12. ResearchGate, “Michael Davias,” https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Davias.
13. ResearchGate, “Thomas H. S. Harris,” https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thomas_Harris8.
14. Michael E. Davias and Thomas H. S. Harris, “A Tale of Two Craters: Coriolis-Aware Trajectory Analysis Correlates Two Pleistocene Impact-Strewn Fields and Gives Michigan a Thumb,” paper presented at the Geological Society of America, North-Central Section, 49th Annual Meeting, May 19–20, 2015.
15. Ibid.
16. R. B. Firestone et al., “Analysis of the Younger Dryas Impact Layer,” Journal of Siberian Federal University. Engineering and Technologies 1 (February 2010), 57–58.
17. Davias and Harris, “A Tale of Two Craters.”
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Zamora, “A Model for the Geomorphology of the Carolina Bays,” 215.
22. Email from Antonio Zamora to Graham Hancock, July 11, 2018.
23. Zamora, “A Model for the Geomorphology of the Carolina Bays,” 212.
24. Ibid., 212, 214.
25. Ibid., 215.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Antonio Zamora, Killer Comet: What the Carolina Bays Tell Us (Zamora Consulting, third paperback edition, 2016), 71–75.
29. Firestone et al., “Analysis of the Younger Dryas Impact Layer,” 57–58.
30. Graham Hancock Live in Arkansas (YouTube, 2018), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-qIP1lfok8&feature=share.
31. Firestone et al., “Analysis of the Younger Dryas Impact Layer,” 30.
32. Donald F. Eschman and David M. Mickelson, “Correlation of Glacial Deposits of the Huron, Lake Michigan and Green Bay Lobes in Michigan and Wisconsin,” Quaternary Science Reviews 5 (1986), 53–57.
33. Ibid., 56.
PART VIII
28: HUNTER-GATHERERS AND THE LOST CIVILIZATION
1. Email correspondence with Albert Goodyear, February 6, 2018.
2. William Mahaney et al., “Cosmic Airburst on Developing Allerød Substrates (Soils) in the Western Alps, Mt. Viso Area,” Studia Quaternaria 35, no. 1 (2018), 3, 20–21.
3. W. C. Mahaney et al., “Did the Black-Mat Impact/Airburst Reach the Antarctic? Evidence from New Mountain Near the Taylor Glacier in the Dry Valley Mountains,” Journal of Geology 126, no. 3 (May 2018), 285.
4. Wendy Wolbach et al., “Extraordinary Biomass-Burning Episode and Impact Winter Triggered by the Younger Dryas Cosmic Impact ~12,800 Years Ago,” Journal of Geology 126, no. 2 (March 2018), 170.
5. Marc Barton, “Smallpox and the Conquest of Mexico” (Past Medical History, February 28, 2018), https://www.pastmedicalhistory.co.uk/smallpox-and-the-conquest-of-mexico/.
6. Thomas J. Williams et al., “Evidence of an Early Projectile Point Technology in North America at the Gault Site, Texas, USA,” Science Advances (July 14, 2018), 1, http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/7/eaar5954.
7. Ibid., 2.
8. Ibid., 5.
9. Thomas et al., “Explaining the Origin of Fluting in North American Pleistocene Weaponry,” 23, 24, 28. And see B. A. Storey et al., “Why Are Clovis Fluted Points More Resilient Than Non-Fluted Lanceolate Points? A Quantitative Assessment of Breakage Patterns Between Experimental Models,” Archaeometry (July 2, 2018).
10. Personal correspondence with Al Goodyear, July 25, 2018. And see Lorena Becerra-Valdivia et al., “Reassessing the Chronology of the Archaeological Site of Anzick,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (June 18, 2018), and Morten Rasmussen et al., “The Genome of a Late Pleistocene Human from a Clovis Burial Site in Western Montana,” Nature 506 (February 13, 2014), 225.
11. Becerra-Valdivia et al., “Reassessing the Chronology of the Archaeological Site of Anzick,” 3: “There is strong agreement between the Anzick-1 … date (12,905–12,695 cal B.P.) and all those obtained for the antler rods (12,990–12,840 cal B.P.). The results therefore suggest that Anzick-1 is temporally coeval with the antler rods, associated with the Clovis assemblage, and dates within the Clovis period.”
12. Numbers on Clovis sites and points from Charles C. Mann, “The Clovis Point and the Discovery of America’s First Culture,” Smithsonian Magazine, November 2013, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-clovis-point-and-the-discovery-of-americas-first-culture-3825828/.
13. Becerra-Valdivia et al., “Reassessing the Chronology of the Archaeological Site of Anzick,” 1. See also Rasmussen et al., “The Genome of a Late Pleistocene Human from a Clovis Burial Site in Western Montana,” 225. The very fact that no other Clovis burials have ever been found means there’s nothing to compare Anzick-1 with. To give an extreme example of the kinds of problems this raises, although we can make informed guesses, we cannot know for sure whether every deceased Clovis infant was buried in the same elaborate way with equally copious offerings of grave goods or whether Anzick-1 was an exceptional burial of an exceptional individual, perhaps from some exceptional lineage. Intuitively we feel it’s more likely to be the latter than the former, but we can’t prove it.
14. Personal correspondence with Al Goodyear, July 26, 2018. And see Thomas et al., “Explaining the Origin of Fluting in North American Pleistocene Weaponry,” 23–24.
29: UNKNOWN UNKNOWNS
1. The reference is to this famously circuitous 2002 statement by former secretary of state Donald Rumsfeld concerning lack of evidence linking the government of Iraq with weapons of mass destruction: “Reports that say that something hasn’t happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns—the ones we don’t know we don’t know. And if one looks throughout the history of our country and other free countries, it is the latter category that tend to be the difficult ones.” Online here: http://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2636.
2. John Soennichesen, Bretz’s Flood: The Remarkable Story of a Rebel Geologist and the World’s Greatest Flood (Sasquatch Books, 2008), 131.
3. Graham Hancock, Magicians of the Gods (2015), part 2.
4. Henry T. Mullins and Edward T. Hinchley, “Erosion and Infill of New York Finger Lakes: Implications for Laurentide Ice Sheet Deglaciation,” Geology 17, no. 7 (July 1989), 622–625.
5. “Smallpox and the Conquest of Mexico” (Past Medical History, February 28, 2018), https://www.pastmedicalhistory.co.uk/smallpox-and-the-conquest-of-mexico/.
6. Peter Tompkins, Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids (Thames and Hudson, 1987), 21.
7. Friar Diego de Landa, Yucatan Before and After the Conquest (trans. with notes by William Gates) (Producción Editorial Dante, 1990), 9.
8. Ibid., 104.
9. Jose Fernandez, “A Stellar City: Utatlan and Orion,” Time and Astronomy at the Meeting of Two Worlds, Proceedings of the International Symposium, April 27 to May 2, 1992, 72, 74. Cited in Graham Hancock and Santha Faiia, Heaven’s Mirror: Quest for the Lost Civilization (Penguin, 1998), 35.
10. Jose Fernandez cited in David Friedel et al., Maya Cosmos (William Morrow, 1993), 103. Cited in Hancock and Faiia, Heaven’s Mirror, 35.
11. Fernandez, “A Stellar City: Utatlan and Orion,” 73. Cited in Hancock and Faiia, Heaven’s Mirror, 35.
12. Hancock and Faiia, Heaven’s Mirror, 23, 24. Regarding the Milky Way as the Mayan “Path of Souls,” see Mary Miller and Karl Taube, The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya (Thames and Hudson, 1993), 114.
13. Hancock and Faiia, Heaven’s Mirror, 22.
14. Ibid., 37.
15. Ibid., 35–37, 43–114.
16. Ibid.
17. Sylvanus Griswold Morley, An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs (Dover, 1975), 32.
18. Ibid.
19. J. Eric S. Thompson, The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization (Pimlico, 1993), 13–14.
20. The Dresden, Paris, Madr
id, and Grolier codices. The latter, the Grolier codex, was long suspected to be a fraud but a 2016 study suggests it is genuine. See Erin Blakemore, “New Analysis Shows Disputed Maya “Grolier Codex” Is the Real Deal,” Smithsonian Magazine, September 15, 2016, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/maya-codex-once-thought-be-sketchy-real-thing-180960466/. Further confirmation came in August 2018 when Mexico’s National Institute of History and Archaeology announced, after long deliberation, that the codex is genuine, that it dates between AD 1021 and 1154, and that it is therefore “the oldest-known pre-Hispanic document.” See https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/experts-mexico-find-nearly-1-000-year-old-authentic-mayan-n905376.
21. See, in general, Father Pablo Joseph de Arriaga in L. Clark Keating (trans.), The Extirpation of Idolatry in Peru (University of Kentucky Press, 1968).
22. L. A. Clayton, E. C. Moore, and V. J. Knight (eds.), The De Soto Chronicles, vol. 1: The Expedition of Hernando de Soto to North America in 1539–1543 (University of Alabama Press, 1995).
23. R. G. Robertson, Rotting Face: Smallpox and the American Indian (Caxton Press, 2001), 132.
24. Donald L. Fixico, “When Native Americans Were Slaughtered in the Name of ‘Civilization,’” March 2, 2018, https://www.history.com/news/native-americans-genocide-united-states.
25. David E. Stannard, American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World (Oxford University Press, 1992), 11.
26. US Indian Boarding School History, National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition, https://boardingschoolhealing.org/education/us-indian-boarding-school-history/.
27. Cited in ibid.
28. Ephraim G. Squier and Edwin H. Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (Smithsonian Institution, Washington. DC, 1848, reprinted and republished by the Smithsonian, with an introduction by David J. Meltzer, in 1998), xxxix.
29. Jarrod Burks and Robert A. Cooke, “Beyond Squier and Davis: Rediscovering Ohio’s Earthworks Using Geophysical Remote Sensing,” American Antiquity 76 (October 2011), 680.
30. David J. Meltzer, introduction to Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, 37.
31. I put a similar question to David J. Meltzer (email exchange July 23 and 24, 2018), GH: I’m inclined to say in the relevant chapter of the book I’m just completing on ancient America that reliable figures simply don’t exist for the whole Mississippi Valley and that no archaeologist or other researcher has ever attempted to estimate what has been lost across the whole region as a result of agricultural, industrial and other encroachments since the mid-19th century. Would that, in your opinion, be a true reflection of the state of knowledge on this issue, or would it be misleading? DJM: I think that is an accurate statement, though again not having expertise in the area I cannot be certain. I also think it important to add that one of the reasons why such an estimate might be impossible is that 200+ years ago there was no systematic count of these earthworks, so we have no idea what the denominator should be for the equation of “sites still extant / sites once present.” Add to that the fact that the (un)systematic ballpark estimates of a Squier would not only have failed to capture all the small mounds and hamlets, many of those sites were probably plowed down without anyone (except the mule team doing the work) even noticing or recording.
32. Email exchange with David J. Meltzer, July 24 and 25, 2018.
33. Gregory L. Little, The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Native American Indian Mounds and Earthworks (Eagle Wing Books, 2016), 3.
34. Sue Sturgis, “Wal-Mart’s History of Destroying Sacred Sites,” Facing South, September 3, 2009, https://www.facingsouth.org/2009/09/wal-marts-history-of-destroying-sacred-sites.html.
35. Sue Sturgis, “Alabama city destroying ancient Indian mound for Sam’s Club,” Facing South, August 4, 2009, online here: https://www.facingsouth.org/2009/08/alabama-city-destroying-ancient-indian-mound-for-sams-club.html
36. Ibid.
37. Terry L. Jones, “Archaeological Perspectives on the Extra-Terrestrial Impact Hypothesis, 12,900 BP: A View from Western North America,” Journal of Cosmology 2 (November 10, 2009), 299–300.
38. Ibid. Emphasis added. And see D. Grayson and D. Meltzer, “Requiem for North American Overkill,” Journal of Archeological Science 30 (2003), 585–593; S. Fiedel and G. Haynes, “A Premature Burial: Comments on Grayson and Meltzer’s ‘Requiem for Overkill,’” Journal of Archeological Science 31 (2004), 121–131; D. Grayson and D. Meltzer, “North American Overkill Continued? Journal of Archeological Science 31 (2004), 133–136.
39. Jones, “Archaeological Perspectives on the Extra-Terrestrial Impact Hypothesis, 12,900 BP,” 299–300.
40. Ibid.
41. E. A. E. Reymond, The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple (Manchester University Press, 1969), 122, 134.
42. Of most importance here are the Kiva structures of Native American origin myths and the remnants of them in the Americas today (i.e., the great kiva at Chaco Culture National Historical Park). For this consult G. A. David, The Kivas of Heaven: Ancient Hopi Starlore, (SCB Distributors, 2011), chapter 1.
30: THE KEY TO EARTH’S LOST CIVILIZATION
1. For a quick overview of the chronology of the most recent Ice Age, see Kim Ann Zimmerman, “Pleistocene Epoch: Facts About the Last Ice Age,” Live Science, August 29, 2017, https://www.livescience.com/40311-pleistocene-epoch.html.
2. Thomas M. Cronin, Principles of Climatology (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 204.
3. The range of 140,000 to 120,000 years ago is approximate and Deméré himself (in personal correspondence) prefers 130,000 years ago down to about 115,000 years ago. There are nuances, as usual. For full details of recent discussions around the dating of the Eemian, see D. Dahl-Jensen et al., “Eemian Interglacial Reconstructed from a Greenland Folded Ice Core,” Nature 493 (January 24, 2013), 489–494.
4. Frederick Soddy, The Interpretation of Radium and the Structure of the Atom (John Murray, 1920), 182.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 182–183.
7. Allen Ginsberg, The Yage Letters: Redux (Penguin Modern Classics Kindle Edition, 2012), xiii. Later the name Telepathine would be applied more specifically to harmine, the most important active alkaloid in the ayahuasca vine.
8. Ibid.
9. By the traveler Rafael Zerda Bayón—see https://www.singingtotheplants.com/2007/12/the-telepathy-meme/.
10. Benny Shanon, The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience (Oxford University Press, 2002), 256–257.
11. W. Y. Evans-Wentz (ed.), The Tibetan Book of the Dead (Oxford University Press, 1960), xv.
12. Ake Hultkrantz, The North American Indian Orpheus Tradition: A Contribution to Comparative Religion (Ethnological Museum of Sweden, Stockholm, 1957).
13. A. H. Gayton, “The Orpheus Myth in North America,” Journal of American Folklore 48, no. 189 (July–September 1935), 282: “The plot, using the term in its widest sense to include motivation, incidents and succession of incidents, has been maintained with remarkable consistency throughout its wide distribution and … is thoroughly integrated with cultural forms.”
14. Hultkrantz, The North American Indian Orpheus Tradition.
15. Cited in ibid., 201.
16. Robert A. F. Thurman (trans.), The Tibetan Book of the Dead (Thorsons/HarperCollins, 1995), 80.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., for example, chapter 2: “The Tibetan Science of Death.”
19. Thor Conway, “The Conjurer’s Lodge: Celestial Narratives from Algonkian Shamans,” in Earth & Sky: Visions of the Cosmos in Native American Folklore, Ray A. Williamson and Claire R. Farrer (eds.) (University of New Mexico Press, 1992), 243 and 246.
20. W. M. Napier, “Comets, Catastrophes and Earth’s History,” Journal of Cosmology 2 (2009), 344–355.
21. W. M. Napier, “Palaeolithic Extinctions and the Taurid Complex,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 405 (March 2010), 1901–1902 (for dimensions), and 1906 for
entry into inner solar system.
22. Ibid., 1902, 1906. Comet fragmentation was witnessed in action in 1994 when Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 broke up into twenty-one fragments, all of which then separately hit Jupiter.
23. Ibid., 1901.
24. Victor Clube and Bill Napier, The Cosmic Winter (Wiley, 1990), 153.
25. P. Spurný et al., “Discovery of a New Branch of the Taurid Meteoroid Stream as a Real Source of Potentially Hazardous Bodies,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 605 (September 2017).
26. According to Professor Emilio Spedicato of the University of Bergamo, “Tentative orbital parameters which could lead to its observation are estimated. It is predicted that in the near future (around the year 2030) the earth will cross again that part of the torus that contains the fragments, an encounter that in the past has dramatically affected mankind.” See G. Hancock, Magicians of the Gods: The Forgotten Wisdom of Earth’s Lost Civilization (2015), chapter 19, and Emilio Spedicato, Apollo Objects, Atlantis and Other Tales (Università degli studi di Bergamo, 1997), 12–13.
27. Paul D. Kramer, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army to The Honourable Raul Grijalva, “Dakota Access Pipeline Notification,” (February 7, 2017). Available here https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3456295-Dakota-Access-Pipeline-Notification-Grijalva.html.
28. ICT Staff, “Oil Flowing Through DAPL,” (Indian Country Today, June 1, 2017), https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/environment/oil-flowing-dakota-access-dapl/.
29. Sam Levin, “Dakota Access Pipeline Has First Leak Before It’s Fully Operational,” (Guardian, May 10, 2017), https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/may/10/dakota-access-pipeline-first-oil-leak.
30. See “Order Reconditions” (Civil Action No. 16-1534 (JEB) (and Consolidated Case Nos. 16-1769 and 16-267)) available via EarthJustice https://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Order-re-conditions.pdf and EarthJustice, “Citing Recent Keystone Spill, Federal Court Orders Additional Measures to Reduce Spill Risks From Dakota Access Pipeline” (December 4, 2017), https://earthjustice.org/news/press/2017/citing-recent-keystone-spill-federal-court-orders-additional-measures-to-reduce-spill-risks-from-dakota-access and EarthJustice, “The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe’s Litigation on the Dakota Access Pipeline, ‘Updates and Frequently Asked Questions,’” https://earthjustice.org/features/faq-standing-rock-litigation.
America Before Page 64
