by Daniel Defoe
36s.; which, computing the number of ships and men used in the coal
trade, and of voyages made, at eight hands to a vessel, does,
modestly accounting, make 89,600 pounds difference in one year in
wages to seamen in the coal trade only.
For other voyages the difference of sailors' wages is 50s, per month
and 55s. per month to foremast-men, who before went for 26s. per
month; besides subjecting the merchant to the insolence of the
seamen, who are not now to be pleased with any provisions, will
admit no half-pay, and command of the captains even what they
please; nay, the king himself can hardly please them.
For cure of these inconveniences it is the following project is
proposed, with which the seamen can have no reason to be
dissatisfied, nor are not at all injured; and yet the damage
sustained will be prevented, and an immense sum of money spared,
which is now squandered away by the profuseness and luxury of the
seamen. For if prodigality weakens the public wealth of the kingdom
in general, then are the seamen but ill commonwealths-men, who are
not visibly the richer for the prodigious sums of money paid them
either by the king or the merchant.
The project is this: that by an Act of Parliament an office or
court be erected, within the jurisdiction of the Court of Admiralty,
and subject to the Lord High Admiral, or otherwise independent, and
subject only to a parliamentary authority, as the commission for
taking and stating the public accounts.
In this court or office, or the several branches of it (which, to
that end, shall be subdivided and placed in every sea-port in the
kingdom), shall be listed and entered into immediate pay all the
seamen in the kingdom, who shall be divided into colleges or
chambers of sundry degrees, suitable to their several capacities,
with pay in proportion to their qualities; as boys, youths,
servants, men able and raw, midshipmen, officers, pilots, old men,
and pensioners.
The circumstantials of this office:
1. No captain or master of any ship or vessel should dare to hire
or carry to sea with him any seamen but such as he shall receive
from the office aforesaid.
2. No man whatsoever, seaman or other, but applying himself to the
said office to be employed as a sailor, should immediately enter
into pay, and receive for every able seaman 24s. per month, and
juniors in proportion; to receive half-pay while unemployed, and
liberty to work for themselves: only to be at call of the office,
and leave an account where to be found.
3. No sailor could desert, because no employment would be to be had
elsewhere.
4. All ships at their clearing at the Custom House should receive a
ticket to the office for men, where would be always choice rather
than scarcity, who should be delivered over by the office to the
captain or master without any trouble or delay; all liberty of
choice to be allowed both to master and men, only so as to give up
all disputes to the officers appointed to decide.
Note.--By this would be avoided the great charge captains and owners
are at to keep men on board before they are ready to go; whereas now
the care of getting men will be over, and all come on board in one
day: for, the captain carrying the ticket to the office, he may go
and choose his men if he will; otherwise they will be sent on board
to him, by tickets sent to their dwellings to repair on board such a
ship.
5. For all these men that the captain or master of the ship takes
he shall pay the office, not the seamen, 28s. per month (which 4s.
per month overplus of wages will be employed to pay the half-pay to
the men out of employ), and so in proportion of wages for juniors.
6. All disputes concerning the mutinying of mariners, or other
matters of debate between the captains and men, to be tried by way
of appeal in a court for that purpose to be erected, as aforesaid.
7. All discounting of wages and time, all damages of goods,
averages, stopping of pay, and the like, to be adjusted by stated
and public rules and laws in print, established by the same Act of
Parliament, by which means all litigious suits in the Court of
Admiralty (which are infinite) would be prevented.
8. No ship that is permitted to enter at the Custom House and take
in goods should ever be refused men, or delayed in the delivering
them above five days after a demand made and a ticket from the
Custom House delivered (general cases, as arrests and embargoes,
excepted).
The Consequences of this Method.
1. By this means the public would have no want of seamen, and all
the charges and other inconveniences of pressing men would be
prevented.
2. The intolerable oppression upon trade, from the exorbitance of
wages and insolence of mariners, would be taken off.
3. The following sums of money should be paid to the office, to lie
in bank as a public fund for the service of the nation, to be
disposed of by order of Parliament, and not otherwise; a committee
being a ways substituted in the intervals of the session to audit
the accounts, and a treasury for the money, to be composed of
members of the House, and to be changed every session of Parliament:
(1). Four shillings per month wages advanced by the merchants to
the office for the men, more than the office pays them.
(2). In consideration of the reducing men's wages, and consequently
freights, to the former prices (or near them), the owners of ships
or merchants shall pay at the importation of all goods forty
shillings per ton freight, to be stated upon all goods and ports in
proportion; reckoning it on wine tonnage from Canaries as the
standard, and on special freights in proportion to the freight
formerly paid, and half the said price in times of peace.
Note.--This may well be done, and no burden; for if freights are
reduced to their former prices (or near it), as they will be if
wages are so too, then the merchant may well pay it: as, for
instance, freight from Jamaica to London, formerly at 6 pounds 10s.
per ton, now at 18 pounds and 20 pounds; from Virginia, at 5 pounds
to 6 pounds 10s., now at 14 pounds, 16 pounds, and 17 pounds; from
Barbadoes, at 6 pounds, now at 16 pounds; from Oporto, at 2 pounds,
now at 6 pounds; and the like.
The payment of the above-said sums being a large bank for a fund,
and it being supposed to be in fair hands and currently managed, the
merchants shall further pay upon all goods shipped out, and shipped
on board from abroad, for and from any port of this kingdom, 4
pounds per cent. on the real value, bona fide; to be sworn to if
demanded. In consideration whereof the said office shall be obliged
to pay and make good all losses, damages, averages, and casualties
whatsoever, as fully as by the custom of assurances now is done,
without any discounts, rebates, or delays whatsoever; the said 4
pounds per cent. to be stated on the voyage to the Barbadoes, and
enlarged or ta
ken off, in proportion to the voyage, by rules and
laws to be printed and publicly known.
Reserving only, that then, as reason good, the said office shall
have power to direct ships of all sorts, how and in what manner, and
how long they shall sail with or wait for convoys; and shall have
power (with limitations) to lay embargoes on ships, in order to
compose fleets for the benefit of convoys.
These rules, formerly noted, to extend to all trading by sea, the
coasting and home-fishing trade excepted; and for them it should be
ordered -
First, for coals; the colliers being provided with men at 28s. per
month, and convoys in sufficient number, and proper stations from
Tynemouth Bar to the river, so as they need not go in fleets, but as
wind and weather presents, run all the way under the protection of
the men-of-war, who should be continually cruising from station to
station, they would be able to perform their voyage, in as short
time as formerly, and at as cheap pay, and consequently could afford
to sell their coals at 17s. per chaldron, as well as formerly at
15s.
Wherefore there should be paid into the treasury appointed at
Newcastle, by bond to be paid where they deliver, 10s. per chaldron,
Newcastle measure; and the stated price at London to be 27s. per
chaldron in the Pool, which is 30s. at the buyer's house; and is so
far from being dear, a time of war especially, as it is cheaper than
ever was known in a war; and the officers should by proclamation
confine the seller to that price.
In consideration also of the charge of convoys, the ships bringing
coals shall all pay 1 pound per cent. on the value of the ship, to
be agreed on at the office; and all convoy-money exacted by
commanders of ships shall be relinquished, and the office to make
good all losses of ships, not goods, that shall be lost by enemies
only.
These heads, indeed, are such as would need some explication, if the
experiment were to be made; and, with submission, would reduce the
seamen to better circumstances; at least, it would have them in
readiness for any public service much easier than by all the late
methods of encouragement by registering seamen, &c.
For by this method all the seamen in the kingdom should be the
king's hired servants, and receive their wages from him, whoever
employed them; and no man could hire or employ them but from him.
The merchant should hire them of the king, and pay the king for
them; nor would there be a seaman in England out of employ--which,
by the way, would prevent their seeking service abroad. If they
were not actually at sea they would receive half-pay, and might be
employed in works about the yards, stores, and navy, to keep all
things in repair.
If a fleet or squadron was to be fitted out they would be manned in
a week's time, for all the seamen in England would be ready. Nor
would they be shy of the service; for it is not an aversion to the
king's service, nor it is not that the duty is harder in the men-of-
war than the merchant-men, nor it is not fear of danger which makes
our seamen lurk and hide and hang back in a time of war, but it is
wages is the matter: 24s. per month in the king's service, and 40s.
to 50s. per month from the merchant, is the true cause; and the
seaman is in the right of it, too; for who would serve his king and
country, and fight, and be knocked on the head at 24s. per month
that can have 50s. without that hazard? And till this be remedied,
in vain are all the encouragements which can be given to seamen; for
they tend but to make them insolent, and encourage their
extravagance.
Nor would this proceeding be any damage to the seamen in general;
for 24s. per month wages, and to be kept in constant service (or
half-pay when idle), is really better to the seaman than 45s. per
month, as they now take it, considering how long they often lie idle
on shore out of pay; for the extravagant price of seamen's wages,
though it has been an intolerable burden to trade, has not visibly
enriched the sailors, and they may as well be content with 24s. per
month now as formerly.
On the other hand, trade would be sensibly revived by it, the
intolerable price of freights would be reduced, and the public would
reap an immense benefit by the payments mentioned in the proposal;
as -
1. 4s. per month upon the wages of all the seamen employed by the
merchant (which if we allow 200,000 seamen always in employ, as
there cannot be less in all the ships belonging to England) is
40,000 pounds per month.
2. 40s. per ton freight upon all goods imported.
3. 4 per cent. on the value of all goods exported or imported.
4. 10s. per chaldron upon all the coals shipped at Newcastle, and 1
per cent. on the ships which carry them.
What these four articles would pay to the Exchequer yearly it would
be very difficult to calculate, and I am too near the end of this
book to attempt it: but I believe no tax ever given since this war
has come near it.
It is true, out of this the public would be to pay half-pay to the
seamen who shall be out of employ, and all the losses, and damages
on goods and ships; which, though it might be considerable, would be
small, compared to the payment aforesaid: for as the premium of 4
per cent. is but small, so the safety lies upon all men being bound
to insure. For I believe any one will grant me this: it is not the
smallness of a premium ruins the insurer, but it is the smallness of
the quantity he insures; and I am not at all ashamed to affirm that,
let but a premium of 4 pounds per cent. be paid into one man's hand
for all goods imported and exported, and any man may be the general
insurer of the kingdom, and yet that premium can never hurt the
merchant either.
So that the vast revenue this would raise would be felt nowhere:
neither poor nor rich would pay the more for coals; foreign goods
would be brought home cheaper, and our own goods carried to market
cheaper; owners would get more by ships, merchants by goods; and
losses by sea would be no loss at all to anybody, because repaid by
the public stock.
Another unseen advantage would arise by it: we should be able to
outwork all our neighbours, even the Dutch themselves, by sailing as
cheap and carrying goods as cheap in a time of war as in peace--an
advantage which has more in it than is easily thought of, and would
have a noble influence upon all our foreign trade. For what could
the Dutch do in trade if we could carry our goods to Cadiz at 50s.
per ton freight, and they give 8 pounds or 10 pounds and the like in
other places? Whereby we could be able to sell cheaper or get more
than our neighbours.
There are several considerable clauses might be added to this
proposal (some of great advantage to the general trade of the
kingdom, some to particular trades, and more to the public), but I
avoid being too particular in th
ings which are but the product of my
own private opinion.
If the Government should ever proceed to the experiment, no question
but much more than has been hinted at would appear; nor do I see any
great difficulty in the attempt, or who would be aggrieved at it;
and there I leave it, rather wishing than expecting to see it
undertaken.
THE CONCLUSION.
Upon a review of the several chapters of this book I find that,
instead of being able to go further, some things may have suffered
for want of being fully expressed; which if any person object
against, I only say, I cannot now avoid it. I have endeavoured to
keep to my title, and offered but an essay; which any one is at
liberty to go on with as they please, for I can promise no
supplement. As to errors of opinion, though I am not yet convinced
of any, yet I nowhere pretend to infallibility. However, I do not
willingly assert anything which I have not good grounds for. If I
am mistaken, let him that finds the error inform the world better,
and never trouble himself to animadvert upon this, since I assure
him I shall not enter into any pen-and-ink contest on the matter.
As to objections which may lie against any of the proposals made in
this book, I have in some places mentioned such as occurred to my
thoughts. I shall never assume that arrogance to pretend no other
or further objections may be raised; but I do really believe no such
objection can be raised as will overthrow any scheme here laid down
so as to render the thing impracticable. Neither do I think but
that all men will acknowledge most of the proposals in this book
would be of as great, and perhaps greater, advantage to the public
than I have pretended to.
As for such who read books only to find out the author's faux pas,
who will quarrel at the meanness of style, errors of pointing,
dulness of expression, or the like, I have but little to say to
them. I thought I had corrected it very carefully, and yet some
mispointings and small errors have slipped me, which it is too late
to help. As to language, I have been rather careful to make it
speak English suitable to the manner of the story than to dress it
up with exactness of style, choosing rather to have it free and
familiar, according to the nature of essays, than to strain at a
perfection of language which I rather wish for than pretend to be
master of.
End of the Project Gutenberg eText An Essay on Projects
