Hollow Earth: The Long and Curious History of Imagining Strange Lands, Fantastical Creatures, Advanced Civilizatio

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Hollow Earth: The Long and Curious History of Imagining Strange Lands, Fantastical Creatures, Advanced Civilizatio Page 31

by David Standish


  Philosophical Transactions (Royal Society)

  Pierce, Franklin

  Pilgrims Through Space and Time (Bailey)

  Pilling, W. W.

  Pilot, The (Cooper)

  Plagiarism

  Plato

  Plutonists

  Poe, Edgar Allan

  death of

  early life of

  The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym by

  portrait of

  Reynolds and

  Symmes’ Holes and

  Polar explorations, Symmes, ideas about hollow earth and

  Polar openings, Euler’s ideas on

  Porden, Eleanor Ann

  Possibility of Approaching the North Pole, The (Barrington)

  Power of Blackness, The (Levin)

  Principia philosophiae (Descartes)

  Progressive Liberty party

  Progressivism

  Pullman railroad strike

  Puritanism

  Pytheas

  Quakers

  Quatrefages, Monsieur de

  Rainard, Robert Lynn

  Ramus, Jonas

  Rape of Proserpine, The (Claudian)

  Rapp, George

  Rathbone, Basil

  “Raven, The” (Poe)

  Rea, Sara Weber

  Reconstruction

  Rectilineator, Koreshan invention

  Reed, William T.

  Reeves, George

  Reeves, Steve

  Regnus, C. See Sanger, Charles

  Relation d’un voyage du pole artique au pole antarctique

  Remarkable Events and Remarkable Shipwrecks (Thomas)

  Remarks on a Review of Symmes’ Theory (Reynolds)

  Republic (Plato)

  Restoration

  Reynolds, Jeremiah N.

  Antarctica campaign by

  Poe’s interest in

  Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Coleridge)

  Riou, Edouard

  Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, The (Hitler)

  Robinson Crusoe (Defoe)

  Rockwood, Roy. See Garis, Howard

  Rome, hollow earth beliefs in

  Roosevelt, Theodore

  Rose Lawn Home Journal

  Rosicrucian Society

  Ross, James Clark

  Ross, Sir John

  Row, Delia M.

  Royal Geographic Society

  Royal Society of London

  Rucker, Rudy

  Rupes Nigra

  Sabine, Sir Edward

  Sacred Theory of the Earth, The (Burnet)

  Salem witch trials

  Sanchez, S. W.

  Sanger, Charles (pseud. C. Regnus)

  Science, hollow

  Science fiction

  feminist

  Golden Age of

  movies

  Science fiction novels, Verne as originator of

  Science-Fiction Studies (Evans)

  Scientific knowledge, decline in number of hollow earth novels and

  Scientific method

  Scientific revolution

  Scott, G. Firth

  Scott, Sir Walter

  Seaborn, Adam. See Symmes, John Cleves

  Sea fiction

  Sealing expeditions

  Second Voyage in Search of a North-West Passage (Ross)

  Secret Doctrine, The (Blavatsky)

  Secret of the Earth, The (Beale)

  Seven Worlds to Conquer (Burroughs)

  Shakers

  Shakespeare, William

  Shaver, Richard S.

  “Shaver Mystery, The” (Shaver)

  Shaver Mystery stories

  samples of cover stories depicted

  Shaw, William Jenkins

  Short History of the United States, A (Nevins and Commager)

  Show Window, The

  Siegmeister, Walter (pseud. Raymond Bernard)

  Silverman, Kenneth

  Skinner, Doug

  Slavery, Reconstruction and

  Slaves, emancipation of

  Smith, Joseph

  Smith, William

  Smith College

  Smoky God, The (Emerson)

  Snodgrass, J. E.

  Southern Literary Messenger

  South Sea Fur Company and Exploring Expedition

  Sovereign Guide, The: A Tale of Eden (Miller)

  Spanish-American War

  Speke, John

  Spencer, Herbert

  Sphinx of the Ice Fields, The ( Verne)

  Spielberg, Steven

  Spiritualism

  St. John, J. Allen

  cover of Tarzan of the Earth’s Core by

  St. Louis, Missouri, importance of, in American frontier

  St. Vincent Millay, Edna

  Stanton, Elizabeth Cady

  Stanton, William

  Steamboats

  Steiner, Rudolph

  Strange Manuscript Found in a Copper Cylinder, A (DeMille)

  Stratemeyer Syndicate

  Sturgeon, Theodore

  Subterranean novels

  Sumerians, hollow earth beliefs held by

  Superman and the Mole Men (movie)

  Superman films, hollow earth motifs in

  Swallow Barn (Kennedy)

  Swallowed by an Earthquake (Fawcett)

  Symmes, Americus

  Symmes, Celadon

  Symmes, John Cleves (pseud. Adam

  Seaborn)

  biographical sketch of

  influences on

  as lecturer

  polar holes theory of

  portrait of, by John James Audubon

  Symzonia written by

  Symmes, John (judge)

  Symmes, Timothy

  “Symmes Hole, Or the South Polar Romance” (Nelson)

  Symmes’ Theory of Concentric Spheres (McBride)

  Symmes Theory of Concentric Spheres, The (Symmes)

  Symzonia: Voyage of Discovery (Symmes)

  as first American hollow earth novel

  map of interior world, from original 1820 edition of

  Syracuse Institute of Progressive Medicine

  Tamerlane and Other Poems (Poe)

  Tanar of Pellucidar (Burroughs)

  cover art for

  Tarzan and Jane (Tarzan’s Quest) (Burroughs)

  Tarzan at the Earth’s Core (Burroughs)

  St. John cover depicted

  Tarzan of the Apes (Burroughs)

  Taylor, William Alexander

  Teed, Cyrus. See also Koresh

  cosmology of

  depicted

  early life of

  hollow earth beliefs held by

  hollow globe of

  Illumination of Koresh by

  Koreshanity and

  portrait of

  setting chosen by, for his New Jerusalem

  tomb on Estero Island depicted

  Teed, Douglas

  Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at the Earth’s Core (movie)

  Telescope

  Theory of Concentric Spheres, The (McBride)

  Theosophical Society

  Third World, The, A Tale of Love & Strange Adventure (Fairman)

  Thomas, R.

  Thoreau, Henry David

  Thorpe, Fred

  “Thought Records of Lemuria” (Shaver)

  Through the Earth, or, Jack Nelson’s Invention (Thorpe)

  Through the Earth (Fezandie)

  Thyra, A Romance of the Polar Pit (Bennet)

  Time Machine, The (Wells)

  Tolkein, John R.

  Tolstoy, Leo

  Tom Jones

  Tom Swift novels

  Tower, Washington L.

  Traveler from Altruria, A (Howells)

  Travels of Jacobus Cnoyen of Bois le Duc

  Treaty of Ghent

  Trussel, Steve

  Turner, Frederick Jackson

  Twain, Mark

  Twice-Told Tales (Hawthorne)

  “2012 Unlimited” website

  UFOlogy

  Uncle Wiggley
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  Underground Man (de Tarde)

  Under Pike’s Peak; or Malama, Child of the Fire Father (McKesson)

  Under the Auroras, A Marvelous Tale of the Interior World (Shaw)

  Under the Moons of Mars (Burroughs)

  Under the World (DeMorgan)

  Underworld

  novels set in

  universal concept of

  Unknown World (movie)

  “Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfall, The” (Poe)

  Upsidonia (Marshall)

  Utopia (More)

  Utopian Novel in America, The (Pfaelzer)

  Utopian novels

  Van Leeuwenhoek, Anton

  Verne, Jules

  early life of

  journey to center of geology and

  Vikings

  Virgil

  Volta, Alessandro

  Voltaire, Francois-Marie Arouet

  Von Humboldt, Alexander

  Voyage from Montreal on the River St.

  Lawrence, Through the Continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans, in the Years 1789 and 1793 (Mackenzie)

  Voyage of the Potomac (Reynolds)

  Voyages extraordinaires (Verne)

  Walden (Thoreau)

  Waldorf Schools

  Wallace, W. Ross

  Wandering Jew

  Warner, Abraham

  War of 1812

  Watson, Dr.

  Way, Robert

  Web sites, hollow earth–related

  Weddell, James

  Welcome, S. Byron

  Wellesley College

  Wells, H.G.

  Wells, M. L.

  Wesleyan College

  Western Druggist

  Whaling, Antarctic expeditions and

  “What Curiosity in the Structure: The Hollow Earth in Science” (Griffin)

  When the Sleeper Wakes (Wells)

  Whigs

  White, Thomas

  Whitman, Sarah Ellen, portrait of Edgar Allan Poe by

  Wilgus, Neal

  Wilkenson, James

  William III (king of England)

  Winthrop, Park

  Women, education for

  Women’s suffrage

  Wonderful Wizard of Oz, The (Baum)

  Wood, Mrs J. (pseud.)

  World College of Life

  World War I

  Wren, Christopher

  X-Files, The

  Zola, Emile

  1

  Quoted in Alan Cook’s Edmond Halley (Oxford 1998). Note reads: First Minute Book: Oldenburg to Richard Norwood, 6 March 1664, Oldenburg Corresp, Vol. 2, p. 146.

  2

  From the Spark Museum website at www.sparkmuseum.com/RADIOS.HTM.

  3

  See the chapter “The Reverend Thomas’ Dirty Little Planet” in Stephen Jay Gould’s Ever Since Darwin (1979).

  4

  As reprinted in James McBride’s Pioneer Biography: Sketches of the Lives of Some of the Early Settlers of Butler County, Ohio, 2 vols. (Cincinnati: R. Clarke & Co., 1859–1861).

  5

  This is from a long marginal note by Symmes in a copy of Symmes’s Theory of Concentric Circles, written by his friend, James McBride, and published as “By A Citizen of the United States” (Cincinnati: Morgan, Lodge and Fisher, 1826).

  6

  A History and Biographical Cyclopaedia of Butler County Ohio, With Illustrations and Sketches of its Representative Men and Pioneers (Cincinnati, Ohio: Western Biographical Publishing Company, 1882).

  7

  The book was published anonymously, as written by “A Citizen of the United States,” but it’s generally recognized that McBride was the author. Born in Pennsylvania in 1788, McBride migrated to the “Symmes Purchase” at age eighteen, where he made enough money as a merchant to become a historian of the Miami country’s early white settlement and accumulated arguably the most extensive library in the area—of which, presumably, Symmes generously availed himself. It has been suggested by one writer, in fact, that McBride was the brains behind Symmes’s hollow earth theory, directing his reading and thinking, and, puppetmaster-like, putting Symmes out there as the front man for it. But this seems unlikely.

  8

  For this and other questionable hollow earth information, the UnMuseum’s address is http://www.unmuseum.org/hollow.htm.

  9

  “What Curiosity in the Structure: The Hollow Earth in Science” by Duane Griffin is an excellent, short historical paper surveying scientific thinking about the hollow earth, down to the present. Quite readable though aimed for an academic audience. It is available online at www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/dgriffin/Research/Griffin-HE_in_Science.pdf.

  10

  http://www.professorfringe.com/he.htm.

  11

  Sir John Ross, whose second arctic expedition (1829–33) in search of the Northwest Passage discovered and surveyed Boothia Peninsula and King William Island in Canada’s Northwest Territories. His nephew, James Clark Ross, part of the expedition, located the north magnetic pole.

  12

  Mercator wrote in a letter to John Dee, Queen Elizabeth I’s astrologer: “In the midst of the four countries is a Whirlpool into which there empty these four Indrawing Seas which divide the North. And the water rushes round and descends into the earth just as if one were pouring it through a filter funnel. It is 4 degrees wide on every side of the Pole, that is to say eight degrees altogther. Except that right under the Pole there lies a bare rock in the midst of the Sea. Its circumference is almost 33 French miles, and it is all of magnetic stone. And is as high as the clouds, so the Priest said, [and] one can see all round it from the Sea, and that it is black and glistening.”

  13

  McBride in The Theory of Concentric Spheres: “Hearne, who travelled very high north and northwest on the continent of America, details various facts in his journal, which strongly corroborate Symmes’s position … he states that large droves of musk-oxen abound within the arctic circle … white or arctic foxes are, some years, remarkably plentiful, and always come from the north… .We should conclude that the internal region of the earth is as much more favourable to the support of animal life, as the rein-deer is larger than our deer, and the white bear larger than our bear …”

  14

  McBride enlists the aid of the book half a dozen times, saying of it, “there is an extensive collection of instances cited, where navigators have reached high northern latitudes…. It is almost uniformly stated, that in those high latitudes, the sea is clear of ice, or nearly so, and the weather moderate.”

  15

  Arguing Symmes’ case for greater refraction of light in polar regions, McBride quotes Mackenzie in a footnote as stating “‘that sometimes the land looms, so that there may be a great deception in the distances.’ —Mackenzie’s Voyage, p.11, New York, 1802.”

  16

  This story appears in A Fabulous Kingdom: The Exploration of the Arctic by Charlies Officer and Jake Page (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).

  17

  In fact most martins winter in South America, from southeastern Brazil as far west as Colombia.

  18

  Today 95% of the world’s southern fur seals—upwards of a million—jam South Georgia in summer, along with half the southern elephant seals, a quarter-million albatrosses, and penguins numbering in the millions.

  19

  As Walker Chapman writes in The Loneliest Continent: “Sealing was a brutal, cold-blooded operation, and the men who manned the ships were the toughest to go to sea since the days of the Elizabethan buccaneers. Sailing in ice-filled seas, gliding between uncharted rocks hidden by mist and snow, they made their landings on lonely, barren islands where thousands of friendly, harmless seals had come to mate. The seals offered no defense as the sealers went among them, clubbing them to death. The men worked caked with grease, wading in rivers of blood. It was cruel work, and attracted cruel men… . Island after island was stripped of its seals. One sealing vessel alone ki
lled 100,000 seals in five years.”

  20

  A History and Biographical Cyclopaedia of Butler County Ohio, With Illustrations and Sketches of its Representative Men and Pioneers (Cincinnati, Ohio: Western Biographical Publishing Company, 1882). This book is available online at http://www.rootsweb.com/~ohbutler/cyc/.

  21

  Quoted without naming the source in “Symmes and His Theory,” by E. F. Madden, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. October, 1882: 740–744.

  22

  The best account of this partnership is found in William Stanton’s 1975 The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, to which I am indebted for the details here.

  23

  It must have been pretty profitable to him. His first solo lectures in Philadelphia, according to a notice in The Democratic Press, drew “an auditory of from thirteen to fifteen hundred…. The lecture was intended and well calculated to remove prejudice against the theory of Capt. Symmes.”

  24

  Henry Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio (Columbus, Ohio: The State of Ohio, 1891), 1:430–432.

  25

  As related in Israfel: The Life and Times of Edgar Allan Poe by Hervey Allen (1926).

  26

  This sketch of Reynolds is quoted in The History of Clinton County Ohio (Chicago: W. H. Beers and Company, 1882), 580–585.

  27

  Reynolds finds no metaphysics lurking in his story of the white whale, and, at the end of his tale, it’s killed. Melville probably read the story as a young sailor aboard the Acushnet. In 1847, Melville bought a copy of Reynolds’ Voyage of the United States Frigate Potomac.

  28

  Nathaniel Hawthorne, then thirty-four years old, whose Twice-Told Tales had been published in 1837, had also applied for the job as Corresponding Secretary, seeking “a way out of despondency,” as Robert Almy puts it, adding, “His friend Franklin Pierce advised negotiating through Reynolds, and himself talked with and wrote Reynolds in Hawthorne’s behalf.” But nothing came of it, and in 1839 Hawthorne took a position in the Boston Custom House instead.

  29

  Others he liberally pilfered from were Benjamin Morrell’s A Narrative of Four Voyages ( J. & J. Harper, New York, 1832); The Mariner’s Chronicle (stories of true sailing disasters originally published from 1804 to 1812, reprinted as a collection by George W. Gorton, New Haven, 1834); and R. Thomas’s Remarkable Events and Remarkable Shipwrecks (New York, 1836). Behind on getting material to his publisher, Poe resorted to using these as a bit of Novel Helper.

  30

  This account is related in Hervey Allen’s landmark 1926 biography, Israfel.

 

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