24 Two students: Roy Reed, “F.B.I. Investigating Killing of 2 Negroes in Jackson,” New York Times, May 16, 1970.
25 The Friday after: Homer Bigart, “War Foes Here Attacked by Construction Workers: City Hall Is Stormed,” New York Times, May 9, 1970. “After ‘Bloody Friday,’ New York Wonders If Wall Street Is Becoming a Battleground,” Wall Street Journal, May 11, 1970. Joe Guzzardi, “View from Lodi, CA: Remembering an Earlier War in America’s Streets,” http://www.vdare.com/guzzardi/war_in_streets.htm, April 23, 2004.
26 Twenty-two of those: Robert B. Semple, “Nixon Meets Heads of 2 City Unions; Hails War Support,” New York Times, May 27, 1970. James M. Naughton, “Construction Union Chief in New York Is Chosen to Succeed Hodgson,” New York Times, November 30, 1972.
27 Vice President Spiro Agnew: Fred J. Cook, “Hard-Hats: The Rampaging Patriots,” Nation, June 15, 1970.
28 On August 24, 1970: Susan Rosenfeld, “The Fatal Bombing That Historians Ignore,” Chronicle of Higher Education, August 17, 2001.
29 That was America: “At War with War,” Time, May 18, 1970.
30 Little had been written: Ungar, FBI, 484–85.
31 The first event: Donner, The Age of Surveillance, 87–90. Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 664–65. Nelson and Ostrow, The FBI and the Berrigans, 15–20.
32 “Only twice”: Nelson and Ostrow, The FBI and the Berrigans, 15–16.
33 He stuck with: James T. Patterson, “The Enemy Within,” Atlantic, October 1998.
34 It was not known: Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 664–67. Ungar, FBI, 307, 483. Donner, The Age of Surveillance, 87–89. Nelson and Ostrow, The FBI and the Berrigans, 16–20. Sullivan, The Bureau, 154–55.
35 Hoover probably never: Ungar, FBI, 337.
36 The second event: Donner, The Age of Surveillance, 88, 107, 117. Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 665–66. Nelson and Ostrow, The FBI and the Berrigans, 29–30. Author interviews with Anderson.
37 A trip Anderson made: George C. Wilson, “S. Viet Prison Found Shocking,” Washington Post, July 7, 1970.
38 One of the staunchest: Ungar, FBI, 364–66. Tom Wicker, “What Have They Done Since They Shot Dillinger?,” New York Times, December 29, 1969: Rooney, as quoted by Wicker: “I have never cut his budget and I never expect to.…The people don’t want it cut.’ ”
39 It was a brutal: Ronald Kessler, “FBI Had Files on Congress, Ex-Aides Say,” Washington Post, January 19, 1975.
3. THE TEAM IS FORMED
1 “John’s personality”: Camden 28 documentary film, produced by Anthony Giacchino, 2007.
2 The downward spiral: “Casualties—US vs NVA/VC.” Note that U.S. statistics cited here are from Combat Area Casualty File and the Adjutant General’s Center file, both available from the National Archives. http://www.rjsmith.com/kia_tbl.html.
3 It was not just Harriet Tubman: “Media History,” http://visitmediapa.com/history.
4. THE BURGLARS IN THE ATTIC
1 For the first time: Frank Lotierzo, “Fight of the Century: 33 Years Later and Still Nothing Like It,” http://www.thesweetscience.com, March 7, 2004. Michael Silver, “Where Were You on March 8, 1971?,” ESPN, November 19, 2003. “The Fight of the Century,” International Boxing Hall of Fame, http://www.ibhof.com. Gary Younge, “The Fighter,” Guardian, January 18, 2002. Hauser, Muhammad Ali, 173, 216–25.
2 Even Nelson Mandela: Jack Newfield, “The Meaning of Muhammad,” Nation, January 17, 2002.
3 He even enlisted: William C. Rhoden, “At His Essence, Smokin’ Joe Was More Than Just a Symbol,” New York Times, November 13, 2011. Arkush, The Fight of the Century, 28–29, 132–36.
4 It was the most anticipated: David Hornestay, “Joe Louis Knocks Out Max Schmeling: Personal Revenge and a Political Statement,” http://www.suite101.com, March 24, 2010. Dean Hybl, “Two Days in June: Max Schmeling vs. Joe Louis,” http://sportsthenandnow.com, June 19, 2010. “The Fight of the Century,” NPR, November 25, 2006. Hauser, Muhammad Ali, 225–33.
5 Shortly after: Fred P. Graham, “Plot to Kidnap Kissinger Is Charged; Philip Berrigan and 5 Others Indicted,” New York Times, January 13, 1971.
6 H. H. Wilson, a professor: H. H. Wilson, “The FBI Today: The Case for Effective Control,” Nation, February 8, 1971.
7 It would later be learned: Fred J. Cook, “On Being an Enemy of the F.B.I.,” Nation, March 27, 1986.
8 The director fired Shaw: Ungar, FBI, 265.
9 He said the letter: Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 671.
10 Another unsolvable challenge: Note: Two future Republican candidates for president, Ronald Reagan and Bob Dole, gave campaign speeches in front of this courthouse and across the street from the former Media FBI office.
5. TIME OUT FOR WHITE HOUSE MEETING
1 The next week: Mary McGrory, “Kissinger Meets Plotters,” Washington Star, March 12, 1971.
2 Kissinger later wrote: Kissinger, White House Years, 1015–16.
6. WITH THANKS TO MUHAMMAD ALI AND JOE FRAZIER
1 In New York: William N. Wallace, “Worldwide Televising of Fight Is the Biggest Item in a $25 Million Gamble, Most Will Watch on Home Screens, but Viewing in U.S., England and Canada Is Restricted to Closed Circuit TV,” New York Times, March 7, 1971. Jack Gould, “Broadcast of Fight Barred to Many G.I.s,” New York Times, March 6, 1971. “Facts on Title Fight,” New York Times, March 8, 1971. Steve Cady, “500-Man Force to Patrol Inside and Outside Arena,” New York Times, March 8, 1971. Ian O’Connor, “The First Ali-Frazier Fight Still Electric After 35 Years,” USA Today, March 7, 2006. Bob Hanna, “Book Inspired Memories of ‘Fight of the Century,’ ” Inside Boxing, November 27, 2007. Hauser, Muhammad Ali, 225–33. Arkush, The Fight of the Century, 148–80.
2 By that time: Dave Kindred, “The First Ali-Frazier Fight Was Also the Best,” Sporting News, February 17, 1999. Arkush, The Fight of the Century, 181–95.
3 As the world watched: Dave Anderson, “Champion Floors His Rival with Left Hook in the 15th,” New York Times, March 9, 1971. Neil Amdur, “Ali Is Silent on Way to Hospital,” New York Times, March 9, 1971. Arthur Daley, “Epic Worth the Price,” New York Times, March 9, 1971. Jack Gould, “Radio Gives World-Wide Fight News,” New York Times, March 9, 1971. Hauser, Muhammad Ali, 233. Arkush, The Fight of the Century, 196–200.
4 As Hoover retired: “The Truth About Hoover,” Time, December 22, 1975.
7. ESCAPE TO THE FARM
1 In New York: Kindred, Sound and Fury, 171.
8. J. EDGAR HOOVER’S WORST NIGHTMARE
1 Frank McLaughlin: Author interview with McLaughlin, plus his official reports.
2 The last time: “FBI Agents Cope with Antiquated Facilities in Covering 2 Counties,” Philadelphia Inquirer, March 9, 1967.
3 That morning he: Felt, The FBI Pyramid, 92–99, and Felt and O’Connor, A G-Man’s Life, 84–92. These excerpts from Felt’s two books, combined with his reports in the record of the MEDBURG investigation, are records of his use of conflicting information to make the case against the agent in charge of the Media office, Tom Lewis.
4 A retired agent: Author confidential interview with agent who worked at Media FBI office at time of burglary.
5 He says Lewis: Ungar, FBI, 487.
6 Hoover accepted: “Media FBI Agent Is Suspended for 30 Days,” Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, March 26, 1971.
7 They organized a dinner: “Testimonial Dinner Planned for Transferred FBI Agent,” Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, April 9, 1971.
8 “Hoover was enraged”: Felt, The FBI Pyramid, 92.
9 when Hoover learned: Jeremiah O’Leary, “Hoover, Angered by Theft, to Shut Small Offices,” Washington Star, April 13, 1971.
10 Only a very few: Theoharis, From the Secret Files, 1–11. In this introduction, Theoharis provides a summary of the elaborate and complicated methods Hoover used to keep his files secret.
11 Prior to March 1971: Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 367–75. Ungar, FBI, 370. Alan Barth, “The Judith Coplon Case and the Embarrassed FBI: Bureau Lost Some Files 22 Years A
go,” April 20, 1971.
12 He even suggested: “U.S. Says It May Drop Coplon Trial If Judge Orders ‘Vital Secrets’ Told,” New York Times, June 4, 1949.
13 When that threat: Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 370.
14 It is believed to be: “FBI Head Reported to Have Resigned,” New York Times, June 15, 1949.
15 The prosecutor complied: “Clark Backs FBI in Coplon Case but He ‘Regrets’ Use of Reports,” New York Times, July 2, 1949.
16 Compared to the: “Film ‘Communists’ Listed in FBI file in Coplon Spy Case,” New York Times, June 9, 1949. Cabell Phillips, “Activities of the FBI Come Under Scrutiny,” New York Times, June 19, 1949.
17 “dossiers being laid out”: Phillips, “Activities of the FBI.”
18 In the unanimous opinion: United States v. Coplon, United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit, 185 F.2d. 629 (2d Cir. 1950).
19 The illegalities included: Charles Grutzner, “Coplon Wire-Taps Denied, Admitted: F.B.I. Witness First Disclaims Awarenesfs, Then Tells of Destroying Reports,” New York Times, December 23, 1949.
20 Despite Hoover’s humiliation: Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 373.
21 Finally, in an unusual: Sidney E. Zion, “U.S. Drops Charges in Coplon Spy Case,” New York Times, January 7, 1967.
22 But in light of: Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 373–75. Theoharis and Cox, The Boss, 257–61.
23 When the National Lawyers Guild: Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 370.
24 Agents were especially interested: Barry Wingard, “The Trial of the Flower City Conspiracy,” Harvard Crimson, December 2, 1970. “Flower City Eight Convicted, Sentenced,” Harvard Crimson, December 4, 1970.
25 The FBI had helped prepare: Richard Halloran, “Aide to Mitchell Opposes Any Curb on Surveillance,” New York Times, March 10, 1971. “Can Government Investigate Anyone?,” Washington Post, March 12, 1971. Spencer Rich, “Rehnquist Civil Liberties Stance Eyed,” Washington Post, October 26, 1971. Charns, Cloak and Gavel, 187n7. Neier, Dossier, 155–56.
26 Rehnquist’s claim: Tom Wicker, “The Goat and the Cabbage Patch,” New York Times, March 11, 1971.
9. FBI AND BURGLARS IN A RACE
1 Four days after: Mary McGrory, “Kissinger Meets Plotters,” Washington Star, March 12, 1971.
2 The Delaware County Daily Times: “Davidon Unveils Plot Against the FBI,” Delaware County Daily Times, March 12, 1971.
3 Reluctantly, the director: Ungar, FBI, 488.
4 This unusual security arrangement: Author interview with Jack Ryan, former FBI agent, in Peoria, Illinois.
10. TO PUBLISH OR NOT TO PUBLISH
1 The bureau needed: Interview of Terry Neist, FBI agent, by Sam Green.
2 At bureau headquarters: Ken Clawson, “Stolen FBI Reports Sent to McGovern, Rep. Mitchell,” Washington Post, March 23, 1971.
3 The story was distributed: Betty Medsger and Ken Clawson, “Stolen Documents Describe FBI Surveillance Activities,” Washington Post, March 24, 1971.
4 The same day: “Mitchell Issues Plea on F.B.I. Files: Asks Press Not to Publish Date on Stolen Papers,” New York Times, March 24, 1971.
5 As Nelson revealed: Nelson, Scoop, 156–60. Nelson died in 2009 before he finished his memoir; it was completed in 2013 by his wife, journalist Barbara Matusow.
6 In 2011, the Times: Richard A. Serrano, “An FBI Director with a Grudge,” Los Angeles Times, November 6, 2011. In this story Serrano reports that Nelson’s FBI file, received by the Times through an FOIA request, revealed that during 1970 and 1971 Hoover conducted a campaign to get the Times to fire Nelson. The director claimed he had been told Nelson was going to write a story saying the director was a homosexual. Nelson, in response to an editor’s request, wrote a statement that was sent to Hoover in which he strongly denied ever suggesting Hoover was a homosexual. At that time, Hoover was angry with Nelson because of the book he and then Charlotte Observer journalist Jack Bass recently had written about the role of FBI agents in the Orangeburg Massacre, when three black students were killed by the gunfire of state highway patrolmen on the campus of South Carolina State College in Orangeburg. Nelson and Bass reported that three FBI agents watched state troopers fire on black students but later denied they were present.
7 In 2013, Graham: Author interview with Fred Graham, April 2013.
11. APPROPRIATE FOR THE SECRET POLICE OF THE SOVIET UNION
1 In an editorial: “What Is the FBI Up To?,” Washington Post, March 25, 1971. “Congress and the FBI,” Washington Post, April 12, 1971.
2 “are questions too fundamental”: “How Much Do We Really Know About the Work of the FBI?,” Philadelphia Inquirer, March 28, 1971.
3 “Little confidence”: “Policies of Paranoia,” New York Times, March 29, 1971.
4 Not everyone thought: “Letters to the Editor, the Stolen FBI Documents and the Story About Them,” Washington Post, March 31, 1971.
5 “The quick succession”: Christopher Lydon, “Ervin Rules Out Inquiry into F.B.I. Now,” New York Times, April 19, 1971.
6 The most visible FISUR techniques: Ungar, FBI, 489–90.
7 They continued to look like: Donald M. Janson, “Theft of Documents,” New York Times, March 12, 1972.
8 “Your FBI in Action”: Donald M. Janson, “Philadelphia Fair ‘Exposes’ F.B.I.: Angry Powelton Residents Satirize Agents in Area,” New York Times, June 6, 1971. Joe Sharkey, “Powelton ‘Tribute’ to FBI Puts Emphasis on Exposure,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 6, 1971.
9 In addition to finding: Ungar, FBI, 490.
10 It had all started: Laurence Stern, “FBI Records Dispute Stand by Kissinger,” Washington Post, June 12, 1974.
11 If there was an investigation: Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 679. Liddy, Will, 215.
12 Within two hours: “Justice Dept. Asks Hill Inquiry on FBI,” Washington Post, April 8, 1971. Robert M. Smith, “Kleindienst Assails Boggs; Invites Inquiry into F.B.I.,” New York Times, April 8, 1971. “Kleindienst Modifies Suggestion Congress Investigate the F.B.I.,” New York Times, April 9, 1971.
13 Failing to convince: Schwarz and Huq, Unchecked and Unbalanced, 18.
14 On March 25, 1971: “CIA Domestic Activities,” March 25, 1971, MORI DocID: 1451843, CIA Family Jewels, National Security Archive.
15 When written responses: Ibid.
16 One official: Thomas H. Karamessines, “Meeting with MAG Group,” December 21, 1971, MORI DocID: 1451843, CIA Family Jewels, National Security Archive.
17 Less than a month later: Richard Halloran, “Rare Speech Discloses Some Russians Aided U.S. in Cuban Crisis,” New York Times, April 15, 1971.
18 Helms, in the only: Richard Halloran, “Helms Defends the C.I.A. as Vital to a Free Society,” New York Times, April 15, 1971. “Excerpts from Speech by Helms to Society of Newspaper Editors,” New York Times, April 15, 1971.
19 A few months later: W. E. Colby, attachment to letter from “CIA Activities in the United States,” April 21, 1972, MORI DocID: 1451843, CIA Family Jewels, National Security Archive.
20 The CIA had been conducting: Schwarz and Huq, Unchecked and Unbalanced, 37–43.
21 Six months after: “CIA Domestic Activities,” November 1971, MORI DocID: 1451843, CIA Family Jewels, National Security Archive.
22 Like Hoover’s need: Mackenzie and Weir, Secrets, 48.
23 Henceforth, Colby wrote: Ibid., 49.
24 After years of: Richard Helms, oral history, conducted February 2 and March 15, 1988, CIA Oral History Program, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no3/reflections-of-dci-colby-and-helms-on-the-cia2019s-201ctime-of-troubles201d.html.
12. I’M THINKING OF TURNING YOU IN
1 “It was like”: Anthony Giacchino interview of Terry Neist, Camden 28 documentary script, 24.
2 However, when a new: Donner, The Age of Surveillance, 90. “Indictment in a Bizarre ‘Plot,’ ” New York Times, May 2, 1971.
3 Scholarly papers: Watters and Gillers, eds., Investigating
the FBI. This book is a collection of the papers and discussions presented at Princeton’s Conference on the FBI.
4 One of the people: Alan Brinkley, “Dreams of a G-Man,” New York Review of Books, April 23, 1987.
5 At such times: Author interview with lawyer David Kairys. About whether people in the peace movement thought Grady was involved in Media, he said, “I agree that Grady did, often by silence and smiles, let others think he did Media. He left that impression on me.” A Camden defendant, Bob Good, said in an October 2009 email exchange with the author, “I also only received a smile whenever I would try to ask any more about it.…I have always understood that John was the prime mover behind it, but it is honestly only my understanding.…I have never heard any direct accounting.”
13. BEING AMERICAN WHILE BLACK AND OTHER INSIGHTS FROM MEDIA
1 More than anything: William Greider, “Analysis of Stolen FBI Documents Provides Glimpse of Bureau at Work,” Washington Post, July 4, 1971.
2 It was learned: Nicholas M. Horrock, “N.A.A.C.P. Checked 25 Years by the F.B.I.: No Illegal Activities Found—Women’s Movement Also Monitored by the Bureau,” New York Times, April 29, 1976.
3 The young agent: Schott, No Left Turns, 36. Actually, it has been said that the director had the same antipathy to pear-shaped heads that he had to pinheads. Schott describes the dismissal of a new agent with a pinhead.
4 Weight requirements: Ungar, FBI, 266.
5 He unpacked: Author conversation with Don Oberdorfer. Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 663.
6 The director could not: Clawson, “FBI’s Hoover Scores Ramsey Clark, RFK; Praises Mitchell as ‘Very Human,’ ” Washington Post, November 17, 1970.
14. THE SUBTERFUGE CONTINUES
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