by Jill Lepore
65.Critchlow, The Conservative Ascendancy, 41; Donald T. Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman’s Crusade (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 145; Rymph, Republican Women, 182.
66.Rymph, Republican Women, 166–87.
67.Schulman, Lyndon Johnson and American Liberalism, 82.
68.Sarah A. Binder, Stalemate: Causes and Consequences of Legislative Gridlock (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003), ch. 4, and see also Binder, “The Dynamics of Legislative Gridlock, 1947–96,” APSR 93 (1999): 519–33, and David R. Jones, “Party Polarization and Legislative Gridlock,” Political Research Quarterly 54 (2001): 125–41.
69.Schulman, Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism, 90.
70.Michelmore, Tax and Spend, 48–50, 62–63; Brownlee, Federal Taxation in America, 123.
71.Matusow, The Unraveling of America, 57.
72.Trask, “The Imperial Republic,” 647; Carter, Inventing Vietnam, 161; Schulman, Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism, 101.
73.Steve Warshaw, The Trouble in Berkeley (Berkeley, CA: Diablo Press, 1965), 27.
74.Perlstein, Nixonland, 96.
75.Branch, Pillar of Fire, 578–79; Portable Malcolm X Reader, 394.
76.James Baldwin’s remarks on the death of Malcolm X can be seen at https://www.you tube.com/watch?v=cHm31kOWFec.
77.Lyndon B. Johnson, “The American Promise”: Address before a Joint Session of the Congress, Washington, DC, March 15, 1965.
78.Elizabeth Hinton, From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 1–5, 13–16, 65, 79, 90–98, 106–7, 119–21; Patterson, America in the Twentieth Century, 414.
79.Hinton, From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime, 66–69.
80.Schulman, Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism, 111–12.
81.Leuchtenburg, “The Travail of Liberalism,” 829.
82.Perlstein, Nixonland, 189–96.
83.Leuchtenberg, “The Travail of Liberalism,” 874.
84.Ronald Reagan, “Time for Choosing,” Speech, televised campaign address for Goldwater presidential campaign, October 27, 1964.
85.Martin Luther King Jr., “Our God Is Marching On,” speech delivered at the Selma to Montgomery March, Montgomery, Alabama, March 25, 1965; John Herbers, “Right Backers Fear a Backlash,” NYT, September 21, 1966; Gerald R. Ford, Illinois State Fair Address, August 17, 1966, Ford Congressional Papers, Press Secretary and Speech File, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Box D20, Folder “Illinois State Fair”; Perlstein, Nixonland, 71, 83, 114.
86.Quoted in David Chagall, The New King-Makers (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), 3.
87.“Reagan Urges Carmichael Not to Speak at UC,” Los Angeles Times, October 19, 1966; Richard Bergholz, “Reagan Criticizes UC for Permitting Bob Kennedy Talk,” Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1966.
88.Redacted to Hoover, September 4, 1966, decoded telegram, Stokely Carmichael FBI file, FBI Vault (vault.fbi.gov), Part 3, page 5. Special Agent in Charge, Atlanta, to Hoover, September 20, 1966, Carmichael’s FBI file, FBI Vault, Part 4, page 9. The FBI was trying to find a way to deport Carmichael, who had been born in Trinidad.
89.Stuart Spencer, oral history, November 15–16, 2001, Miller Center, University of Virginia. Reagan told a slightly different story: Gerard J. De Groot, “Ronald Reagan and Student Unrest in California, 1966–1970,” Pacific Historical Review 65 (1996): 107–29.
90.Michelle Reeves, “‘Obey the Rules or Get Out’: Ronald Reagan’s 1966 Gubernatorial Campaign and the ‘Trouble in Berkeley,’” Southern California Quarterly 92 (2010): 295. And see Stanley G. Robertson, “LA Confidential,” Los Angeles Sentinel, November 3, 1966.
91.Stokeley Carmichael, speech at Berkeley, October 1966, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWsgT67-RM4; James Reston, “Berkeley, California: The University and Politics,” NYT, October 23, 1966; Patterson, America in the Twentieth Century, 416–19.
92.Adam Winkler, “The Secret History of Guns,” Atlantic, September 2011.
93.Hinton, From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime, 123–27.
94.Quoted in De Groot, “Ronald Reagan and Student Unrest,” 116.
95.Arnold Hano, “The Black Rebel Who ‘Whitelists” the Olympics,” NYT, May 12, 1968.
96.Perlstein, Nixonland, 97; David Remnick, King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero (New York: Knopf, 2014), 289; Sandra Millner, The Dream Lives On: Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: MetroBooks, 1999), 44.
97.Schulman, Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism, 126, 139, 241.
98.Leuchtenburg, “The Travail of Liberalism,” 874.
99.Carter, Politics of Rage, 306.
100.Perlstein, Nixonland, 163–65.
101.“Lyndon Johnson Says He Won’t Run,” NYT, April 1, 1968.
102.Schulman, Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism, 119; Perlstein, Nixonland, 257; Bruce J. Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture (New York: Free Press, 2001), 2–3; Ben. A. Franklin, “Army Troops in Capital as Negroes Riot,” NYT, April 5, 1968.
103.Robert F. Kennedy, “Statement on Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.,” Indianapolis, Indiana, April 4, 1968.
104.Perlstein, Nixonland, 239–41; Ronald Reagan, radio address, March 7, 1968.
105.Farrell, Richard Nixon, 343–44, 367.
106.Carter, Politics of Rage, 379; Farrell, Richard Nixon, 330, 336; Richard Nixon, Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida, August 8, 1968.
107.Hinton, From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime, 139–40.
108.Schulman, The Seventies, 12. The best account is Norman Mailer, Miami and the Siege of Chicago: An Informal History of the Republican and Democratic Conventions of 1968 (New York: New American Library, 1968).
109.Schulman, Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism, 161; Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal, “On Party Polarization in Congress,” Daedalus 136 (2007): 104–7.
110.Baxter, oral history, 1972, 17, 22–4.
111.Quoted in Hartman, War for the Soul of America, 25.
112.Noam Chomsky, “The Menace of Liberal Scholarship,” The New York Review of Books, January 2, 1969; Rohde, “The Last Stand of the Psychocultural Cold Warriors,” 246. Chomsky refers to Simulmatics’s “urban insurgency” work as confidential; Rohe cites Simulmatics’s “Urban Insurgency file” in Armed with Expertise: The Militarization of American Social Research During the Cold War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013), 169n5.
113.Schulman, The Seventies, 16.
114.Leuchtenburg, “The Travail of Liberalism,” 873.
115.This was on January 8, 1970; Carter, Politics of Rage, 380.
116.H. R. Haldeman, transcript of an oral history, conducted 1991 by Dale E. Trevelen, State Government Oral History Program, California State Archives, 317.
117.Richard M. Scammon and Ben J. Wattenberg, The Real Majority (New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1970), 20–21, 280–81.
118.Schulman, The Seventies, 38; James M. Naughton, “Nixon, Confident of Gains in ’70, Planning Same Tactics for ’72,” NYT, October 23, 1970; Farrell, Richard Nixon, 388; Andrew Hacker, The End of the American Era (New York: Atheneum, 1970), ch. 2.
119.Perlstein, Nixonland, 393–96.
120.Schulman, The Seventies, 34–35; Carter, Politics of Rage, 398–99.
121.Farrell, Richard Nixon, 413.
122.Ibid., 418.
123.The Nixon Tapes, 1971–1972, edited and annotated by Douglas Brinkley and Luke A. Nichter (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2014), ix–x.
124.Neil Sheehan, “Pentagon Study Traces 3 Decades of Growing U.S. Involvement,” NYT, June 13, 1971.
125.Farrell, Richard Nixon, 420–26.
126.Audio, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/534-2(3)-brookings.mp 3; transcript, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tap
es/watergate/trial/exhibit_12.pdf; Schulman, The Seventies, 44.
127.Farrell, Richard Nixon, 465–84. For the June 23 conversation: “The Smoking Gun Tape,” Watergateinfo, http://watergate.info/1972/06/23/the-smoking-gun-tape.html, ac cessed August 17, 2017.
128.Farrell, Richard Nixon, 497–98.
129.LBJ, interview with Walter Cronkite, January 12, 1973, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW5PemdbcT8; Schulman, Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism, 164.
130.Farrell, Richard Nixon, 519.
131.Ibid., 523–57; U.S. v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974).
132.Richard Nixon, Resignation Speech, Washington, DC, August 8, 1974.
133.Farrell, Richard Nixon, 532.
Fifteen: BATTLE LINES
1.Betty Ford to Lesley Stahl, in a 1997 interview, CBS News, “The Remarkable Mrs. Ford,” August 17, 2015, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-remarkable-mrs-ford/, accessed August 21, 2017.
2.Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1963), 11.
3.Betty Ford with Chris Chase, The Times of My Life (New York: Harper & Row, 1978), 120. And on these years, see also John Robert Greene, Betty Ford: Candor and Courage in the White House (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), ch. 2.
4.On Murray’s role in NOW’s founding and mission, see Rosenberg, Jane Crow, 298–300.
5.An August 1972 Gallup poll reported that 68 percent of Republicans and 58 percent of Democrats agreed that “the decision to have an abortion should be made solely by a woman and her physician” (Jack Rosenthal, “Survey Finds Majority, in Shift, Now Favors Liberalized Laws,” NYT, August 25, 1972), a poll that Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun included in his Roe v. Wade case file; Linda Greenhouse and Reva B. Siegel, “Before (and After) Roe v. Wade: New Questions About Backlash,” Yale Law Journal 120 (2011): 2031.
6.“The Republican Party favors a continuance of the public dialogue on abortion and supports the efforts of those who seek enactment of a constitutional amendment to restore protection of the right to life for unborn children” (Republican Party Platform of 1976, August 18, 1976). “We fully recognize the religious and ethical nature of the concerns which many Americans have on the subject of abortion. We feel, however, that it is undesirable to attempt to amend the U.S. Constitution to overturn the Supreme Court decision in this area” (1976 Democratic Party Platform, July 12, 1976).
7.Byron W. Daynes and Raymond Tatlovich, “Presidential Politics and Abortion, 1972–1988,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 22 (1992): 545–61.
8.Richard A. Viguerie, The New Right: We’re Ready to Lead (Falls Church, VA: Viguerie, 1981), 55; on the culture wars, broadly, see Andrew Hartman, A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015).
9.Michael Kelly, “The 1992 Campaign,” NYT, October 31, 1992.
10.Editor’s note in Margaret Sanger, The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, ed. Esther Katz et al., 4 vols. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010), 3:469. And see James W. Reed, Interview with Mary Steichen Calderone, MD, August 7, 1974, transcript, Schlesinger-Rockefeller Oral History Project, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe, Reel A-1, 2; Tom Davis, Sacred Work: Planned Parenthood and Its Clergy Alliances (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), 89.
11.James W. Reed, interviews with Loraine Lesson Campbell, December 1973–March 1974, Schlesinger-Rockefeller Oral History Project, Reel A-1, 71, 83; Alan F. Guttmacher, “Memoirs,” typescript, November 1972, Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) Records, Smith College, PPFA 2, Administration, Guttmacher, A. F., Autobiography, Rough Draft, Box 117, Folder 39; David M. Kennedy, Birth Control in America; the Career of Margaret Sanger (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970), vii; Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
12.Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
13.Bush quoted in Gloria Feldt with Carol Trickett Jennings, Behind Every Choice Is a Story (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2002), 94. Spruill, Divided We Stand, 286; Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972).
14.Greenhouse and Siegel, “Before (and After) Roe,” 2047–49; Linda Gordon, The Moral Property of Women: A History of Birth Control Politics in America (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002), 289; Richard Nixon: “Special Message to the Congress on Problems of Population Growth,” July 18, 1969.
15.“F. J. Bardacke on The Woman Question,” San Francisco Express Times, September 25, 1968.
16.Alice Echols, Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), 56–57, 92–96, 120.
17.Vern L. Bullough, Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context (New York: Harrington Park Press, 2002); Frank Kameny and Michael G. Long, Gay Is Good: The Life and Letters of Gay Rights Pioneer Franklin Kameny (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2014), 93, 165, 173–74; Lacey Fosburgh, “Thousands of Homosexuals Hold a Protest Rally in Central Park,” NYT, June 29, 1970. And, on the transition from the 1950s homophile movement to the 1960s gay rights movement, see Gregory Andrew Briker, “The Right to Be Heard: One Magazine, Obscenity Law, and the Battle over Homosexual Speech,” AB thesis, Harvard University, 2017.
18.Spruill, Divided We Stand, 14, 29–33.
19.Irin Carmon and Shana Knizhnik, Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (New York: William Morrow, 2015), 46.
20.Pauline M. Trowbridge to Alan Guttmacher, August 2, 1970, Alan Guttmacher Papers, Countway Library, Harvard Medical School, Box 2, Folder 10.
21.Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
22.Greenhouse and Siegel, “Before (and After) Roe,” 2053–54.
23.Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
24.Richard Nixon to Charles Colson, January 23, 1976, in The Nixon Tapes: 1973, edited and annotated by Douglas Brinkley and Luke A. Nichter (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015), 17–18.
25.“The First Lady,” 60 Minutes, August 10, 1975, transcript of an interview with Betty Ford by Morley Safer, Box 11, Folder “Ford, Betty—General,” Ron Nessen Papers, Ford Presidential Library, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/docu ment/0204/1511773.pdf. And on her cancer, see Ford, The Times of My Life, ch. 26.
26.Spruill, Divided We Stand, 43–45.
27.“The First Lady,” 60 Minutes, August 10, 1975.
28.Greene, Betty Ford, 59. And on this point, generally, see Spruill, Divided We Stand.
29.Greene, Betty Ford, 67.
30.Sean Wilentz, The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008 (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 14.
31.Ibid., 35; Patterson, Restless Giant, 7.
32.For this thesis and its evidence, see Robert J. Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016).
33.Piketty and Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998,” 1–41; Self, All in the Family, 314.
34.Spruill, Divided We Stand, 71, 80, 85.
35.Rymph, Republican Women, 198–99.
36.Republican Party Platform of 1976, August 18, 1976; Freeman, We Will be Heard, 122–25; Rymph, Republican Women, 189, 205, 207, 209–10, 223.
37.Spruill, Divided We Stand, 127.
38.Rymph, Republican Women, 215–16; Self, All in the Family, 312, 313. For chronicles of the conference, see Alice S. Rossi, Feminists in Politics: A Panel Analysis of the First National Women’s Conference (New York: Academic Press, 1982), and Shelah Gilbert Leader and Patricia Rusch Hyatt, American Women on the Move: The Inside Story of the National Women’s Conference, 1977 (Lanham, NJ: Levington Books, 2016).
39.“The Torch Relay,” in National Commission on the Observance of International Women’s Year, The Spirit of Houston: The First National Women’s Conference (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1978), 193–203.
40.Maya Angelou, “To Form a More Perfect Union,” in The Spirit of Houston, 195.
41.“Speech by B
etty Ford, National Commissioner and Former First Lady, First Plenary Session,” in The Spirit of Houston, 220–21.
42.Self, All in the Family, 217; Spruill, Divided We Stand, 225.
43.Self, All in the Family, 318; Spruill, Divided We Stand, 7.
44.“The Minority Caucus: ‘It’s Our Movement Now,’” in The Spirit of Houston, 156–57.
45.Anita Bryant, The Anita Bryant Story: The Survival of Our Nation’s Families and the Threat of Militant Homosexuality (Old Tappan, NJ: Felming H. Revell Company, 1977), 17, 21.
46.Spruill, Divided We Stand, 228–29.
47.Anna Quindlen, “Women’s Conference Approves Planks on Abortion and Rights for Homosexuals,” NYT, November 21, 1977; Self, All in the Family, 320–21.
48.Carolyn Kortge, “Schlafly Says Women’s Movement Is Dying in an Anti-Feminist Surge,” Eagle & Beacon, August 3, 1977, reprinted in National Women’s Conference Official Briefing Book: Houston, Texas, November 18 to 21, 1977 (Washington, DC: National Commission on the Observance of International Women’s Year, 1977), 228. Self, All in the Family, 319.
49.Spruill, Divided We Stand, 152.
50.Critchlow, The Conservative Ascendancy, 132–33.
51.Patterson, Restless Giant, 21.
52.Critchlow, The Conservative Ascendancy, 128; John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 349–50; FitzGerald, The Evangelicals, 291, 302.
53.“Resolution On Abortion: St. Louis, Missouri, 1971,” Southern Baptist Convention, http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/13/resolution-on-abortion); FitzGerald, The Evangelicals, 299; Robert C. Post and Reva C. Siegel, “Roe Rage: Democratic Constitutionalism and Backlash,” 2007, Faculty Scholarship Series, Yale University, Paper 169, 420–21.
54.FitzGerald, The Evangelicals, 291–94.
55.Spruill, Divided We Stand, 288–89.
56.Rymph, Republican Women, 221, 228, 237–38.
57.Self, All in the Family, 358–60.
58.Ronald Reagan, Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in Detroit, July 17, 1980.
59.Spruill, Divided We Stand, 287.
