by Hugh Bicheno
Latimer, George Neville, Baron 100
Le Mans, siege of (1448) 69
Leadman, A. 295–6
legitimacy issue 251–2
Leicester Council 138
levies 197, 215, 257
Lisieux, Thomas (Dean of St Paul’s and Lord Privy Seal) 117
Lisle, John Talbot, 1st Viscount 105, 114, 117
Lollardy 17, 18, 82
longbow 194–5
Lord Chancellor 113
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal 113
Louis, Dauphin of France 223, 289
Louis XI, King of France 315, 318
‘Loveday’ (1458) 186–8
Lovell, John, 8th Baron 239, 272
Ludford Bridge campaign 211, 214–16, 299
Ludlow 210, 212
march on and sacking of by Royalists 214–15
Lumley, Thomas, 1st Baron 311
Luxembourg, Jacquetta de 1–2, 8–10, 40, 224, 284, 310
Luxembourg, Louis, Count of Saint-Pol 164, 165, 223
Lyhert, Walter (Bishop of Norwich) 152, 243
Mackerell, Ralph 309
Maine 68–9, 75
Mancini, Dominic 55
March, 1st Earl of 47
March, 4th Earl of 47
March, Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of 21, 46, 51, 84
March, Edward, 7th Earl of (later Edward IV) 250, 253, 254, 261–71, 282, 293–4, 309
and Battle of Mortimer’s Cross 265–6, 269
and Battle of Towton 303, 306, 307
birth and illegitimacy issue 54–6
claim to and accession to throne 285–6
coronation (1461) 310–11
creation of new barons 311
and death of father (York) 270
desire to create extended family during reign 289
formative years 261–2
progress after Battle of Towton 310
relationship with William Hastings 262
and Warwick 269, 270, 296, 311
Welsh campaign 264–5
Mareddud (Meredith), Owain ap 175
Marney, John 221–2
marriage 20–1
matrimonial alliances 188–90
Moleyns, Adam (Bishop of Chichester) 20, 57–8, 74–5
Moleyns, Baron see Hungerford, Baron
Mont Orgueil Castle (Jersey) 314
Montacute, Alice see Salisbury, Countess of
Montacute, Thomas see Salisbury, 4th Earl of
Montagu, John Neville, 1st Baron 189, 208, 275, 276, 278, 279, 281
Montvilliers 30
Mortimer, Anne 46
Mortimer, Edmund see March, 5th Earl of
Mortimer’s Cross, Battle of (1461) 262–4, 265–9, 287, 311
Morton, John 158, 309
Mountfort, Osbert 228
Mowbray, John see Norfolk, 3rd and 4th Dukes of
Mulso, Edmund 170
Nanfan, John 221, 314
Neville, Anne see Buckingham, Duchess of
Neville, Cecily see York, Duchess of
Neville, Edward see Bergavenny, Baron
Neville, George see Latimer, Baron
Neville, George (Bishop of Exeter) 110, 152, 236, 250, 285, 297
Neville, House of 89–101
family tree 92–5
Neville, John see Montagu, Baron
Neville, Ralph see Westmorland, 1st Earl of
Neville, Richard see Salisbury, 5th Earl of
Neville, Richard see Warwick, 16th Earl of
Neville, Robert (Bishop of Durham) 97, 152
Neville, Thomas 118–19, 208
Neville, William see Fauconberg, Baron
Nevilles 109–10, 287
and First Battle of St Albans 140–1
conflict with Percys 117
join York at Ludlow 192
lordships and manors 118
relationship with York 253
Norfolk, John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of 31, 86, 90, 121, 128, 137, 274, 275, 289, 290, 302, 306–7
Norfolk, John Mowbray, 4th Duke of 310
Norman Conquest (1066) 21
Normandy 30, 32–4, 44, 52–4, 56, 58
fall of (1449-50) 70–4
‘The North’
and Lancastrian cause 243–4
York’s campaign in 255–6
Northampton, Battle of 231–40
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of 21, 97, 98, 117–18, 148, 150
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of 181, 218, 306, 308, 315
Ogle, Robert, 1st Baron 132, 147, 202, 311
Oldhall, William 89–909, 104, 124, 212
Ormonde, Earl of see Wiltshire, Earl of
Ottoman Empire 227
Oxford, John Vere, 12th Earl of 74, 137
papacy 17
partisan peers (1461) 288
Paston, John 62–4
Paston Letters 62, 156
Peasants’ Revolt (1381) 18, 81 peerages 16
Pembroke, Jasper Tudor, 1st Earl of 7, 109, 151, 176, 177–8, 179, 189, 212, 219, 261, 264, 264–5, 269
Penshurst Palace 80, 90, 136
Percy of Carlisle, Bishop 149
Percy, Henry see Northumberland, 2nd & 3rd Earls of
Percy, Ralph 315, 317
Percy, Richard 119, 127
Percy, Thomas see Egremont, Baron
Percys 287
conflict with Nevilles 117–20, 127–8
lordships and manors 118
Philippe of Burgundy see Burgundy, Philippe, Duke of
Pisan, Christine de
The Treasure of the City of Ladies 102
Pius II, Pope 12, 227–8, 240–1, 254
Commentaries 12, 223, 236, 240
Pole, Alice de la née Chaucer see Suffolk, Countess of
Pole, John de la see Suffolk, Duke of
Pole, William de la see Suffolk, Duke of
poleaxes 196, 308
Pontefract Castle 127, 218, 256, 259, 269, 273, 291, 294
Pontoise 32
Powderham Castle 154, 155
Powys Castle 212
‘Praguerie’ revolt (1440) 39–40, 43
primogeniture 22
Protectorate Council 155–6
Protestant Reformation 18
Radcliffe, John, de jure Baron FitzWalter 291, 292
Radford, Henry 201
Radford, Nicholas 155
Regnéville 71
religion 114
Richard II, King 3, 19, 20, 24, 47, 50, 55, 81, 192
Richard III, King see Gloucester, Richard, Duke of
Richard of York see York, Richard, 3rd Duke of
Richardson, Simon 299–300, 303, 307
Richemont, Arthur de 30, 37, 39, 40, 72
Richmond, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of 6, 109, 151, 176–7
Rivers, Richard Woodbville, 1st Baron 1–2, 8–9, 10, 40, 80, 90, 91, 164, 224, 239, 302, 303, 310
Roman roads (Akeman Street, Ermine Steet, Fosse Way, Roman Ridge Road and Watling Street) 139, 210, 231, 244, 277, 281, 294, 296, 302
Roos, Thomas, 9th Baron 137–8, 181, 221, 312
‘Rose of Rouen, The’ (poem) 289–90
Rouen 2, 4, 42, 54, 73
Rougemont Grey, Thomas 1st Baron 213, 308, 312
Roxburgh Castle 247, 248
royal finances 108
Rutland, Edmund, Earl of 55, 56, 258, 270
St Albans, First Battle of (1455) 139–42, 144–50, 157, 161, 184, 186–7
St Albans, Second Battle of (1461) 275–82, 283
Saint-Pol 164
Salisbury, Alice née Montacute, Countess of 97, 98, 189, 191, 225
Salisbury, Thomas Montacute 4th Earl of 97
Salisbury, Richard Neville 5th Earl of 28, 53, 89, 96, 97–8, 117–18, 152, 153, 243, 250, 254, 255
appointed Lord Chancellor 125
attainders after Yorkist defeat at Ludlow and recovery of lands by Crown 218
and Blore Heath campaign 199, 200–1, 204–5, 206–7, 208–9
death of (1460) 259
feud with t
he Percys 98
resigns as Lord Chancellor 132
royal favour and growth of power 98–9
and York 125, 255
Salisbury, 6th Earl of see Warwick, 16th Earl of
Sandal Castle 256, 258
Sandwich 224
raids on 168–9, 228, 313
Saye and Sele, 1st Baron (James Fiennes) 20, 65, 80, 81, 83, 84
Saye and Sele, 2nd Baron (William Fiennes) 111
Scales, Anthony Woodville, 8th Baron 310
Scales, Thomas, 7th Baron 53–4, 80, 83, 90, 107, 152, 229, 238, 239
Scotland 157, 246–9, 315–16
Sforza, Duke Francesco 227
Shakespeare, William 10–11
Henry the Sixth 36, 187, 258–9, 266
Shrewsbury, John Talbot, 1st Earl of 42, 52, 54, 73–4, 86, 109, 110, 112, 114, 117
Shrewsbury, John Talbot, 2nd Earl of 128, 141, 158, 189, 198, 218, 238, 242
siege artillery 272
Skydmore family 178
Somerset, John Beaufort, 1st Duke of 5, 24, 25, 28, 30–1, 32–5, 53, 54
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort 2nd (new 1st) Duke of 4, 5, 6, 8, 25, 28–30, 32, 35, 44, 52, 57, 68–74
accused of treason and sent to the Tower 121–2
appointed Constable of England 86, 103
attack on Beauchamp settlement 114, 117
and Ludford Bridge campaign 214
and First Battle of St Albans 140, 141, 142–3, 147
burial 150
and Calais 162–5, 222
conflict with Warwick over lands 110
death of 148, 166
enmity with York 69, 72–3, 90, 104, 106, 121, 138
and fall of Normandy 71–4, 75, 84, 85, 106
and Henry VI 108, 132, 138, 142
Lieutenant of Normandy 68–9
release of (1455) 131–2
return to England 86
Somerset, 2nd/3rd Duke of (Henry Beaufort) 148, 151, 165, 181, 210, 212, 222, 239, 243, 282, 287, 290, 303, 312, 318
Somnium Vigilantis 216–17, 219, 220
Sorel, Agnès 27, 313
Stafford, Henry 178
Stafford of Hooke, Humphrey 221, 224, 262, 311
Stafford, House of 134–5
Stafford, Humphrey see Buckingham, Duke of
Stafford, Humphrey (Buckingham’s son) 310
Stafford, Richard 64–5
Stanberry, John (Bishop of Hereford) 186, 236, 237, 243
Stanhope, Maud 118
Stanley, Thomas, 2nd Baron 159, 200–1, 205–6, 208, 219, 242, 252
Stanley, William 217
Stillington, John (Bishop of Bath and Wells) 250
Stone, John 234
Stourton, John, 3rd Baron 107, 126, 155
Sudeley, Ralph Boteler, 6th Baron 141, 213
Suffolk, Alice née Chaucer, Duchess of 41–2, 62
Suffolk, John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of 189, 274
Suffolk, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of 13, 15, 20, 40, 41–2, 43, 44, 61, 64, 99, 102–3, 143
assassination of (1450) 76–7, 79, 84
fall of 62, 100–1
trial over embezzlement charges and banishment 75–6
Surienne, François de 71
Sutton, John see Dudley, Baron
Swynford, Katherine 4, 24, 41
Tailboys, William 61–2, 316
Talbot, John see Lisle, 1st Viscount
Talbot, John see Shrewsbury, 1st & 2nd Earls of
Thomas, William ap 176, 177
Thorpe, Thomas 124, 152
Thorpe Waterville 272–3
Tiptoft, John see Worcester, Earl of
Tours, truce negotiated at (1444) 40, 56, 68
Tower of London, capitulation to the Yorkists 238–9
Towton, Battle of (1461) 275, 295–301, 302–9
Towton Battlefield Archaeological Survey (TBAS) 299
Trémoille, Georges de la 37
Tresham, Thomas 282
Tresham, William 87
Trollope, Andrew 73–4, 162, 164, 167, 212, 214, 221, 277, 290, 302, 303, 308
Troyes, Treaty of (1420) 2
Tuchet, James see Audley, 5th Baron
Tuchet, John see Audley, 6th Baron
Tuddenham, Thomas 191
Tudor, Edmund see Richmond, Earl of
Tudor, Jasper see Pembroke, Earl of
Tudor, Owen 6, 7–8, 10, 29, 71, 269
Valois, Catherine de 2–3, 4, 5, 6–7, 10
Valois-Anjou, House of 36–45
family tree 38
Vaughan, Roger 262
Vaughan, Thomas 212
Vaughan, Walter 179
Vere, John see Oxford, Earl of
Vere, Robert 74
Vescy, Henry Bromflete, 1st Baron 239
Wainflete, William (Bishop of Winchester) 63, 83, 85, 158, 235
Wakefield, Battle of (1460) 256–9
Wales 172, 173–80
map 173, 174
wardships 21
warfare 194–6, 272
cost of 198
see also weaponry
Wallingford Castle 6, 67, 106, 189, 242
Warr, Richard West, Baron de la 239
Warwick, Anne Beauchamp Countess of Warwick 28, 99, 100, 110, 171, 314
Warwick, Henry Beauchamp 1st Duke of 28, 99–100, 101
Warwick, Richard Beauchamp 13th Earl of 6, 28, 30, 53, 99, 101
Warwick, Richard ‘the Kingmaker’ Neville 16th Earl of 1, 28, 89, 99, 100, 161, 210, 272, 289
acts as King’s Chief Minster after Battle of Northampton 250–1
apotheosis of 221–30
assassination attempt on (1458) 190–1, 213
attainted after Ludlow defeat and distribution of possessions 218
attempt to ambush (1456) 182–3
and Battle of Ferrybridge 292–3
and Battle of Northampton 237, 272
and First Battle of St Albans 147–8, 161, 272
and Battle of Towton 302–3
and Calais 153, 161, 166–71
characteristics and attributes 101, 171, 223
coalition building 274–5
damage to reputation after Second Battle of St Albans 282
and Edward of March 269, 270, 296, 311
expedition to Ireland 224–6
flight to Calais after Ludlow defeat 221, 222–4
international stature 223
invasion of England and unopposed admission to London (1460) 228–30, 231
made Keeper of the Seas (1457) 169
march from Calais to Ludlow 210, 212
and Marguerite d’Anjou 170, 190
marriage 171
powers vested in 169–70
refusal to surrender Cardiff and Cowbridge 110, 117
rise of 100–1, 161
and Second Battle of St Albans (1461) 275–7, 279–80
truce with Duke of Burgundy 222
and Wenlock mission 190
and York 252–3, 282
Waterton, Robert 50, 84
Wavrin, Jehan de 204, 234, 235, 303, 306, 337
weaponry 194–6
hook guns 278–9
longbow 194–5
poleaxe 196, 308
Welles, Lionel, 6th Baron 86, 126, 129, 152, 167, 275, 308
Welsh Marches 21, 65, 128, 174, 179, 192–3, 200, 206, 213, 242, 274
Wenlock, John, 1st Baron 149, 190, 212, 224, 262, 264, 269, 272, 274, 311
West, Richard see Warr, Baron de la
Westmorland, Joan, Countess of 50, 96, 246
Westmorland, Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of 50, 96–7
Whethamstede, John, Abbot of St Albans 260
Whittingham, Robert 281–2, 318
Wiltshire, James Butler, 1st Earl of 62, 105, 108, 126, 132, 149, 159, 219, 238, 242, 246, 263, 268, 308–9
Windsor Castle 8, 18, 29, 47, 67, 124, 153, 290
Woodville, Anthony see Scales, Baron
Woodville, Elizabeth 10, 55, 283
Woodville, Richard see Rivers
, Baron
Worcester, John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of 126, 132, 189, 212
Wressle 119
Wycliffe, John 17, 18
Yolande de Aragón, Princess 36–7
York, Cecily née Neville, Duchess of 50–1, 54, 55, 56, 87, 99, 116, 126, 215
York, Edward, 2nd Duke of 47, 50
York, House of 46–58, 289
family tree 48–9
York, Richard, 3rd Duke of 28, 31, 46, 50–4, 77, 121–9, 270
and Act of Accord 254–5
ancestry 46–7
appointed as Protector 124–30, 154, 155–6
arms 46
attainted after defeat at Ludlow and distribution of lands 218, 219
attempt to suppress disorder in the North 255–6
attempted assassinations against 182, 183
and First Battle of St Albans 140–1, 144–5, 149
and Calais 126, 129
claim to throne 52, 58, 90, 114, 244, 252–4
and Courtenay-Bonville feud 105–6, 155, 156
enmity with Somerset 69, 72–3, 90, 104, 106, 121, 138
erosion of loyalty to 253
estates and income 51–2
flight from Ludlow 215
and Great Council (1453) 121, 122–4
grievances manifesto 226
and Henry VI 106, 132–3, 157, 184–5
humiliation of 250–60
increasingly marginalized 90–1, 96
and Ireland 58, 184–5, 225–6, 242
issuing of manifesto 87
killed at Battle of Wakefield 258, 259
march on London and punishment of (1452) 106–8
marriage to Cecily Neville 51, 56
and Nevilles 89
and Normandy lieutenancy 52–4, 56, 133, 136
orders for arrest of by Henry and attempt to clear name 86–7
recovery of lands by Crown after defeat 218–19
refrains from rewarding himself 153
relationship with Marguerite d’Anjou 129–30, 154, 156–7, 191–2
relationship with the Nevilles 253, 254
relationship with son, Edward 55–6, 270
resignation as Lord Protector (1454) 132
resignation as Lord Protector (1456) 156
return to England (1445) 57
return to England from Ireland (1460) 252–3
and Salisbury 125, 255
and Wales 177
and Warwick 252–3, 282
Young, Thomas 91, 104
About Battle Royal
The ‘real’ Game of Thrones
The Wars of the Roses were a prolonged brawl over an inheritance by a deeply dysfunctional extended family. The inheritance in question was the throne of England; the story is one of unbridled ambition and murderous treachery.
The weak, mentally fragile Lancastrian King Henry VI struggles to deal with a war in France and rising disorder at home. Opposition to the king rallies around his cousin, Richard of York, who has as good a claim by blood to the throne. As the tension mounts, Henry’s young wife, Marguerite d’Anjou, is drawn into the void of authority created by her husband’s incompetence. A few months before Marguerite bears him a long-awaited heir, Henry lapses into catatonia. Marguerite skilfully works to create an arrangement to protect her son’s birthright and give Richard of York a leading role, only for Henry to recover and reject this agreement.
