N. W. Ayer advertising firm
Nyerere, Julius
Obote, Milton
O’Donohue, Joseph J.
O. G. Kimball & Company
Oil
Old Country Store, The (Carson)
Oldenburg, Ray
Olsen, Dave
One-way valve bags
Only Yesterday (Allen)
Open Veins of Latin America (Galeano)
Organic Crop Improvement Association (OCIA)
Organization of American States (OAS)
Osborn, Lewis
Otis, James
Ottoman Turks
Oxford University
Paige, Jeffrey
Palheta, Francisco de Melo
Palmolive Beauty Box radio show
Panama/Panama Canal
Pan American Coffee Bureau
Pancafe Productores de Cafe S. A.
Paper bags
Papua New Guinea
Paris
Patman, Wright
Pavoni, Desiderio
Pearl Harbor
Pease, Donald
Peet, Alfred
Peet’s Coffee & Tea
Penteado, Eurico
Pepsi-Cola
Pepsodent toothpaste
Peralta Gedea, Alvaro
Percolators
Pershing, John J. (General)
Persia
Peru
Pesticides
Phantastica: Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs (Lewin)
Philip Morris company
Piggly Wiggly chain
Pinaud, Dawn
Pioneer Steam Coffee and Spice Mills
Popiolek, Isabela
Portugal
Post, Charles William
Post, Ella
Post, Marjorie Merriweather
Post, Willis
Post Toasties cereal
Postum
instant Postum
Pour Your Heart Into It (Schultz)
Poverty
Prager, Rollinde
Pream
Premiums
Prescott, Samuel C.
Price wars. See also Coffee: prices
Private Estate Coffee
Proclamation for the Suppression of Coffee Houses, A (Charles II)
Procope, François
Procter & Gamble
Profits
Public relations
Puerto Rico
Quinn, James
Quota systems
Racism
Radio. See Advertising: by radio/television
Railways
Rainforest Alliance
Rain forests
Raleigh, Henry
Ramos, Augusto
Ransohoff, Arthur
Rationing
Reagan Administration
Reid, J. C.
Repression
Resor, Stanley
Retail Grocers Advocate
Revere, Paul
Revolts/revolutions
R. G. Dun firm
Rhazes (Arabian physician)
Rice, Paul
Richheimer, I. D.
Richmond, Fred
Ríos Montt, Efraín
Rivas, Cesar
Roasters
institutional roasters
See also Coffee: roasting; National Coffee Roasters Association
Roasters Guild
Robinson-Patman Act
Rockefeller, Nelson
Romero, Oscar (Archbishop)
Roosevelt, Eleanor
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Roosevelt, Theodore
Rorer, Sarah Tyson
Rosée, Pasqua
Roselius, Ludwig
Rosenthal, Jacob
Ross, Frank
Ross, Irwin
Rossiter, Cathy
Royal Baking Powder Company
Rubber
Ruffner, Tiny
Russia
Rwanda
Safire, William
Saks, Claude
Salesmanship
Sampaio, Sebastiao
Sanborn, James
San Domingo
Sandys, Sir George
San Francisco
earthquake and fire (1906)
Golden Gate International Exposition
Sanka coffee
Satisfaction Coffee
Saturday Evening Post
Savarin coffee
Scandinavian countries. See also Sweden
Schapira, Joel, David and Karl
Schilling, August
Schlereth, Thomas J.
Schmidt, Francisco
Schoemann, Otto
Schoenholt, Donald
Schomer, David
Schultz, Howard
Science Digest
Scientific American
Scott, Willard
Seal Brand Java & Mocha
Seattle
Sedition
Seggerman, Mary
Seinfeld, Jerry
Sévigné, Marquise de
Sexism
Sexuality
Shade in Coffee Culture (U.S. Department of Agriculture)
Shade trees
Share-croppers
Shibata, Bunji
Sias, Charles
Siciliano, Alexandre
Siegl, Zev
Sielcken, Hermann
Silex brewers
Sinatra, Frank
Skiff, Frank
Slavery. See also Forced labor
Slavick, Trevor
Small Farmer Sustainability Initiative
Smith, Margaret Chase
Smith, Roger Nolley
Smith, Traver
Smuggling
Social status
Soft drinks. See also Coca-Cola; Pepsi-Cola
Somoza García, Anastasio
Songs
Spain
Spanish-American War
Special Commission on Coffee
Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA)
embezzlement in
Speculators
Spice Mill (trade journal)
Spindler, Susie
Stamberg, Susan
Stamp Act of 1765
Standard Brands
Starbucks
critics of
Starbucks Passion for Coffee (Olsen)
States and Social Evolution (Williams)
Stiller, Bob
Stock market crash (1929)
Suez Canal
Sugar
Sumatra
Superior Tea & Coffee Company
Supermarkets
Supreme Court, U. S.
Surveys
Sustainable Coffee Criteria Group
Sustainable Harvest
Swann, Sandy
Sweden
Swift, Jonathan
Swift & Company
Switzerland
Tanganyika
Taster’s Choice coffee
Tattler and Spectator newspapers
Taxation
Tchibo company
Tea
Tea & Coffee Trade Journal
TechnoServe
Teenagers
Television. See Advertising: by radio/television
Tenco
Theodor Wille & Company
Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rumford)
Thurber, Francis
Time magazine
Tobacco
Topik, Steven
Torrebiarte, Peter
Torture
To Think of Coffee (Meagher)
Town Hall Tonight radio show
Trade
TransFair USA
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
Trigg, Charles
Turkey
Twain, Mark
Ubico Castañeda, Jorge
Uganda
Ukers, William
Understanding Caffeine (J. James)
United Fruit Company
United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization
United
States
Agency for International Development (USAID)
Agriculture Department
CIA
Civil War
coffee consumption in
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
first national advertising in
Food Administration
Food and Drug Administration
Grain Stabilization Board
and International Coffee Agreement
Justice Department
Money Trust congressional investigation
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
Prohibition in
Pure Food and Drugs Act
reexports of coffee by
Revolutionary War
State Department
Trinity coffee barons in
U. S. Marines
Untermyer, Samuel
Urena, Daniel
Uribe, Andrés
Utz Kapeh Good Inside
Vacuum packaging
Valdivieso, Ricardo “Rick,”
Vargas, Getúlio
Vending machines
Venezuela
Versailles Treaty
Vertical integration
Victorian America: Transformations in
Everyday Life, 1876-1915
(Schlereth)
Vienna
Vietnam
Violent Neighbors (Buckley)
Visser, Margaret
Wages. See also Incomes
Wakeman, Abram
Wall Street Journal
War of 1812
Washington Post
Watson, John B.
Webb, Ewing
Webster, Daniel
Wechsler, Philip
Weissman, Michaele
Welker, Scott
Wells, Sumner
Wendroth, Clara
West, Mae
West Indies
W. H. Crossman & Brother/Son
Wheat
Wheatley, Richard
Whitaker, José Maria
Wickersham, George
Wilde, James
Wiley, Harvey
Wilkins Coffee
Williams, Robert
Wine
With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Dean)
Woman’s Day
Women
in advertising
pregnant women
See also Sexism
Women’s Petition Against Coffee (1674)
Woodruff, Robert
Woodward, Helen
Woolson Spice Company
World Trade Organization
World War I
World War II
W. R. Grace & Company
Yemen
Young, James Webb
Young, John Orr
Young, Robert
Yuban coffee
Yuppies
Zabar, Saul
Zaire
Zelaya, José Santos (General)
1 Rhazes was really named Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya El Razi, and Avicenna was Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Sina.
2 Some Viennese were undoubtedly familiar with coffee prior to Kolschitzky’s exploits, since the Turks established an embassy in Vienna in 1665. Johannes Diodato secured a permit to open a coffeehouse in Vienna in 1685, apparently prior to Kolschitzky.
3 “Oh, Daddy, don’t be such a drag,” a modern librettist translates the cantata. “If I don’t get my coffee fix three times a day, I’ll die!”
4 The Dutch stock from which de Clieu’s tree sprang was known as typica. Though his tree was seminal, de Clieu was not the first to bring coffee to the Caribbean. The Dutch had introduced coffee into their colony of Dutch Guinea in South America, while the French grew it in French Guinea. The French were also responsible for another important coffee variety. In 1718 on the island of Bourbon (now called Réunion, in the Indian Ocean), they successfully planted seeds from Yemen, giving rise to the strain known as bourbon.
5 Chicory had been used as a coffee adulterant as far back as 1688, but the French habit became ingrained during the Napoleonic era.
6 Most Brazilian coffee is still stripped rather than selectively harvested, then “dry” processed. Some things have changed, however: mechanical harvesting is now possible on flat Brazilian farms, different types of trees now grow there, and many huge fazendas have given way to smaller lots. Also, the Brazilian specialty coffee industry has produced truly gourmet beans.
7 Some consumers got used to the Rioy flavor, however, and came to prize it.
8 Coffee was a “monoculture” as an export crop. In fact, colonos frequently grew subsistence crops between the coffee trees.
9 Indeed, Francisco Schmidt, a German immigrant in the 1880s, eventually came to own twenty huge fazendas with 16 million coffee trees, a private railway and phone system, and thousands of colonos.
10 The Mayan Indians were not—and are not—a homogeneous group. There are some twenty-eight peoples, including the Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Ixil, and Mam. Although scattered throughout Guatemala, most reside in the western highlands.
11 Coffee as an export crop developed relatively late in Central America because square-rigged ships, then in use, could only travel downwind easily. The trade winds from the Atlantic blew ships westward toward the coast of Central America, but there was no easy way to sail back east. The advent of clipper ships, which could sail closer to the wind, and then steamships, made coffee exports more feasible.
12 A ladino in Guatemala generally refers to someone with mixed European and Indian blood, or a mestizo. Pure-blooded Indians could also become ladinos, however, if they adopted Western dress and lifestyles.
13 From 1890 to 1892, 1,200 laborers from the Gilbert Islands of the Pacific were brought by blackbirders, or slavers, to work on the coffee plantations of Guatemala. Fewer than 800 survived the trip, and a third of these died in the first year. The last of the survivors were finally returned to the Gilbert Islands in 1908.
14 Of course, not all finca owners abused their laborers. On many plantations in Brazil, Guatemala, and elsewhere, enlightened owners treated workers as humanely as possible, paid higher than standard wages, and provided some medical care. Even in such cases, however, the Indians remained poor peons, with little hope of upward mobility, while the owners lived in relative affluence.
15 Costa Rica had no dye industry (indigo or cochineal) because during the colonial period the Spanish would not allow it. Costa Rica thus had motivation to try coffee before Guatemala, and it was Costa Rica that pioneered new growing and processing techniques. Where Indians did remain in Costa Rica, however, as in Orosi, they were dispossessed of their land just as in Guatemala.
16 Nonetheless, at least early American coffee was fresh roasted. “To have it very good, it should be roasted immediately before it is made,” wrote Eliza Leslie in an 1837 cookbook, “doing no more than the quantity you want at that time.” Another 1845 writer advised, “Do not let it boil,” but she was a voice crying in the wilderness.
17 See the end of chapter 1 for a description of the 1823 coffee crisis.
18 The New York roaster Lewis Osborn was actually the first to sell packaged coffee. Osborn’s Celebrated Prepared Java Coffee came on the market in 1860, but it disappeared three years later, killed by the war economy.
19 Abiah Folger was Benjamin Franklin’s mother.
20 Coffee adulteration was also prevalent in Europe. While traveling on the continent in 1878, Mark Twain objected to European coffee that “resembles the real thing as hypocrisy resembles holiness.”
21 Few agree about whether aged beans taste better. Generally, aging reduces the acidity, or brightness, of a cup of coffee. Aging therefore is usually considered inappropriate for the snappy high-grown coffees of Central America or the blander Brazils, but it enhances the heavy body of a Sumatra or Mysore.
22 The tax reduction was worded vaguely due to Puerto Rica
n concerns. After Puerto Rico became an American protectorate in 1898, its coffee industry suffered terribly—not only from a devastating cyclone in 1899, but also because the former Spanish colony could no longer export its beans duty-free to Spain. For years the Puerto Ricans, as well as the Hawaiians—where coffee cultivation began in 1825—lobbied U.S. politicians to impose a protective tariff on all other “foreign” coffee, in order to encourage the “domestic” coffee industry. They never succeeded.
23 Kellogg may not have liked coffee, but he liked Post’s rip-off even less. “Most coffee substitutes consist of cereals in some form combined with molasses and roasted, [which] develops in these substitutes poisonous phenolic and other smoke products the same as are produced in ordinary coffee.” He complained later that Post had “made some millions by the sale of a cheap mixture of bran and molasses.”
24 Post wrote in I Am Well! that “whisky, morphine, tobacco, coffee, excessive animal passions, and other unnatural conditions” contributed to ill health. Post knew about “animal passions,” bedding an associate’s wife and siring two children by her in 1894 and 1896.
25 In his later years Post left the creation of new products to others. His cousin, Willis Post, who headed the British outpost, invented instant Postum in 1911, obviating the need to boil the drink for twenty minutes.
26 In eighteenth-century Sweden twin brothers were sentenced to death for murder. King Gustav III commuted it to life sentences in order to study the then-controversial effects of tea and coffee. One brother drank large daily doses of tea, the other, coffee. The tea drinker died first, at eighty-three.
27 For an assessment of coffee’s effect on health, see chapter 19.
28 See chapter 8 for a detailed account of the G. Washington brand, the most successful early instant coffee.
29 “The air was thick with an all-embracing odor,” wrote Gerald Carson in The Old Country Store, “an aroma composed of dry herbs and wet dogs, or strong tobacco, green hides and raw humanity.” Bulk roasted coffee absorbed all such smells.
30 Mail-order houses also made incursions into the retail coffee market. The 1897 Sears Roebuck Catalog, for instance, offered green, whole-roasted, or roasted ground coffees.
31 The patriarch of the business, George Huntington Hartford, died in 1917 at the age of eighty-four. George Gilman died in 1901.
Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World Page 50
