by Robin Wright
44.Hamza Hendawi, “Egyptian Activists Turn from Democracy Campaign to Bitterness at Israel and the U.S.,” Associated Press, Sept. 14, 2006.
45.Capitol Hill Conference Series on U.S. Middle East Policy, Hart Senate Office Buildling, Apr. 22, 2005. The poll was conducted by Zogby International and Shibley Telhami, who holds the Anwar Sadat Chair of Peace and Development at the University of Maryland and is a fellow at the Brookings Institution’s Saban Center for Middle East Policy.
46.Carol Giacomo, “Polls Show Arabs Dislike Bush, See U.S. as a Threat,” Reuters, Feb. 8, 2007.
47.“Kuwait Marchers Slam Lebanon War, Back Hezbollah,” Reuters, Aug. 7, 2006.
48.The twenty-five countries were Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, Egypt, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Italy, Kenya, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, South Korea, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States.
49.Keith Sullivan, “Worldwide Poll Shows Most Dislike U.S. Policy,” The Washington Post, Jan. 22, 2007.
50.Rami Khouri, “The Great Arab Unraveling,” The Jordan Times, Mar. 2, 2007.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARTICLES AND REPORTS
Abaza, Khairi. “Presidential Elections in Egypt: The Day After.” Washington Institute of Near East Policy, Sept. 8, 2005.
———. “Reform Prospects During Mubarak’s Fifth Term.” Washington Institute of Near East Policy, Sept. 26, 2005.
Adams, Gordon. “Prime Numbers: Iraq’s Sticker Shock.” Foreign Policy, no. 159, Mar.–Apr. 2007.
Aita, Samir. “Syria: What Reforms While a Storm is Building.” Arab Reform Initiative Brief, no. 6, Apr. 2006.
Aly, Abdel Monem Said. “Prelude to Change: Egyptian Democratization, 2005.” Brandeis University Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Middle East Brief, no. 2, Jan. 2006.
Anderson, Jon Lee. “Letter from Beirut: The Battle for Lebanon.” The New Yorker, Aug. 7 and 14, 2006.
———. “Letter from Iraq: Out on the Street.” The New Yorker, Nov. 15, 2004.
Altman, Israel Elad. “Democracy, Elections and the Muslim Brotherhood,” in Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, vol. 3. Hudson Institute, Feb. 16, 2006.
Amuzegar, Jahangir. “Khatami: A Folk Hero in Search of Relevance.” Middle East Policy, vol. 11, no. 2, June 22, 2004.
“A Discussion with Yasser Arafat,” Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, Winter 1982, pp. 3–15.
Bakhash, Shaul. “Letter from Evin Prison.” The New York Review of Books, Sept. 22, 2005.
Baram, Amatzia. “Who Wins in Iraq: Israel.” Foreign Policy, no. 159, Mar.–Apr. 2007.
Barsalou, Judy. “Islamists at the Ballot Box: Findings from Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, and Turkey.” United States Institute of Peace, Special Report No. 144, July 2005.
Bennet, James. “The Enigma of Damascus.” The New York Times Magazine, July 10, 2005.
Bronner, Ethan. “Living with the Palestinian Catastrophe.” The New York Times, Apr. 23, 1998.
Brown, Nathan J. “Requiem for Palestinian Reform: Clear Lessons from a Troubled Record.” Carnegie Papers Middle East Series No. 81, Democracy and Rule of Law Project, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Feb. 2007.
———. “Aftermath of the Hamas Tsunami.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Outlook, Feb. 2006.
———. “Evaluating Palestinian Reform.” Carnegie Papers Middle East Series No. 59, Democracy and Rule of Law Program, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 2005.
Brown, Nathan J., and Hesham Nasr. “Egypt’s Judges Step Forward.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Policy Outlook, Democracy and Rule of Law Project, May 2005.
Brown, Nathan J., Amr Hamzawy, and Marina Ottaway. “Islamist Movements and the Democratic Process in the Arab World: Exploring the Gray Zones.” Carnegie Papers Middle East Series No. 67, joint publication of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Herbert Quandt Stiftung, Mar. 2006.
Brown, Nathan J., and Hesham Nasr. “Egypt’s Judges Step Forward.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Policy Outlook, Democracy and Rule of Law Program, May 2005.
Butko, Thomas. “Unity Through Opposition: Islam as an Instrument of Radical Political Change.” Middle East Review of International Affairs, vol. 8, no. 4, Dec. 2004.
Byman, Daniel. “Should Hezbollah Be Next?” Foreign Affairs, vol. 82, no. 6, Nov.–Dec. 2003.
———. “Who Wins in Iraq: Al Qaeda.” Foreign Policy, no. 159, Mar.–Apr. 2007.
Carothers, Thomas. “The ‘Sequencing’ Fallacy: How Democracies Emerge.” Journal of Democracy, vol. 18, no. 1, Jan. 2007.
Choucair, Julia. “Lebanon: Finding a Path from Deadlock to Democracy.” Carnegie Papers Middle East Series No. 64, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Jan. 2006.
Ciezadlo, Annia. “Beirut Dispatch: Sheik Up.” The New Republic, Aug. 7, 2006.
Cobban, Helena. “Hizbullah’s New Face: In Search of a Muslim Democracy.” Boston Review, Apr.–May 2005.
Cole, Juan. “A Shiite Crescent? The Regional Impact of the Iraq War.” Current History, Jan. 2006.
Coleman, Isobel. “The Pay-off from Women’s Rights.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 83, no. 3, May–June 2004.
———. “Women, Islam and the New Iraq.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 85, no. 1, Jan.–Feb. 2006.
Cordesman, Anthony H. “Lebanese Security and the Hezbollah.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, July 15, 2006.
———. “Preliminary Lessons of the Israeli-Hezbollah War.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Aug. 16, 2006.
———. “A Visit to the Israeli-Lebanese Front: Lessons of the War and Prospects for Peace and Future Fighting.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Aug. 17, 2006.
———. “Reconstruction in Iraq: The Uncertain Way Ahead.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Feb. 7, 2007.
———. “Contrasting the New NIE on Iraq with the Assumptions in the New Bush Strategy.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Feb. 2, 2007.
———. “The Impact of the Iraqi Election.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Dec. 31, 2005.
———. “US Strategy in Iraq: ‘Losing’ While ‘Winning’?” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Feb. 1, 2007.
———. “The New Bush Strategy in Iraq: The Details and the Risks.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Jan. 12, 2007.
Danner, Mark. “Iraq: The War of Imagination.” The New York Review of Books, vol. 53, no. 20, Dec. 21, 2006.
Darraj, Susan Muaddi. “Understanding the Other Sister: The Case of Arab Feminism.” Monthly Review, vol. 53, no. 10, Mar. 2002.
de Bellaigue, Christopher. “Defiant Iran.” The New York Review of Books, vol. 53, no. 17, Nov. 2, 2006.
Eisenstadt, Michael, and Jeffrey White. “Assessing Iraq’s Sunni Arab Insurgency.” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Focus No. 50, Dec. 2005.
El-Hokayem, Emile. “Hizbollah and Syria: Outgrowing the Proxy Relationship.” Center for Strategic and International Affairs, The Washington Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 2, Spring 2007.
Emmott, Bill. “Who Wins in Iraq: The Price of Oil.” Foreign Policy, no. 159, Mar.–Apr. 2007.
Fearon, James D. “Iraq’s Civil War.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 86, no. 2, Mar.–Apr. 2007.
Frum, David. “Who Wins in Iraq: Samuel Huntington.” Foreign Policy, no. 159, Mar.–Apr. 2007.
Gambill, Gary C., and Ziad K. Abdelnour. “Hezbollah: Between Tehran and Damascus.” Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 2, Feb. 2002.
———. “The Counter-revolution of the Cedars.” Mideast Monitor, vol. 1, no. 2, Apr.–May 2006.
Ganji, Akbar. “Republican Manifesto: A Model for a Way Out of a Political Dead End.” Nimruz and http://freeganji.blogspot, Sept. 9, 2002.
———. “Republican Manifesto II.” http://freeganji.blogspot
, May 30, 2005.
Gause, Gregory F., III. “Can Democracy Stop Terrorism?” Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 5, Sept.–Oct. 2005.
Gavrilis, George. “The Forgotten West Bank.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 85, no. 1, Jan.–Feb. 2006, pp. 66–76.
Ghazalla, Iman. “Sculpting the Rock of Women’s Rights: The Role of Women’s Organizations in Promoting the National Plan of Action to Integrate Women in Development in Morocco.” University of Minnesota, Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, 2001.
Glass, Charles. “Is Syria Next?” London Review of Books, vol. 25, no. 14, July 24, 2003.
Goldberg, Jeffrey. “In the Party of God, Part One: Are Terrorists in Lebanon Preparing for a Larger War?” The New Yorker, Oct. 14, 2002.
———. “In the Party of God, Part Two: Hezbollah Sets Up Operations in South America and the United States.” The New Yorker, Oct. 21, 2002.
———. “From Peace Process To Police Process.” The New York Times Magazine, Sept. 14, 1997.
Haass, Richard. “The New Middle East.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 85, no. 6, Nov.–Dec. 2006.
Hamzawy, Amr. “The Key to Arab Reform: Moderate Islamists.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Brief No. 40, August 2005.
———. “Opposition in Egypt.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Democracy and Rule of Law Project, Policy Outlook, Oct. 2005.
Hamzawy, Amr, and Nathan J. Brown. “Can Egypt’s Troubled Elections Produce a More Democratic Future?” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Democracy and Rule of Law Project, Policy Outlook, December 2005.
Hamzawy, Amr, Marina Ottaway, and Nathan J. Brown. “What Islamists Need to Be Clear About: The Case of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Democracy and Rule of Law Program, Policy Outlook, Feb. 2007.
Henderson, Simion. “Women in Gulf Politics: A Progress Report.” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, June 28, 2005.
Hersh, Seymour M. “Annals of National Security: The Redirection.” The New Yorker, Mar. 5, 2007.
Howeidy, Amira. “Politics in God’s Name. Al-Ahram Weekly, no. 247, Nov. 16–22, 1995.
Human Rights Watch. “Egypt: Election Offers Public Debate, Not Free Choice.” Sept. 2, 2005.
———. “Morocco: After Truth Commission, End Impunity.” Nov. 28, 2005.
———. “Morocco: Convictions Show Limits on Press Freedom.” May 9, 2006.
———. “Morocco: Hidden Child Workers Face Abuse: Girls Working as Domestics Denied Basic Rights.” Dec. 20, 2005.
———. “Morocco: Counter-Terror Crackdown Sets Back Rights Progress.” Oct. 21, 2004.
———. “Morocco: Human Rights after the Casablanca Bombings.” Vol. 16, no. 6(E), October 2004.
———. “Morocco: Human Rights at a Crossroads.” Oct. 21, 2004.
Ibrahim, Anwar. “Universal Democracy and MuslimValues.” Journal of Democracy, vol. 17, no. 3, July 2006.
Ibrahim, Saad Eddin. “An Islamic Alternative in Egypt: The Muslim Brotherhood and Sadat.” Arab Studies Quarterly, no. 4, 1982, pp. 75–93.
International Crisis Group. “After Mecca: Engaging Hamas.” Middle East Report No. 62, Feb. 28, 2007.
———. “Enter Hamas: The Challenges of Political Integration.” Middle East Report No. 49, Jan. 18, 2006.
———. “Lebanon: Managing the Gathering Storm,” Report No. 48. Released in Amman and Brussels, Dec. 5, 2005.
———. “Palestinian Refugees and the Politics of Peacemaking.” Middle East Report No. 22, released in Amman and Brussels, Feb. 5, 2004
———. “Reforming Egypt: In Search of a Strategy,” Report No. 46. Released in Brussels and Cairo, Oct. 4, 2005.
———. “Understanding Islamism.” Middle East/North Africa Report No. 37, Mar. 2, 2005.
Jorisch, Avi. “Al-Manar: Hizbullah TV 24/7.” Middle East Quarterly, vol. 11, no. 1, Winter 2004.
Karmon, Ely. “Fight on All Fronts: Hizballah, the War on Terror, and the War in Iraq.” Washington D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2003.
———. “The U.S. Indictment of Palestinian Islamic Jihad Militants: The Iranian Connection.” Washington D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Watch No. 718, March 3, 2003.
Khouri, Rami G. “Islamist Democrats.” Agence Global, Dec. 10, 2005.
Kitfield, James. “The Decline Begins.” The National Journal, May 18, 2007.
Kodmani, Bassma. “The Dangers of Political Exclusion: Egypt’s Islamist Problem.” Carnegie Paper Middle East Series No. 63, Democracy and Rule of Law Project, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 2005.
Kramer, Jane. “Letter from Morocco: The Crusader.” The New Yorker, Oct. 16, 2006.
Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce. “Islamism, Moroccan Style: The Ideas of Sheikh Yassine.” Middle East Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 1, Winter 2003.
Makiya, Kanan. “Iraq’s Democratic Prospects.” Foreign Policy Research Institute, June 7, 2006.
Malka, Haim. “Forcing Choices: Testing the Transformation of Hamas.” Washington Quarterly, Autumn 2005, pp. 37–54.
Marr, Phebe. “Democracy in the Rough.” Current History, Jan. 2006.
Malley, Robert. “A New Middle East.” The New York Review of Books, Sept. 21, 2006.
Moroccan Equity and Reconciliation Commission. “Summary of the Findings of the Final Report,” Kingdom of Morocco, Dec. 2005.
Munson, Ziad. “Islamic Mobilization: Social Movement Theory and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.” The Sociological Quarterly, vol. 42, no. 4, Fall 2001, pp. 487–510.
Muravchik, Joshua. “And the Walls Came Tumbling Down.” The American Enterprise, vol. 16, no. 3, Apr.–May 2005.
Murphy, Brian. “Hamas’ Participation in Palestinian Elections Challenges Militants to Be Democrats.” Associated Press, Oct. 9, 2005.
Nasr, Vali. “When the Shiites Rise.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 85, no. 4, July–Aug. 2006.
———. “Who Wins in Iraq: Iran.” Foreign Policy, no. 159, Mar.–Apr. 2007.
Noe, Nicholas. “The Relationship between Hizbullah & the United States in Light of the Current Situation in the Middle East.” Master of Philosophy Thesis, Cambridge University Centre for International Studies, July 2006.
Norton, Augustus Richard. “Hizballah and the Israeli Withdrawal from Southern Lebanon.” Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. 30, no. 1, Autumn 2000, pp. 22–35.
———. “Hizballah: From Radicalism to Pragmatism?” Middle East Policy Council Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, Jan. 1998.
———. “Hizballah of Lebanon: Extremist Ideals vs. Mundane Politics.” New York: Council on Foreign Relations, Muslim Politics Project, 1999.
———. “Walking Between Raindrops: Hizballah in Lebanon,” Mediterranean Politics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 81–102.
Othmani, Saadeddine. “Islamist Political Parties and Winning the Challenge of Democratic Reform.” Paper delivered at the 2006 annual conference of Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy, Washington, D.C., May 5, 2006.
Ottaway, Marina. “Evaluating Middle East Reform: How Do We Know When It Is Significant?” Carnegie Papers Middle East Series No. 56, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Feb. 2005.
———. “Morocco: From Top-down Reform to Democratic Transition?” Carnegie Papers Middle East Series No. 71, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Oct. 2006.
———. “Who Wins in Iraq: Arab Dictators.” Foreign Policy, no. 159, Mar.–Apr. 2007.
Pargeter, Alison. “The Islamist Movement in Morocco.” Terrorism Monitor, vol. 3, no. 10, May 19, 2005.
Remnick, David. “Letter from the West Bank: The Democracy Game.” The New Yorker, Feb. 27, 2006.
Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal. “Hizbollah’s Outlook in the Current Conflict, Part One: Motives, Strategy, Objectives.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Middle East Program, Policy Outlook, Aug. 2006.
———. “Hizbollah’s Outlook in the Current Conflict, Pa
rt Two: Accommodating Diplomacy and Preparing for the Postwar Context.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Middle East Program, Policy Outlook, Aug. 2006.
Safa, Oussama, “Getting to Arab Democracy: Lebanon Springs Forward.” Journal of Democracy, vol. 17, no. 1, Jan. 2006, pp. 22–37.
Salem, Paul. “The Future of Lebanon.” Foreign Affairs, Nov.–Dec. 2006.
Samii, Abbas William. “Shiites in Lebanon: The Key to Democracy.” Middle East Policy, vol. 13, no. 2, Summer 2006, pp. 30–37.
Samuels, David. “In a Ruined Counry: How Yasir Arafat Destroyed Palestine.” The Atlantic Monthly, Sept. 2005.
Schenker, David, ed. “Countering Islamists at the Ballot Box.” Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Focus No. 61, Nov. 2006.
Shanahan, Rodger. “Hizballah Rising: The Political Battle for the Loyalty of the Shi’a of Lebanon.” Middle East Review of International Affairs, vol. 9, no. 1, Mar. 2005.
Shikaki, Khalil. “The Future of Palestine.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 83, no. 6, Nov.–Dec. 2004.
———. “Palestinians Divided.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, no. 1, Jan.–Feb. 2002.
———. “The Palestinian Electorate: Islamists Are More Capable of Leading the Reform and State Building Process.” Arab Reform Initiative Brief, Mar. 12, 2006.
———. “The Politics of Paralysis II: Peace Now or Hamas Later.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 77, no. 4, July–Aug. 1998.
———. “Willing to Compromise: Palestinian Public Opinion and the Peace Process.” United States Institute of Peace Special Report 158, Jan. 2006.
Sobelman, Daniel. “Four Years After the Withdrawal from Lebanon: Refining the Rules of the Game.” Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies Strategic Assessment, vol. 7, no. 2, Aug. 2004.
———. “Hizbollah After the Syrian Withdrawal.” Jaffee Center for Stratgic Studies Strategic Assessment, vol. 8, no. 1, Aug. 2005.
———. “Two Years After the Withdrawal—A Compromise, Interests, and Exigencies.” Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies Strategic Assessment, vol. 5, no. 2, Aug. 2002.
Takeyh, Ray. “Time for Détente with Iran.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 86, no. 2, Mar.–Apr. 2007.
