by Dick Cheney
ALSO BY DICK CHENEY
Heart
In My Time
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NOTES
PROLOGUE: YES, WE ARE EXCEPTIONAL
“great drama of human affairs”: Daniel Webster, Oration at the Dedication of the Bunker Hill Monument, June 17, 1825, https://www.dartmouth.edu/~dwebster/speeches/bunker-hill.html.
“must be: all three”: Andrew Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900 (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 13.
“the one essential country”: Walter Berns, Making Patriots (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. x. Berns’s full quote is worth noting here: “Our lot is to be the one essential country, ‘the last, best hope of earth,’ and this ought to be acknowledged, beginning in our schools and universities, for it is only then that we can come to accept the responsibilities attending it.”
“another will succeed”: President Barack Obama, Remarks to the United Nations General Assembly, September 23, 2009, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-united-nations-general-assembly.
“to defend itself”: Jean-François Revel, quoted by Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick, Speech to the 1984 Republican National Convention, August 20, 1984, http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/san.diego/facts/GOP.speeches.past/84.kirkpatrick.shtml.
“bends toward justice”: Remarks by President Obama, Press Briefing, June 23, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/us/politics/23text-obama.html?pagewanted=all.
“the 20th, FDR”: Charles Krauthammer, “Martin Luther King in Word and Stone,” Washington Post, August 25, 2011, quoted in Things That Matter: Three Decades of Passions, Pastimes, and Politics (New York: Crown Forum, 2013), p. 250.
“always be free”: President Ronald Reagan, Remarks Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of D-Day, Omaha Beach Memorial, Normandy, France, June 6, 1984, http://www.wsj.com/articles/reagan-at-normandy-1401968701.
CHAPTER 1: FOR THE GOOD OF ALL MANKIND
“good of all mankind”: George C. Marshall to Dwight D. Eisenhower, May 7, 1945, Marshall Library Files, W-78438, cited in Forest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory, 1943–1945 (New York: Viking Press, 1973), p. 583.
pack of Camels: This and other details about the audience and atmosphere are from “The President Speaks,” Time, January 6, 1941.
“talk on national security”: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Fireside Chat 16: On the “Arsenal of Democracy,” December 29, 1940, http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3319.
justice Harlan Stone: Ed Cray, General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1990), p. 143.
called to the telephone: Lincoln Barnett, “General Marshall: Commander and Creator of America’s Greatest Army,” Life, January 3, 1944, p. 54.
Constitution Avenue: Ibid.
“God bless us all”: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Day-by-Day, A Project of the Pare Lorenz Center at the FDR Presidential Library, September 1, 1939, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/event/september-1939/.
“by radio at once”: FDR’s handwritten bedside note re: the German invasion of Poland, September 1, 1939, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Day-by-Day, A Project of the Pare Lorenz Center at the FDR Presidential Library, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/resource/september-1939/.
sixty divisions: Andrew Roberts, The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War (New York: HarperCollins, 2011), p. 6.
columns of fleeing refugees: Ibid., p. 7.
defeated on October 6: Thomas E. Greiss, ed., The Second World War in Europe and the Mediterranean, Department of History, U.S. Military Academy, West Point (Wayne, NJ: Avery, 1989), p. 20.
was significantly larger: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (New York: Doubleday, 1948) p. 2.
smaller than Romania’s: Rick Atkinson, An Army at Dawn (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), p. 8.
174,000 enlisted men: George C. Marshall, Biennial Reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War, July 1, 1939 to June 30, 1941, p. 2, http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/COS-Biennial/COS-Biennial-1.html.
no armored divisions: Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 2.
1,175 planes: Ibid.
wooden machine guns: Ibid., p. 7.
“for immediate action”: Remarks by George C. Marshall, “National Organization for War,” American Historical Association Meeting, Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D.C., December 28, 1939, http://marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/speech-to-the-american-historical-association/.
“for quick delivery”: L. C. Speers, “Our New Army Chief,” New York Times, May 14, 1939.
one-off fashion: Cray, General of the Army, loc. 3194.
“if we don’t get it”: Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1942 (New York: Viking Press, 1966), p. 29.
the president’s schedule: Transcript of phone call to Edwin “Pa” Watson from Henry Morgenthau Jr., May 11, 1940, Diaries of Henry Morgenthau Jr., April 27, 1933–July 27, 1945, vol. 261, May 10–11, 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/morg/md0349.pdf.
“You’ve filed your protest”: John Morton Blum, Years of Urgency, 1938–1941 (From the Morgenthau Diaries) (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 140.
“hearing him at all”: Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Interviews and Reminiscences (Lexington, VA: George C. Marshall Foundation, 1986), Tape 11, Recorded November 15, 1956, p. 329.
“he didn’t grasp”: Ibid.
“Of course”: Ibid., p. 330.
“than of flying”: Ibid.
dedicate only 15,000 men: Cray, General of the Army, p. 155.
everything was needed: Ibid.
“to this country”: Pogue, George C. Marshall: Interviews and Reminiscences, p. 330.
appropriation he needed: Cray, General of the Army, p. 155.
for the Army: Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Message to Congress on Appropriations for National Defense,” May 16, 1940, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15954.
“not won by evacuations”: Winston Churchill, Speech to Parliament, June 4, 1940, http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1940-the-finest-hour/we-shall-fight-on-the-beaches.
“liberation of the old”: Ibid.
deemed already beaten: Winston Churchill, Their Finest Hour: The Second World War, vol. 2 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1949), p. 123.
“incandescent with courage”: Ronald Reagan, Address to Members of the British Parliament, June 8, 1982, http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/60882a.htm.
Churchill later said: Jean Edward Smith, FDR (New York: Random House, 2007), p. 485.
“not be forthcoming”: Churchill, Their Finest Hour, p. 495.
“meet this need”: Ibid., p. 498.
“artillery, and tanks”: Ibid., p. 500.
“other supplies”: Ibid.
“fire is over”: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Press Conference, December 17, 1940, http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu.od11pc2.html.
“of any nation”: Churchill, Their Finest Hour, p. 503.
“never experienced before”: Charles A. Lindbergh, “We Are Not Prepared for War: Our Dangers Are Here at Home,” Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, February 6, 1941, http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/1941-02-06a.html.
“by either side”: Ibid.
the opening article: Life, June 3, 1940.
“Threatens the World”: Ibid.
“have conquered”: Ibid.
“to fight alone”: Edna St. Vincent Millay, “There Are
No Islands, Any More: Lines Written in Passion and in Deep Concern for England, France, and My Own Country,” New York Times, June 14, 1940, http://www.nytimes.com/1940/06/14/books/millay-islands.html.
sail for America: Max Hastings, Winston’s War: Churchill, 1940–1945 (New York: Knopf, 2010), p. 184.
party of eighty: Ibid.
flew to Washington: Ibid., p. 186.
“My heart filled”: Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin & Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 301.
twelve times: Hastings, Churchill’s War, p. 186.
single commander: Andrew Roberts, Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941–1945 (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), p. 67.
“of the twentieth century”: Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900, p. 299.
outside the Capitol: “U.S. at War: The Presidency—Great Decisions,” Time, January 5, 1942, p. 12.
“in every land”: Winston S. Churchill, Address to the U.S. Congress, December 26, 1941, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Churchill_Addresses_Congress.htm.
“trusting in the Lord”: Ibid.
“cast away the scabbard”: Ibid.
“of all time”: Time, January 5, 1942.
“forces of the U.S.”: Ibid.
“general line of action”: Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 22.
“of money required”: Ibid., p. 495.
“to save them”: Ibid.
“as soon as possible”: Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower (New York: Doubleday, 1970), p. 16.
“to fight on”: Rick Atkinson, An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943 (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), p. 537.
experience of command: Ibid., p. 533.
Enterprise, Hornet, and Yorktown: Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900, p. 317.
three of Japan’s four carriers: Martin Gilbert, The Second World War: A Complete History (New York: Holt Paperbacks, 2004), loc. 7340.
sunk the next day: Ibid.
in twenty-four hours: Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, p. 249.
“justified great risk”: Ibid.
“poised and ready”: Time, June 19, 1944, p. 26.
had been unfortified: Stephen E. Ambrose, D-Day: June 6, 1944, The Battle for the Normandy Beaches (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 39.
weighed 300 pounds: Time, June 19, 1944, pp. 26–27.
“her armed forces”: Combined Chiefs of Staff Directive to General Eisenhower, February 12, 1944, reprinted in “Report by the Supreme Commander to the Combined Chiefs of Staff on the Operations in Europe of the Allied Expeditionary Force, 6 June 1944–8 May, 1945,” Center for Military History, United States Army, 1994, http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-58/CMH_Pub_70-58.pdf.
“going to prevail”: Stephen Ambrose, interview, C-SPAN, Book TV, May 25, 1994, http://www.c-span.org/video/?57267-1/book-discussion-dday-june-6-1944.
“in your life”: John Reville, oral history, Eisenhower Center, University of New Orleans, quoted in Ambrose, D-Day, p. 581.
“every church people prayed”: Time, June 12, 1944, p. 21.
“went to pray”: Ibid.
“in their faith”: Franklin Roosevelt, Prayer on D-Day, June 6, 1944, http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odddayp.html.
“invasion has begun”: Anne Frank, The Diary of a Young Girl: The Definitive Edition (New York: Doubleday, 1995), pp. 306–7.
“there is life”: Ibid.
on April 12: Ibid., p. 334.
wounded and dying soldiers: Time, December 4, 1944, p. 27.
“awesome to behold”: Ibid.
through her tent: Ibid.
School of Nursing: Bob Welch: The Story of Frances Slanger, Forgotten Heroine of Normandy (New York: Atria, 2004), loc. 1302.
“became America”: Ibid., loc. 324.
“not to doubt”: Ronald Reagan, Remarks at a Ceremony Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the Normandy Invasion, D-Day, June 6, 1984, http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1984/60684a.htm.
are buried: American Battle Monuments Commission, Normandy AmericanCemetery, http://www.abmc.gov/cemeteries-memorials/europe/normandy-american-cemetery#.VYdGYevZr9E.
“our fellow countrymen”: Ibid.
Warm Springs, Georgia: Senate Historical Office, “Harry S. Truman, 34th Vice President, 1945,” http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Harry_Truman.htm.
“Board of Education”: Ibid.
of the United States: Harry S. Truman, Memoirs: 1945: Year of Decisions (New York: Doubleday, 1955), p. 8.
congressional leadership: Franklin Roosevelt, Day by Day, A Project of the Pare Lorenz Center at the FDR Presidential Library, Diary Logs for January 20, 1945, March 8, 1945, and March 19, 1945, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday/search/?str=Truman&start_date=1945-01-01&end_date=1945-04-20&type=daylog&search_submit=&submitted=t.
Senate Office Building: David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), loc. 6491.
“as a senator”: Truman, 1945: Year of Decisions, loc. 3940.
“to defy description”: Ibid., p. 7.
“accepted in our land”: Ibid.
Europe despaired: McCullough, Truman, p. 350.
by the Americans: Ibid.
“merely to propaganda”: Letter from General Eisenhower to General Marshall, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, http://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-features/special-focus/buchenwald-concentration-camp.
“Wed. 25. HST”: Henry Stimson to Harry S. Truman, April 24, 1945, Confidential File, Truman Papers, http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?documentdate=1945-04-24&documentid=9-14&pagenumber=1.
“a whole city”: Henry L. Stimson, “The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,” Harper’s, February 1947, p. 97.
in the future: Ibid.
nature of the weapon: Ibid., p. 100.
“situation was hopeless”: McCullough, Truman, p. 438.
had ever surrendered: Ibid.
12,000 American service members killed: SSgt Rudy R. Frame, “Okinawa: The Final Great Battle of World War II,” Marine Corps Gazette, November 2012, https://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/2012/11/okinawa-final-great-battle-world-war-ii.
more than 100,000: Ibid.
on Kyushu alone: Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples since 1900, p. 374.
“on his home grounds”: Truman, 1945: Year of Decisions, p. 417.
“like a beautiful flower?”: McCullough, Truman, p. 459.
council was adjourned: Ibid.
“teletyped to Washington”: Time, August 20, 1945, p. 20.
dispatch from the War Department: Ibid.
remained on his throne: Ibid., p. 21.
“Declaration are achieved”: Ibid.
“surrender of Japan”: Harry S. Truman: “The President’s News Conference,” August 14, 1945, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12383.
broke into cheers: Time, August 20, 1945, p. 19.
failed to use it: McCullough, Truman, p. 439.
“countrymen in the face”: Stimson, Harper’s, p. 106.
spotlight shone: Time, December 4, 1944.
“as its keystone”: Roberts, History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900, p. 304.
“the next millennium”: Atkinson, An Army at Dawn, p. 3.
“Armies and Navies”: William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932–1972 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), p. 386.
“of the Free World”: Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900, 350.
“fight like hell”: “Eisenhower Says We’ll Fight Like Hell for Peace,” Evening Independent, November 22, 1944, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19441121&id=8fRPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HFUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5032,5008271&hl=en.
/> “to unparalleled might“: Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, loc. 180.
“to the Arctic Sea”: Lincoln Barnett, “General Marshall: Commander and Creator of America’s Greatest Army,” Life, January 3, 1944, p. 54.
CHAPTER 2: FREEDOM VICTORIOUS
Shortly before 10 P.M.: Nicolaus Mills, Winning the Peace: The Marshall Plan & America’s Coming of Age as a Superpower (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2008), loc. 1835.
with a red pencil: Ibid., loc. 1846.
“the time after that”: Cray, General of the Army, p. 605.
It was Soviet policy: Ibid.
“Communism thrived on”: Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall, vol. 4, Statesman, 1945–1959 (New York: Viking, 1987), p. 196.
“they could not be”: George C. Marshall, oral history interview with Forrest C. Pogue, November 14, 1956, cited in Pogue, Statesman, p. 196.
“the Iron Curtain”: Robert Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors (New York: Praeger, 1976), p. 342, cited in Pogue, Statesman, p. 196.
“meaningless election on earth”: Time, February 18, 1946, p. 29.
were on the ballot: Ibid.
vote in Moscow: Ibid.
capitalist system survived: John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), p. 299.
“since V-J Day”: Time, February 18, 1946, p. 29.
read the speech with care: Interview with Paul Nitze, CNN, Cold War, Episode 2, “Iron Curtain 1945–1947.”
“is to be secure”: Telegram, George Kennan to George Marshall [“Long Telegram”], February 22, 1946, Harry S. Truman Administration File, Elsey papers, Part Five, p. 14, https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/coldwar/documents/pdf/6-6.pdf.
“peaceful and stable world”: George G. Kennan, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs, July 1947, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1947-07-01/sources-soviet-conduct.
“messages were shockers”: Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years at the State Department (New York: Norton, 1969), p. 217.
insurrection was under way: Roberts, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900, p. 410.
