How to Do Things with Books in Victorian Britain

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How to Do Things with Books in Victorian Britain Page 49

by Price, Leah


  Jackson, H. J.: Marginalia, 19, 74; Romantic Readers, 133, 259

  Jakobson, Roman, 25

  James, Henry: The Awkward Age, 50; “Brooksmith,” 177; “Greville Fane,” 50; In the Cage, 50, 88; “The Middle Years,” 45; “Miss Braddon,” 210; What Maisie Knew, 50

  James, Louis, 145–46

  James, M. R., “Casting the Runes,” 211–12

  Jameson, Fredric, 21, 22

  Jefferson, Thomas, 15

  Jeffrey, Francis, 141

  Jerrold, Douglas William: The Best of Mr. Punch, 54; Story of a Feather, 276n1

  Jerrold, Douglas William, and Charles Keene, Mrs. Caudle’s Curtain Lectures, 54

  Jerrold, Walter, 27

  Jevons, William Stanley, 226, 228, 231

  Jews, 161

  Jewsbury, Geraldine, The Half-Sisters, 2, 70

  Jewsbury, Maria Jane, 140

  Johnson, Samuel, 167, 233

  Johnstone, Charles, Chrysal, 108, 109

  jokes, 38, 48, 77, 95, 132; book as butt of, 10; and learning to write, 94; misogynistic, 24; and servants and masters, 186; and shrewish wives, 54; and tract distributors, 204–13. See also scatological humor; wordplay/puns

  Jones, William, 39, 132, 133, 164–65, 200, 205, 217, 243

  Judy, Or the London Serio-Comic Journal, 74

  junk mail, 12, 15, 139, 145–48, 212, 216, 245

  Kafka, Franz, Penal Colony, 123

  Kamensky, Jane, 225

  Kaplan, Carla, “Girl Talk,” 291n2

  Kearney, James: “The Book and the Fetish,” 39; The Incarnate Text, 39, 123, 132

  Keller, Helen, 75

  Kelly, Gary, 151

  Kemble, Frances Ann, Records of Later Life, 216

  Kindle, 5

  Kingsley, Charles, 196

  Kirschenbaum, Matthew G., 7

  Kiss in the Tunnel, The, 48

  Klancher, Jon, 237; The Making of English Reading Audiences, 1790–1832, 291n3

  Knight, Charles: The Old Printer and the Modern Press, 145, 235–36, 246; Passages of a Working Life During Half a Century, 167; The struggles of a book against excessive taxation, 132

  Koops, Matthias, Historical Account of the Substances, 229–30

  Kopytoff, Igor, 223

  Koran, 15

  Kreilkamp, Ivan, “Speech on Paper,” 95, 98, 275n16

  Kucich, John, “George Eliot and Objects,” 282n32, 282n33

  labels, 225. See also under Dickens, Charles, David Copperfield

  La Bruyère, Jean de, 28

  Lackington, James, 30

  Lady Chatterley’s Trial, 198

  Lamartine, Alphonse de, 263n4

  Lamb, Charles, 27, 28; “Detached Thoughts,” 121; “Readers Against the Grain,” 142

  Lamb, Jonathan, 125

  Lancastrian system, 102

  Lancet, 145

  Lang, Andrew, The Library, 237, 283n6

  Lantern Lecture on Isaac Pitman, A, 97

  Laqueur, Thomas Walter, 162

  Latham, Sean, and Robert Scholes, “The Rise of Periodical Studies,” 257

  Latour, Bruno: Aramis, 131; “Drawing Things Together,” 266n10

  laundry list, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256

  law, 11, 34, 100

  Ledger-Lomas, Michael, 28, 41, 150, 162

  Leisure Hour, 189

  Leland, John, 233

  lending and borrowing, 12, 107, 113. See also libraries

  Lennox, Charlotte, The Female Quixote, 57

  Lerer, Seth, “Falling Asleep over the History of the Book,” 275n15

  Lesage, Alain-René, Gil Blas, 82

  letters, 6, 146, 147–48, 242–43. See also postage

  Levine, Caroline, The Serious Pleasures of Suspense, 282n37

  Levine, George, 129

  Lewes, George Henry, Ranthorpe, 2, 33, 84, 169, 239

  Lewins, William, 146

  liber, double etymology of, 5

  liberal democracies, 3

  liberalism, 16, 217

  librarian, as warehouseman, 144, 236

  libraries, 7, 143–44; aristocratic, 168; borrowers’ names in books of, 175; and concerns about contamination, 177; country-house, 11; design of, 144–45; dispersion of collections of, 6; and Eliot, 168; free, 226, 244; and Gaskell, 93; and intimate relationships, 198; and Irving, 230; lending, 285n25; as life-giving vs. life-shortening, 226; patronage of, 84; patrons of, 15; as prisons, 127; public, 11, 15, 31, 175, 176, 177, 178, 194–96, 198; sale of, 3; and social class, 175, 176; and triple-decker, 247; trompe l’oeil, 23. See also study

  libraries, circulating, 176, 263n1; anathematized, 142; and animal populations, 143; and Austen, 251; and bibles, 115; and book life-span, 226; ephemerality of novels of, 38; and fumigation, 196; life through, 228; novels of, 13, 16–17, 212, 255; patrons of, 17; sale after disuse by, 247. See also circulation

  “Life and Adventures of a Number of Godey’s Lady’s Book, The,” 117–18, 120–21, 131–32

  Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave, 123

  Lincoln, Abraham, 15

  linen, 9, 230, 234–35, 250, 254, 255

  Lintot, Bernard, 9

  listening, silent, 12

  literacy, 11, 41, 289n26; and African Americans, 198–99; in Britain, 57; cheapening of, 15; and class, 9, 175; and Dickens, 1, 21, 86; different models of, 17; feminization of, 56–57; as fetishized, 40; and interiority and political self-determination, 148; and Mayhew, 135, 221, 222, 287n5; and men vs. women, 56–57; and missionaries, 39–40; and rank or gender, 2; and rereading vs. reading, 252; of servants, 178; and slave narratives, 184; and social class, 203, 283n1; and working-class, 13, 220

  literary criticism, 20, 22–23, 28, 32, 34, 35, 95, 107, 130, 260

  literary historicism, 36

  literary history, 11, 32, 34

  literary theory, 21, 23

  “Literary Voluptuaries,” 3

  literature, defined, 29

  “Literature of the Rail, The,” 132

  “Little Jack of All Trades,” 182

  Locke, John, 102, 126

  London Courier, 247

  Long, Elizabeth, Book Clubs, 260

  Losano, Antonia, 273n8

  lower classes, 26–27, 39. See also social class

  Lucy the Light-Bearer, 205

  Lupton, Christina, “The Knowing Book,” 109

  Lynch, Deidre, 30; “Canon’s Clockwork,” 268n26, 273n7; The Economy of Character, 108

  Macaulay, Thomas Babington: “Minute on Indian Education,” 159; “Mr. Robert Montgomery,” 232; “On the Royal Society of Literature,” 149

  Macaulay, Zachary, 151, 159

  Macmillan’s, 53

  magazines, 142, 247, 263n4

  maidservant, 236–37

  mail, 35, 145–48, 206, 216, 217. See also distribution; junk mail; postal system

  Manguel, Alberto, The Library at Night, 90

  Mann, G. S., 132

  Mann, Thomas, Buddenbrooks, 282n35

  Manning, Anne, Claude the Colporteur, 121, 156, 243

  manufactured goods, 246, 250, 251, 256

  manuscript culture, 33

  manuscript(s), 22; and Adams, 184; in Austen, 250, 253, 254, 255; and Carlyle, 236, 257; and Dickens, 103; and Dinesen, 237; and Edgeworth, 196; and Eliot, 172; as food wrapping, 109, 252; found, 213, 245, 251, 252, 253–54, 255; genetic criticism of, 20; and junk mail, 212, 216; in Mayhew, 222, 227; and postage, 286n30; as potholder, 109; and print, 216; in Puccini, 237; and Reformation, 233; and servants, 236; street as, 94; as surviving through women, 240; and tracts, 251

  Mao Zedong, Little Red Book, 149

  Marcus, Sharon: Between Women, 21; “The Profession of the Author,” 274n10

  Marcus, Steven, 96

  marginalia, 12, 37, 78, 79, 170, 256, 260; anxiety about, 188; and library books, 198; and sexuality, 197

  margins, 20, 23, 259; pencil marks in, 19; traces of earlier readers on, 175, 177

  market, 84–85, 91, 169; and Mayhew, 222, 223, 239, 245; and religious tract vs. adver
tising, 217; and secular content, 159; and secular press, 156; segmentation of, 166; and tract societies, 164

  marriage, 59, 124; and Bosanquet, 201; in Dickens, 100; loveless, 59; mentions of reading before vs. after, 89; reading and breakdown of, 58–59, 61; and Trollope, 47, 59–60. See also husbands; wives

  Marryat, Frederick, Mr Midshipman Easy, 99

  Martial, 233

  Martin, Roger, 203

  Martineau, Harriet, 146–47, 280n8; Autobiography, 147, 148, 184; Illustrations of Political Economy, 147, 199; Manchester Strike, 199; Selected Letters, 147

  martyrdom, 123

  Marx, Groucho, 132

  mass audience, 83

  masters: and bodies, 184, 185–86; and bookbinding, 178; books as shielding, 57–58; and book sharing, 202; and censorship, 203; and family, 193; and godly books, 175; in home, 175; and jokes, 186; legacies upon death of, 183; neglect of books by, 240; procurement of novels by, 15; and religious tracts, 165; and servants, 9, 12, 13, 15, 57–58, 165, 175, 177–93, 198, 199–200, 202, 240; and servants’ use of reading matter, 197, 199–200, 237; and sexuality, 198; and shared access to bookshelves, 177; and shared newspapers, 178, 183, 197; and social class, 178; and use of books, 178, 199–200

  material conditions, 130

  material culture, 32

  material form, 4, 6, 7; indifference to, 5, 17

  materialism, 70, 131, 169; and class, 11; and idealism, 90

  materiality, 79; of book, 32; in G. Eliot, 80; intellectual abstraction by its material corollary, 26; and moral shallowness, 3; and scholarship, 20

  material media, 71

  material objects, vocabulary for, 22

  material perspective, in Dickens, 21

  material value, 8–9

  material world, 76, 99

  Mathers, Helen, Comin’ Thro’ the Rye, 271n9

  Maxwell, Clerk, 21

  Maxwell, Herbert, 141

  Mayhew, Henry, 14, 15, 30, 135, 148, 151; Essential Mayhew, 239; and fiction, 287n6; Voices of the Poor, 158

  —London Labour and the London Poor, 250, 251, 254, 255–56, 257, 261; and after-uses of paper, 220–28, 231, 234, 235; and cloth, 248–49; and free print, 245; and legible texts, 240, 241–43; and resale value, 161; and social order, 238–41; and tract distributors, 155; and tracts and advertisements, 217

  Mayhew, Horace, Letters Left at the Pastrycook’s, 251

  McDonald, Peter, “Ideas of the Book and Histories of Literature,” 23

  McGann, Jerome, 134

  McGill, Meredith, “American Pickwick,” 272n2

  McGurl, Mark, 265n4

  McKelvy, William R., The English Cult of Literature, 41, 282n28

  McKenzie, D. F., Printers of the Mind, 22

  McKitterick, David: The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, 56, 219; “Organizing Knowledge in Print,” 145

  McLuhan, Marshall, 254

  medieval scriptorium, 31

  Melville, Herman, “The Tartarus of Maids,” 103, 146

  memoirs, 6, 9, 17, 41, 83, 89–90, 107, 203

  men, 52; access to books, 91; and book as buffer from women, 81; and copying, 100; and food vs. books, 31; and gendered division of labor, 100; and newspapers and novels, 177; and reading aloud, 214, 215; and shorthand, 97, 98, 99; and texts, 10. See also gender; husbands; sexuality

  metaphors: in Dickens, 92, 96, 101, 102, 103, 106, 129, 130; and literary criticism, 34; and metonymy, 25, 127, 130; and newspaper as rag, 127; reading as, 93; reliteralization of dead, 25

  metonymic reading, 21

  metonymy, 25, 127; in Dickens, 103, 106, 129, 130; and literary criticism, 34; and Mayhew, 221

  Metro International, 149

  Microsoft Bob, 24

  middle class, 17, 38, 140, 207, 218, 240; and abjection of books, 220; and bildungsroman, 16, 17; children of, 14, 17; critiques of, 176; and Dickens, 105; and education, 14; and fiction, 13; and free print, 164; and Gaskell, 93; girls of, 69; and library, 194; and master-servant relations, 198; and materialism, 11; and Mayhew, 221, 238; and moral failings, 201–3; and morality and circumstances of reading, 192–93; and novels as distracting, 193; and prize books, 163; and religious publications, 116; secular novels of, 153, 155; self-criticism of, 204; soiling of books by, 200; and tracts, 178–80, 210; and triple-deckers, 206. See also social class

  “Midland District Conference of the National Federation of Shorthand Writers’ Associations,” 97

  Mill, John Stuart, Principles of Political Economy, 72

  Miller, Andrew, Novels behind Glass, 274n14

  Millington, Thomas Street, Straight to the Mark, 63, 133

  Mills, John, The English Fireside, 233

  Milton, John, Areopagitica, 123

  mind, 45, 71, 99, 218; book as prompt for, 73, 91; in Charlotte Brontë, 80; child’s withdrawal into, 75; and Conrad of Hirsau, 264n7; in Dickens, 92, 102, 103, 104, 106, 127, 129; and Eliot, 79; and gentleman, 237; growth of child’s, 130; and Hardy, 46–47; and manual operations, 113; and reading, 7, 8; tracking of, 19; user’s absence of, 46

  mind and body, 22, 257; and book and text, 78, 129; in Dickens, 78, 106; in Eliot, 79; and experience, 75; puns about, 26, 27, 78

  Ministering Children, 123

  misogyny, 24, 183

  Missing Link, The, 30

  missionaries, 7, 14, 30, 39, 133, 156–61, 249. See also Protestantism

  missionary autobiography, 123

  missionary baskets, 213

  missionary press, 14

  Missionary Register, 157, 159

  Mitch, David, The Rise of Popular Literacy in Victorian England, 264n8

  mock-epic, 53, 208

  Molesworth, Mrs., 168; “On the Use and Abuse of Fiction,” 173

  Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), 249

  monasteries, dissolution of, 233

  Moncrieff, W. T., The March of Intellect; a Comic Poem, 26

  money, 2, 8, 171–72. See also banknotes; coins

  Montaigne, Michel de, 141

  Montgomery, Robert, Satan, 232

  Monthly Messenger, The, 132

  Monthly Review, 231–32, 242

  morality: and children, 13; and circumstances of reading, 192–93; and class critiques, 201; and free books, 6; and it-narrative and bildungsroman, 131; and language of insides and outsides, 3; and look of books, 2, 16, 73; and oath of revenge on bible, 168, 171; and power of books, 7; and religious tracts, 153; and selfhood, 10, 82; and text vs. book, 91; and threat of disease, 196; and use of books a proxy for moral worth, 78; and women, 56

  More, Hannah, 151; Cheap Repository Tracts, 152, 154, 209; The Shepherd of Salisbury Plain, 30; Sunday School, 153; “The Sunday School,” 154; Tales, 190; “Tom White, the Postilion,” 152; Works, 209–10

  Moretti, Franco, 21; Graphs, Maps, Trees, 21; The Way of the World, 127

  Morning Chronicle, 220, 251

  mothers: in Dickens, 86; engrossed in smartphones, 53; as ignoring children, 51–52, 67, 75; as ignoring duties, 68; reading as corrupting, 69. See also women

  movable type, 225

  Mozley, Anne, 90, 163, 252; “On Fiction as an Educator,” 88–89

  “Mr Bragwell and his Two Daughters,” 209–10

  Mudie, Charles Edward, “Mr. Mudie’s Library,” 143–44, 247

  Munro, Jeffrey, Half Hours with Popular Authors, 97

  “My mistress’s bonnet,” 188

  narrator, 77; and bildungsroman, 124, 129; interiority of, 78; and it-narrative, 109, 111, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129; omniscient, 17; and religious tracts, 122; and represented book, 76; and Story of a Pocket Bible, 112–13, 165; and unrealized acts of inscription, 92

  Nead, Lynda, 248

  Needham, Joseph, 220

  Nelson, Craig, 245

  Nevius, J. L., 161

  New Bibliography, 33

  New Criticism, 16, 31–32, 33

  New Historicism, 16

  Newlyn, Lucy, 140

  newspapers, 12, 35, 50–51, 70, 113, 219, 263
n4; and Anderson, 261; in Dickens, 127; ephemerality of, 38; as fish wrapping, 6; and flypaper, 238; and gender, 48; and hand-me-down clothes, 184; hiding behind, 6, 62, 63; and home vs. public sphere, 51; and husbands, 55–56, 62, 73, 203; husbands as hiding behind, 13, 51, 62; life cycle of, 261; man’s, 52; for the masses, 55; and masters and servants, 178, 183, 197; and Mayhew, 221, 224; mechanical production of, 218; and men and women, 177; multiple users of, 176–77, 247, 261; and niche marketing, 165; and novels, 47, 48–49; and postage, 145, 146; price of, 247; production of, 142; as rag, 5; and sales vs. advertising revenues, 149; and strangers, 15, 51; and taxes, 38, 141; in Trollope, 48–49, 83; and wives, 62. See also paper

  Newton, John, 127

  New Woman fiction, 53, 75

  New York’s Gift, The, 162

  niche marketing, 139, 164–68

  Nightingale, Florence: Cassandra, 214, 215; Florence Nightingale on Mysticism and Eastern Religions, 282n29

  Nissenbaum, Stephen, 162

  Nixon, Edward John, 155

  nonreading/unread works, 2, 3, 8, 9, 69, 77–82, 121, 124, 133, 160, 170; in aristocratic libraries, 40; and Austen, 73; in Brontë, 78, 80–82; and Dickens, 73, 74, 78, 95; evidence of, 19; and Flaubert, 74; in G. Eliot, 70, 78–80; and mothers, 69; and Oliphant, 55; and pretending to read, 47–49, 55–56; purchase of, 85; and reading as front, 71; representations of, 67; senses of, 8; and servants, 113; and Thackeray, 66; and Trollope, 48, 51, 62, 67, 70, 73, 78, 176; as wedge, 51

  novel of manners, 260

  novel(s), 198, 219; ambivalence about reading in, 67; as antisocial, 176; and claim to be freely chosen, 176; and class, 105–6; as commodity, 14; as distracting, 193; distribution of tracts in, 206–7; fashion for, 246–47; and gender, 48; and jokes about distribution of tracts, 176; manufacture of, 219; and masters and servants, 197; and Mayhew, 221, 243, 251, 287n6; and men and women, 177; and middle-class, 15; and newspapers, 47, 48–49; and nonmarket forms of distribution, 213; pulping of, 219; realistic, 26; and selfhood, 216; and sensation, 77; short-and long-term popularity of, 247; tracts as filler in, 206; tracts as mirrored in, 207; triple-deckers, 13, 15, 25, 206, 247, 254; and Trollope, 59

  numismatics, 109. See also coins

  Nunokawa, Jeff, “Eros and Isolation,” 62

  Obama, Barack, 15

  object narratives. See it-narratives

  O’Brien, Flann, 19–20

 

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