6 denied the reports: Declan McCullagh, “NSA Spying Flap Extends to Contents of U.S. Phone Calls,” CNET News, June 15, 2013.
7 “clearly erroneous”: Dan Roberts and Spencer Ackerman, “Clapper Under Pressure Despite Apology for ‘Erroneous’ Statements to Congress,” Guardian, July 1, 2013.
8 “They can literally watch”: Gellman and Poitras, “U.S., British Intelligence Mining.”
9 GCHQ created Tempora: Nick Hopkins, Julian Borger, and Luke Harding, “GCHQ: Inside the Top Secret World of Britain’s Biggest Spy Agency,” Guardian, August 1, 2013.
10 They can convey: James Ball, Luke Harding, and Juliette Garside, “BT and Vodafone Among Telecoms Companies Passing Details to GCHQ,” Guardian, August 2, 2013.
11 “exploit any phone”: Hopkins, Borger, and Harding, “GCHQ.”
12 “to tap directly into”: Ibid.
13 a bipartisan group: “A Bipartisan Warning on Surveillance,” editorial, New York Times, July 25, 2013.
14 James Sensenbrenner: Jonathan Weisman, “Momentum Builds Against N.S.A. Surveillance,” New York Times, July 28, 2013. Dan Roberts and Spencer Ackerman, “Anger Swells After NSA Phone Records Court Order Revelations,” Guardian, June 6, 2013. Timothy B. Lee, “Here’s Why ‘Trust Us’ Isn’t Working for the NSA Any More,” Washington Post, July 30, 2013.
15 called Snowden a traitor: Jillian Rayfield, “Dick Cheney Praises NSA Surveillance Program,” Salon, July 16, 2013. “Surveillance: Snowden Doesn’t Rise to Traitor,” editorial, New York Times, June 11, 2013.
16 if it could quantify: Spencer Ackerman and Dan Roberts, “NSA Surveillance: Lawmakers Urge Disclosure as Obama ‘Welcomes’ Debate,” Guardian, June 9, 2013.
17 Boundless Informant: Glenn Greenwald and Ewen MacAskill, “Boundless Informant: The NSA’s Secret Tool to Track Global Surveillance Data,” Guardian, June 11, 2013.
18 repeatedly warning: David A. Fahrenthold, “With NSA Revelations, Sen. Ron Wyden’s Vague Warnings About Privacy Finally Become Clear,” Washington Post, July 28, 2013.
19 “We find ourselves”: Senator Ron Wyden, address, Center for American Progress, July 23, 2013.
20 Church warned: Glenn Greenwald, “Surveillance State Evils,” Salon, April 21, 2012.
21 become rubber stamps: Eugene Raineson, “Edward Snowden’s NSA Leaks Show We Need a Debate,” Washington Post, June 10, 2013.
22 parallel Supreme Court: Eric Lichtblau, “In Secret, Court Vastly Broadens Powers of N.S.A.,” New York Times, July 6, 2013.
23 at thirty-eight embassies: Laura Poitras, “NSA Spied on European Union Offices,” Der Spiegel, June 29, 2013. Ewen MacAskill and Julian Borger, “New NSA Leaks Show How US Is Bugging Its European Allies,” Guardian, June 30, 2013.
24 two London conferences: Scott Shane and Ravi Somaiya, “New Leak Indicates Britain and U.S. Tracked Diplomats,” New York Times, June 16, 2013.
25 Germans reacted: Stephen Castle, “Report of U.S. Spying Angers European Allies,” New York Times, June 30, 2013.
26 “The spying has reached”: Claus Hecking and Stefan Schultz, “EU Official Questions Trade Negotiations,” Der Spiegel, June 30, 2013.
27 became defensive: “The German Prism: Berlin Wants to Spy Too,” Der Spiegel, June 17, 2013. “ ‘Prolific Partner’: German Intelligence Used NSA Spy Program,” Der Spiegel, July 20, 2013.
28 a criminal inquiry: Michael Birnbaum, “European Anger over U.S. Spying Turns Inward,” Washington Post, July 17, 2013.
29 two totalitarian systems: “Prism Spying ‘Attacks Basic Civil Rights,’ ” Der Spiegel, June 11, 2013.
30 minimal benefit: Dan Roberts, “Patriot Act Author Prepares Bill to Put NSA Bulk Collection ‘Out of Business,’ ” Guardian, October 10, 2013.
31 digital address books: Barton Gellman and Ashkan Soltani, “NSA Collects Millions of E-Mail Address Books Globally,” Washington Post, October 14, 2013.
32 protected by encryption: James Ball, Julian Borger, and Glenn Greenwald, “Revealed: How US and UK Spy Agencies Defeat Internet Privacy and Security,” Guardian, September 5, 2013; Nicole Perlroth, Jeff Larson, and Scott Shane, “N.S.A. Able to Foil Basic Safeguards of Privacy on Web,” story published jointly by New York Times and ProPublica, September 5, 2013.
28. QUESTIONS
1 His appointment: Ungar, FBI, 48. Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 1.
2 Stone had publicly: Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 6.
3 Hoover, the man: Theoharis, The FBI and American Democracy, 24, 176. Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 6.
4 The raids—lauded: Theoharis, The FBI and American Democracy, 26–27. Schwarz and Huq, Unchecked and Unbalanced, 15. Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 380.
5 When Palmer was: Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 354.
6 How was it possible: Ibid., 6–7, 372.
7 The scar was etched: Ibid., 5.
8 It was learned then: Theoharis, Spying on Americans, 255n8. Theoharis, The FBI and American Democracy, 36. O’Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans, 18–19, 21.
9 The impulse to build: Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 379.
10 He was in the Senate: Ibid., 360, 372.
11 New Yorker writer: Ibid., 375.
12 Years later, Hoover: Ibid., 6.
13 But as he tells: Ibid., 3.
14 “I’ll take the job”: Ungar, FBI, 48.
15 A few days after: Ungar, FBI, 49. Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 378. Lowenthal, The Federal Bureau of Investigation, 445.
16 Reformers were pleased: Schwarz and Huq, Unchecked and Unbalanced, 210n10, from Alpheus Thomas Mason, Harlan Fiske Stone: Pillar of the Law, 149.
17 “They never stopped”: David Williams, “ ‘They Never Stopped Watching Us’: FBI Political Surveillance, 1924–1936,” UCLA Historical Review 2 (1981). David Williams, “The Bureau of Investigation and Its Critics, 1919–1921: The Origins of Federal Political Surveillance,” Journal of American History 68, no. 3 (December 1981).
18 Surveillance of the ACLU: O’Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans, 19–20.
19 Future Supreme Court justice: Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 380.
20 The close professional relationship: Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 374.
21 “I don’t know”: Ibid., 2.
22 But he warned Stone: Ibid., 381.
23 In a remarkably short period: Ibid., 7.
24 During the Great Depression: O’Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans, 19–20.
25 From what is known: Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 377, 381.
26 Stone responded by: Biographies of the Robes: Harlan Fiske Stone, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/print/robes_stone.html.
27 If Stone had reviewed: Schwarz and Huq, Unchecked and Unbalanced, 14–15.
28 He secretly tried: Theoharis, The FBI and American Democracy, 28.
29 On another March 8: Davis, Assault on the Left, 4–6. Minutes of the 279th meeting of the National Security Council, Cabinet Room of the White House, March 8, 1956.
30 “he failed to mention”: Davis, Assault on the Left, 5.
31 The generations-long quest: Theoharis, The FBI and American Democracy, 123.
32 The FBI director’s dominant: Priest and Arkin, Top Secret America, 132. Athan Theoharis, interview by Johanna Hamilton, February 2013. O’Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans, 288–89.
33 “habit of mind”: Keller, The Liberals and J. Edgar Hoover, 112.
34 “In a most extraordinary”: Davis, Assault on the Left, 214–15.
35 David Kairys has: From comments at 2002 reunion of Camden 28 participants and in interview.
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