by Will Durant
mining, Etruscan, 6;
Carthaginian (in Spain), 40, 47, 469;
Roman (in Spain), 54, 346, 469;
Roman, 77, 80, 131, 218, 310, 320, 322, 330, 336, 448, 455, 477, 483, 513, 632, 665
Minos, 284
Minotaur, 354
Minturnae, 113, 322
Minucius, Quintus, proconsul (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 87
Minucius Felix, Latin Christian writer (fl. 2nd century), 611, 612
Minucius Rufus, Marcus, dictator (fl. 216 B.C.), 50
miracles, 60, 75, 93, 435, 442, 466, 512, 525-526, 553, 556, 557, 559, 562-563, 576, 580, 585, 607
Miranda (anc. Continum Lusitanorum), 427*
Misenum (Miseno), 132, 265, 325, 326, 457
Mithraism, see Zoroastrianism
Mithras, 280, 390, 524, 529, 540, 553, 598, 600*, 606, 639, 654; see also Zoroastrianism
Mithridates I, King of Pontus (fl. ca. 302, B.C.), 517
Mithridates VI the Great, King of Pontus (132?-63 B.C.), 122-125, 132, 140, 188, 347, 482, 507, 517-519, 528
Mithridatic Wars, 122-125, 132, 140, 188, 516-519
Mnester, dancer (fl. 1st century), 272
Moab, 530
Modalists, 605
Modena, see Mutina
Modernism, 554
Moesia, 218, 291, 480, 653, 670
Moguntiacum (Mayence), 480
Moliere (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), French dramatist (1622-1673), 100
Mommsen, (Christian Matthias) Theodor, German historian (1817-1903), 48, 88, 175, 178, 265, 432, 475
Monarchians, 605
monarchy, in Etruria, 6;
in Rome, 13-16, 34, 139, 190, 193-197, 198, 208, 670;
Cicero on, 165;
the Principate, 209-549;
the later monarchy, 621-670
monasticism, 595, 657, 668
Mondragone, Villa, 454*
money-changers, 533, 570
moneylending, 79, 88, 103, 129-130, 131, 140, 169-170, 192, 196, 219, 246, 302, 303, 331-332, 336, 482, 500, 539, 627, 657
Monophysites, 605
monopolies, 80, 642
monotheism, 365-366, 390, 502, 507, 578, 582, 612, 639, 656
Monothelites, 605
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, French philosopher and essayist (1533-1592), 304, 307, 440, 466, 484
Montanism, 613
Montanus, Phrygian heretic (fl. ca. 156), 605
months of the Roman year, 66-67; Quinctilis renamed Julius, 193
Montignac, 470-471
Moors, (anc. Mauri), 387, 417, 431
Moralia (Plutarch), 483, 485-486
morals, in Etruria, 7;
in Carthage, 41; in
Capua, 52;
in Germany, 479;
in Corinth, 487;
under the Republic, 54, 57, 58, 67-69, 71, 72, 84, 89, 90, 92, 95, 97, 102, 104, 108, 112, 132-133, 134, 146, 155, 159, 160, 164, 205, 211;
under the Principate and monarchy, 221-225, 232, 235, 239, 247-248, 251, 253-257, 260, 274, 276, 286, 293, 296-299, 300-301, 305, 307, 308, 315, 316, 363-366, 368, 369-371, 373, 443, 456, 500, 522, 593, 598-599, 602, 626-627, 628, 646, 656, 665-667;
Caesar’s, 167-169;
Clodius’, 172-173;
Antony’s, 199-200, 204-206;
Julia’s, 230-232;
Horace on, 247-250;
Livy on, 251;
Tiberius’, 263;
Caligula’s, 266-267;
Claudius’, Messalina’s, and Agrippina’s, 272-273;
Nero’s, 276-277, 279;
Galba’s, 284;
Vespasian’s, 288;
Titus’, 288, 289;
Domitian’s, 290;
Juvenal on, 438-439;
Marcus Aurelius’, 444-446;
Commodus’, 446;
Herod’s, 532;
Christ’s moral ideas, 566-567;
Elagabalus’, 624-625;
Alexander Severus’, 625-627
Morgantia, 121
Mortibus Persecutorum, De (Lactantius), 662
mosaic, 343, 345, 442, 459, 477, 601, 635
Mosaic Code, 537, 538, 542, 567, 585
Moses, 536, 567, 574, 576, 582, 586
Moslems, 507
Mosul, 529
mother, the, in the Republic, 58, 59
Mt. Alban, 11
Mt. Moriah, 533
Mount of Olives, 570
Mucianus, Licinius, general and historian (fl. 1st century), 310
Mulvian Bridge, 654, 662
Mummius Achaicus, Lucius, general (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 87, 297
Munda, battle in 45 B.C., 190, 470
murals, see painting
Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, Italian archaeologist (1672-1750), 616
Murena, Lucius Licinius, propraetor in Asia (fl. 83-81 B.C.), 519
murrhine glass, 347, 374
Musa, Antonius, physician (fl. end of 1st century B.C.), 227, 313
Musa Paidiké (Strabo of Sardis), 509*
Muses, 150, 247, 510, 609
Museum (Alexandria), 500
music, in Etruria, 7, 11, 18;
under Rome, 18, 69, 74, 82, 83, 90, 99, 133, 135, 159, 204, 226, 277-279, 282-283, 291, 302, 314, 335, 354-355, 367, 376, 377, 379-381, 384, 414, 421, 430, 440, 456, 487, 500, 511, 512, 523, 532, 599, 624, 625, 635;
Christian, 601-602
Musica, De (Varro), 379
Mutina, (Modena, q.v.), 11, 78, 87, 201, 322, 455
Mycale, 514
Myos Hormos, 499
Myrlea, 520
Myron, Greek sculptor (fl. ca. 450 B.C.), 338, 358
Myrtale, 247
Mysia, 513, 605
mysteries, see Eleusinian mysteries, Orphic doctrine, Pythagoreanism
Mysteries, Temple of the, 431
mysticism, 468, 501-502, 514, 522, 524-525, 537, 547, 549, 553, 582, 589, 594-595, 604-611, 614-615, 633, 667; see also pantheism
mythology, 75, 84, 94, 165, 241, 248, 251, 256, 316, 317, 353, 367, 522-525, 604
Mytilene, 186, 516
N
Naber, Dutch biblical scholar, 554
Naevius, Cnaeus, dramatist and poet (?-ca. 202 B.C.), 74-75, 98, 155, 241
Naissus (Nish), 630, 653
names, 56-57, 76
Naples (anc. Neapolis), 4, 35, 37, 52, 141, 236, 237, 278, 316, 356, 455, 456, 457, 461; Bay of, 11, 133, 325
Naples Museum, 349, 350, 351, 352, 354, 459-460, 634
Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of the French (1769-1821), 412, 416, 484, 553, 670
Narbo (Narbonne), 116, 473
Narcissus, secretary of Claudius (?-54 A.D.), 270-273
Narcissus (or Dionysus), 459
Nativity, 558-559
Natura Deorum, De (Cicero), 163*
Natural History (Pliny the Elder), see Historia Naturalis
nature, love of, in Lucretius, 147;
in Virgil, 238;
in Horace, 246;
in Rome, 343;
in Pliny the Younger, 440;
Christ’s, 559
Nature of Things, On the (Lucretius), see Rerum Natura, De
Naucratis, 498, 499
naumachia, 270, 377, 383, 470
naval battles, sham, see naumachia
navigation, 308, 324-326
navy, Carthaginian, 43, 44, 45, 54, 106, 107;
under the Republic, 44-45, 80, 106, 107, 139-140, 183-185, 206-207, 518;
under the Principate, 217, 219, 220, 308, 325, 337, 413, 455
Nazarenes, 559-560, 576
Nazareth, 535, 554, 558, 560, 562, 563
Neaera, 247
Neapolis, see Naples
Near East, 5, 211, 254, 559, 615
Nebuchadrezzar II, King of Babylon (reigned 605-562 B.C.), 39
Nemean games, 283, 486-487
Nemi (Aricia), 61, 351
Neoplatonism, 502, 514, 595, 604, 607
Neo-Pythagoreans, 497, 594, 604, 607, 614
Nepos, Cornelius, historian and biographer (100-29 B.C.), 146
, 160, 162
Neptune, 60, 63
Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. Originally Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus), Roman emperor (37-68), 56, 68, 81, 92, 159, 263, 273, 274-285, 286, 289, 293, 295-296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 323, 324, 326*, 330, 334, 336, 339, 344-345, 347, 350-351, 352, 358, 359, 361, 363, 366, 371, 372, 374, 375, 379, 380, 384, 388, 397, 418, 434, 443, 456, 479, 482, 483, 485, 490, 491, 525, 528, 554, 575, 578, 587, 591, 593, 594, 603, 632, 633, 646, 647, 667
Nero, Baths of, 359, 375
Nero, Circus of, 578
Nero, son of Agrippina the Elder (fl. 1st century A.D.), 262, 263*, 264
Nero, Tiberius Claudius, noble, father of Tiberius (fl. 1st century B.C.), 205
Neronia, 277, 296, 381
Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva), Roman emperor (32-98), 307, 365*, 371, 407-408, 425, 433, 434, 521, 633
Nerva, 407, 442, 547
Nervii, 175
Nestus, 630
Neumagen, 474
New Academy, 164, 308
New Babylon, 260
New Carthage, see Nova Carthago
New Comedy (in Athens), 99
New Jerusalem, 594, 605
Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, English writer (1801-1890), 493
newspapers, Caesar’s, 172
New Testament, 553-595;601, 603, 605, 615, 616
New Year, 65, 221
New York, 81, 100, 325, 337, 340, 360*
Nicaea (Is-nik), 418, 516, 520, 629, 636, 659
Nicaea, Council of, 659-661, 662, 663
Nice (anc. Nicaea), 474
Nicene Creed, 660*
Nicias, (Greek Anthology), 510
Nicodemus, Jewish Pharisee (1st century), 569
Nicolaus of Damascus, Greek historian (fl. 1st century B.C.), 512-513, 532, 534
Nicomedes II Epiphanes, King of Bithynia (reigned 142-91 B.C.), 120, 518
Nicomedes III Philopator, King of Bithynia (reigned 91-74 B.C.), 167, 518-519
Nicomedia (Is-nikmid), 418, 490, 516, 520, 629, 635, 640, 644, 651, 655, 659, 661
Nicopolis, 482, 490
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, German historian and philologist (1776-1831), 16*, 392
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, German philosopher (1844-1900), 104
Nigrinus, general of Trajan (?-118), 414
Nike, 461
Nile, 188, 419, 498, 499, 502, 636
Nile, Battle of the, 188
Nîmes (anc. Nemausus), 357, 417, 422, 473
Nineveh, 9*
Nisibis (Nisibin), 530
Nisida (anc. Nesis), 132
Noah, 528
Nola (Nola), 37, 122, 232
Nomentum, 316
Norba Caesarina (Alcantara), 470
Noreia (Neumarkt), 118
Noricum, 218, 429, 480
North, the, 481
North Sea, 470, 478
Nova Carthago, or New Carthage (Cartagena), 47, 49, 53, 112, 470
Novatian, Christian schismatic (fl. 3rd century), 618
Novatus, Christian schismatic (fl. 3rd century), 618
Novatus, Marcus Annaeus (Gallio), governor (?-65), 282, 470, 584
Nova Via, 340, 341
novel, the, 295, 296-299, 514, 633, 636-637
Nubians, 366, 500
Numa Pompilius, second King of Rome (fl. 8th and 7th centuries B.C.), 13, 66, 80, 167*
Numantia, 87, 115, 118
Numbers, 536
Numidia, 49, 53, 105-106, 118, 160, 168, 190, 357, 366, 462, 466
numina, 59-60
Numitor, legendary King of Latium (8th century B.C.), 12
nursing of children, in the Republic, 58; under the Principate, 367
Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, 350
nymphaea, see fountains
Nymphs, 238-239
O
obelisk, 308
obscenity, in Catullus, 158;
in Horace, 246;
Caligula’s, 268;
in Petronius, 299;
in Martial, 316-318;
in mimes, 378;
in Hadrian, 415;
in Pliny the Younger, 440;
in graffiti, 458;
in Roman theater, 612, 647
obstetrics, 313, 505
Ocean, On the (Poseidonius), 514
Octavia, sister of Augustus (?-11 B.C.), 179, 205-206, 208, 230, 239, 268, 269, 274, 371
Octavia, wife of Nero (40-62), 273, 277, 279-280
Octavian, see Augustus
Octavius (Minucius Felix), 611
Octavius, Caius, see Augustus
Octavius, Cnaeus, consul (?-87 B.C.), 123-124
Octavius, Marcus, tribune (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 114
Odenathus, ruler of Palmyra (?-266), 630
Odes (Horace), 215, 246-250, 252
Odessus (Varna), 480
Odoacer, first barbarian ruler of Icaly (434?-493), 670
Odysseus, 240, 353
Odyssey, 74, 240
Oea (Tripoli), 465, 466
oecus, 343
Oedipus, 278, 623
Oenotria, 4
Cfficiis, De (Cicero), 163*, 165
old age, 83;
Cicero on, 165-166;
Seneca on, 304, 306
Old Comedy (in Athens), 99
Old Testament, 501-502, 540, 541* 555, 556, 557, 559, 578, 601, 604-605, 614
oligarchy, in Etruria, 6;
in Carthage, 54;
in Rome, 91, 119, 139-140, 190, 208, 212, 214, 460, 670;
Cicero on, 165
Olisipo (Lisbon), 470
Olympia, 124, 277, 486, 489, 521-522
Olympic games, 277, 282-283, 486
Olympieum, 418, 487
Olympus, 35, 60, 92, 242, 275, 357, 495-496
omens, 60, 73, 93, 147, 171-172, 197, 228, 251, 311, 388, 435, 442, 525, 621
ophthalmology, 313, 505
Oppian Law, 89
Oppius, Caius, tribune (fl. end of 3rd century B.C.), 89
Caius, Caius, citizen and friend of Caesar (fl. 1st century B.C.), 191
Ops, 62;
Temple of, 200
Optica (Ptolemy), 503
oracles, 64, 164, 197, 243, 251, 415, 429, 454, 459, 485, 513, 525-526, 540
Orator, 9, 10
oratory, 73, 95, 103-104, 108, 115, 132, 141, (Cicero’s) 160-162, 163*, 167, (Caesar’s) 169, 250, (Livy’s) 251-252, 265, 277, 295, 302, 304, 308, 314-315, 317, 356, 362, 367-368, 425, 433, 487, 488, (Dion Chrysostomus’) 521-522, 671
Orchomenus, 124
Orcus, 84, 147
Orestes, 278
Orestes, Pannonian general (?-476), 670
organ, 380-381
Oriental civilization, 366
Orientals, 78, 364, 366, 438
Origen (Origines Adamantius), Christian Alexandrian teacher (185?-254?), 578, 591, 606-607, 608, 610, 613-615, 616, 618, 626, 647, 658, 662
Origines (Cato the Elder), 104, 160
Ornate (Third) Style (painting), 353
Orontes, 366, 512
Orpheus, 94, 256, 385, 525, 626
Orphic doctrine, 241, 242, 525, 604
Oscans, 457
Osiris, 468, 523, 553, 588
Osrhoene (Diar Modhar), 413, 513
Osroes, King of Parthia (fl. 2nd century), 413
Ostheim, 175
Ostia, 78, 94, 193, 257, 270, 272, 283, 325, 326, 339, 389, 410, 411, 453, 456, 461
Ostia, Via, 591
Otho (Marcus Salvius Otho), Roman emperor (32-69), 277, 284-285, 390
Otricoli (anc. Oriculum), 461
outlines, 159, 305
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), poet (43 B.C.-A.D. 17), 61, 68, 154, 155, 224, 225, 229, 232, 234, 235, 245, 252, 253-258, 301, 332, 334, 369, 370, 373, 388-389, 404, 455
Oxus (Amu Darya), 669
Oxyrhynchus (Behnesa), 498
P
Pachomius, St., Egyptian founder of first monastery (292?-346?), 657
pacifism, 538
Pacuvius, Marcus, tragic dramatist (220
-130 B.C.), 98
Padua (anc. Patavium), 11, 78, 250, 455
Padus, see Po
Paestum (Pesto), 3, 35, 455
Paeta, Arria, wife of Caecina Paetus (1st century), 371
Paetus, Caecina, aristocrat (?-42), 371
Pahlavi, 529
painting, Etruscan, 6, 10-11;
under Rome, 82, 92, 233, 278, 310, 338, 339, 345, 349, 351-355, 358, 359, 374, 376, 386, 414, 418, 442, (Pompeian), 459, 477, 511-512, 625, 634, 662;
Christian, 601
Pais, Ettore, Italian historian (b. 1856), 15*
palaces, see mansions
Palatine, 12, 13, 65, 162, 173, 263, 280, 340, 341, 344, 358, 359, 360, 361, 635
Pales, 59
Palestine, 170, 505, 508-509, 510, 522, 530, 532, 533, 535, 537, 543, 544, 546, 547-549, 559, 587, 615, 617, 632, 644
Palladio, Andrea, Italian architect (1518-1580), 356
Palladium, 61, 240, 663
Pallas, treasurer of Claudius (fl. 1st century), 270-273, 543
Pallas Athene, 240, 663
Palma, Aulus Cornelius, general of Trajan (?-118), 414
Palma, 470
Palmyra (Bib. Tadmor), 329, 419, 454, 508, 511-512, 529, 636, 638, 669
Pamphilus, Bishop of Caesarea (?-310), 662
pamphlets, 159
Pamphylia, 218, 582
Pan, 238-239, 353
Panaetius of Rhodes, Stoic philosopher (ca. 180-ca. 110 B.C.), 97, 164, 490, 514
Pandateria (Vandotena), 231, 264, 279
Panathenaic games, 487
Panegyric (Pliny the Younger), 433
Panhellenia, 487
Pannonia, 217, 218, 231, 429, 480, 620, 627, 629, 655, 670
Panormus (Palermo), 45, 464
Pansa, Caius Vibius, consul (?-43 B.C.), 201
Pantagruel, 299
Panthea, beauty of Antioch (2nd century), 428
pantheism, Marcus Aurelius’, 444;
in Stoicism, 490, 497
Pantheon, 220, 290, 356, 359, 361, 420-421, 661
Panticapaeum (Kerch), 518
pantomime, 74, 99, 290, 378-379, 380, 381, 437, 489
paper, 159, 498, 499
paper currency, equivalent of in Carthage, 40
Paphlagonia, 418, 519
Paphnutius, Egyptian Bishop of Upper Thebes (fl. 4th century), 660*
Paphos, 582
Papia Poppaea, lex, 224
Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis and writer (fl. 2nd century), 555-556, 592
Papinian (Aemilius Papinianus), jurist (?-212), 392, 510, 621, 634, 635
papyrus, 159, 498
Paraclete, see Holy Spirit
paradise, see heaven
Paradise Lost (Milton), 244
Parallel Lives (Plutarch), 483-484
parchment, 159, 529
Paré, Ambroise, father of French surgery (1517-1590), 505
Parentalia, 65
Paris, 278, 487, 516
Paris, famous pantomime actor (fl. 1st century), 437
