2
Jefferson County Jail, Bessemer, 50, 52, 71, 213, 252
attempted jailbreak at, 236–37
King in, 264–65
Washington in, 68, 102, 112, 224, 226, 232, 233, 235–36, 264
Washington’s 1965 return to, 203–4, 217, 267, 270–71, 274–75, 282, 285
Washington’s 1972 incarceration in, 335
Washington’s booking and questioning at, 65–66
Jefferson County Jail, Birmingham, 71–72, 274
Jefferson County Sheriff’s Office, 57
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Unit of, 208
in hunt for Washington, 57–58, 60
Washington questioned by, 66–68
Jewel of the Seven Stars, The (Stoker), 350–51
Jim Crow justice, 27, 263
black attorneys and, 77–78, 308
civil liberties ignored in, 2–3
death penalty in, see death penalty
different standards for blacks and whites in, 77–78, 299–300
extended appeals and retrials in, 297–98
impossibility of fair trials for blacks in, 93
presumption of guilt in, 85
race-based jury exclusion in, see juries, blacks excluded from
Scottsboro Boys case in, 3, 86, 113–14
Johnson, Bessie Mae, 315
Johnson, Frank M., Jr., 176, 182, 241, 253, 263, 346
background of, 184
Blanton’s first petitions denied by, 185–86
in Browder v. Gayle, 242–43
Coleman case and, 269
as free from racial prejudice, 185
habeas writ granted by, 196–99, 226, 227–28, 229–31, 232, 233
letter of the law followed by, 185, 196
letter to Aslee Washington from, 217–18
state’s motion to dismiss denied by, 187–88
stay of execution issued by, 186
Washington’s conviction overturned by, 20
Washington’s letter to, 275
Washington v. Lee appeal and, 256–57
as Washington v. Lee judge, 241, 244, 248, 249
in White v. Crook decision, 294
Johnson, Joe Henry, 171
Johnson, John D. “Screwdriver,” 238, 269
Johnson, Lula Belle, 315
Johnson, Lyndon, 302
Johnson v. New Jersey, 230
Jones, Annie, 10–11
Jones, “Devil” John, 17
, 24, 27
Jones, E. Stanley, 272
Jones, Furman, 62, 63, 64, 192, 193, 278, 319
as absent from 1959 Washington trial, 139, 144, 173–74
1957 testimony of, 88–89, 144, 173, 192, 195, 198, 227–28, 229, 231–32
1970 testimony of, 307–8
Jones, J. I. “Joe,” 8, 343
Jones, John I., 304
Jones, Warren L., 227, 232
Jonesboro, Ala., 16–18
Jonesboro Methodist Church, 20
Jones Valley, 17
Junkins, Tilford, 169
juries:
blacks excluded from, xvi, 73, 74, 75, 79–80, 102–3, 116–17, 203, 238, 269, 288–89, 294–303, 330
Cassell decision and, 103
jury trial, right to, 294
Justice Department, U.S., 233, 301, 347, 348
justice system, in Jim Crow South, see Jim Crow justice
Kagawa, Toyohiko, 272
Karr, M. H., 141, 309
Kay, Frank A., 80
Keach, Stacy, 202
Keef, Ralph, 235
Keith, S. Palmer, Jr., 108, 111
Kelley, Clarence, 134
Kelley, Robin, 122
Kelly, William F., 146
Kendrick, O. E., 335
Kennard, William Kenneth, 341–42
Kennedy, John F., 227
Kennedy, Stetson, 3
Kilby, Thomas Erby, 153, 156
Kilby Prison, 147, 148, 152, 153, 199, 233, 239, 250, 262, 325
Atmore Prison compared to, 161
Bible Room (execution holding cell) at, 167, 168, 180, 183, 184, 187
closing of, 201–2
construction and layout of, 156–57
death row at, see death row inmates
detention and punitive center at, 159–61
electric chair at, 161, 162, 163–70, 171, 172, 178, 180
farms at, 158
industries at, 157–58
prisoners’ daily routine at, 157–58
prisoners’ personal possessions at, 158–59
receiving center at, 149–50
recreation room in, 158
solitary confinement at, 160–61, 171–72, 175
Washington in, 148, 235
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 121, 134, 226, 238, 272, 273, 292, 347
assassination of, 291
in Bessemer county jail, 264–65
Kirkland, Agalean, 315
Knight, Thomas E., Jr., 113
Knight, Thomas E., Sr., 114
Ku Klux Klan, 26, 32, 56–57, 84, 123
Bessemer Klavern of, 28, 31, 38
in Bessemer police forces, 38, 56–57, 65
Kwong, Lun Hsun, 140
1957 testimony of, 85–86
1970 testimony of, 310
Kyser, Jessie, 60
labor movement, see unionism
labor unions, 26
Lanier, Jess, 110, 175, 176, 303–4, 305, 337, 340, 352
as segregationist, 304
Lawson, Amy Seay, 113
Lawson, Thomas Seay “Buster,” 112, 330, 331
legal career of, 113–14
as moral crusader, 114
in Scottsboro trials, 113–14
Washington’s appeal and, 114–18
Lee, A. Frank, 201, 244, 255, 256, 259–60, 263, 265
as Alabama corrections commissioner, 239
background and personality of, 239
in Lee v. Washington, 258, 267
in Washington v. Lee, 238–39, 250
Lee, James Frank, 239
Lee, Nelle Harper, 257
Lee, Rosalind, 239
Lee, William “Big Bill,” 270
Lee v. Washington, 271
Black in, 257–58, 264, 266–67
Gallion and, 256–57
Hare in, 257–58, 259, 260, 261–63, 265–66
Johnson and, 256–57
Lee in, 258, 267
lower court ruling upheld in, 266–67
Madison and, 256
Marshall in, 262
Morgan in, 258, 259–60, 263–64, 266
White in, 262
Lenin, Vladimir, 122
“Letter from Birmingham Jail” (King), 238
Lewis, I. A., 55
Lewis, Joe F., 109–10
Lint, Gene, 339
Lipscomb, Ala., 31–32
white majority in, 30
Lipscomb, Jim, 122
Lipscomb, Powell, 209
Lipscomb Police Department:
Clark’s joining of, 35
poor reputation of, 32
radio equipment of, 37
Little, Melvin, 32
Little Rock, Ark., integration in, 84
Livingston, James Edwin, 112
as Alabama chief justice, 172, 173
background of, 172–73
as segregationist, 173
Washington appeal opinion of, 172, 173–74
Washington’s appeal and, 115–16
Logan, Bart, 124–25
Lokos, John, 202
Louisville, Kent., xi–xii
Loving v. Virginia, 334
Lowery, Herman, 8, 10
Lucy, Autherine, 11
Luna, Christine, see Washington, Christine Luna
lunch counters and restaurants, integration of, 179, 247
Luttrell, Herschell, 239
lynchings, 38
Lynne, Seybourn Harris, 245, 256, 263
in Browder v. Gayle, 242–43
civil rights rulings of, 243
as Washington v. Lee judge, 241, 243–46, 249–51
Maddox, Hugh, 177, 259
Madison, Gordon, 255
background of, 244–45
as civil rights opponent, 245
in Washington v. Lee, 245–46, 248–49
in Washington v. Lee appeal, 256
Madison, James, 244
Magna Carta, 294
Malone, Vivian, 243
Manning v. State (Alabama), 103–4
Marshall, Thurgood, 261
in Lee v. Washington, 262
Marx, Karl, 122
Mason, Ed, 164
Mathews, Freelin R., 73, 74, 108
background of, 76
death sentence pronounced by, 101
as judge in Washington’s 1957 trial, 76, 78, 79–80, 84, 89, 92, 94–99, 101–2, 144
Mathis, Ben, 202
Mauldin, Dora Beverly, 324
May, Billy, 61–62
McAdory, Elmore, 74, 278
McAllister, Albert, 132–33, 135
McBee, Earl, 244
McCargo, Cecil, Jr., 238, 240
McCollom, T. J., 32
McCoy, Tobe, 54
McDowell, Bobbie, 348
McGee, J. E., 60
McLaughlin, Max, 239
McWilliams, James, 348
Memphis, Tenn., 6
Merrill, Pelham J., 112, 113, 115, 174
Washington’s appeal and, 115–16
Merritt, Ernestine, 60, 316
Merritt, Rosie, 43
Merritt, William “Burley,” 60, 316
Metropolitan Bar, 21
Miles College, 271–72, 285–86, 333
Miller, Benjamin Meek, 26, 123
Mind of the South, The (Cash), 304
miners:
equality of blacks and whites among, 4
TCI’s illegal firing of, 125
Miranda v. Arizona, 194–95, 230, 267, 311, 313
miscegenation, Southern fear of, 334–35
Mississippi Highway Patrol, 62
Mississippi River, 6
Mitch, William, 239
Mitchell, Quitman, 348, 349
Moffett State Farm, 153
Monroeville, Ala., 257
Montgomery, Ala., 121, 242
Montgomery, Robert Morel, 174–75, 276, 279
Montgomery Advertiser, 346, 350
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 130, 242, 273
Montgomery County Courthouse, 332
mo
onshine, moonshiners, 25, 32–33, 36–37, 58, 206–7, 208
Moore, Joe, 74
Moore, Ken, 213
Moore, W. J., 128
Morgan, Charles, Jr. “Chuck,” 216, 229, 232–33, 244, 270, 271, 276, 279, 286
in Billingsley case, 299–302
Billingsley’s friendship with, 218–19
egotism of, 267
prison desegregation as main focus of, 219, 237
prison desegregation lawsuit filed by, see Washington v. Lee
in Washington appeal, 219
in Washington v. Lee appeal, see Lee v. Washington
in White v. Crook, 294
Morgan, Earl, 214, 294
Goodwyn murder plot investigation of, 212–14
Morin, Helen, 223
Morkert, Larry, 271, 286, 290, 291, 292
Morris, Barbara, 220–21
Morris, Clyde W., 50, 57, 65, 66, 74, 138
Motley, Constance Baker, 288
Mt. Meigs Medical and Diagnostic Center, Washington in, 325–27, 331–32
Mullen, Charles Thomas, 92
Murphy, David, xiii
Muscoda Iron Ore mines, x, xiv, xv, 4–5, 122, 123, 127
Myrdal, Gunnar, 77–78
NAACP, 84, 112, 220, 288
NAACP Legal Defense Fund, 218, 219, 275
Washington appeals and, 220–21, 225
Nashville Tennessean, 350
National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners, 124–25
National Guard, Alabama, 26
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 122, 123
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), 123–24
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 124, 125, 127
Needel v. Scafati, 276–77, 278
Negro Liberation (Allen), 122
Nesbit, Willis, 75, 79
New Albany, Miss., 64, 143, 145
New Deal, 244–45
New Hope Missionary Baptist Church, Bessemer, 183–84
New York Times, 100, 232
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 134
Nixon, Herbert W., 86
Nixon, Richard M., 330
Nordman brothers, 21
Norman, Harry C., 165
Norris, Clarence, 295–96
Norris v. Alabama, 295–96, 298–99
Oakley, Frank, 32
Office of Price Administration, 330
O.K. Bond Company, 290
Old Huntsville Road, 17
Oliver, C. Herbert, 222, 300
101st Airborne Division, 84
“one man, one vote,” 346
Operation Alert 1957, 44–45
Orange, David, 57–58, 74, 75, 208–9, 211, 212, 213
Owen, Roland F., 32
Pace, J. R., 39, 41–42
Paden, Robert E., 207
Palace Saloon, 21
Parker v. State, 117–18
Parsons, Ira “Dick,” 7–8, 10–11, 13
Parsons, Mac, Washington case dismissed by, 354–55
Parsons, Margaret S., 7
Patrick, Luther, 212
Patterson, Albert, assassination of, 206, 255
Patterson, Fred, 47–48
Patterson, John, 84, 104, 168, 176, 177, 204–5, 207, 255, 265
Patton, George S., 12
He Calls Me by Lightning Page 45
