Mayor Cavanagh had returned from Hawaii: Detroit News, June 22, 1963; Detroit Free Press, June 22, 1963.
Chapter 10: Home Juice
the gambling raid at the Gotham Hotel: John Herling Papers, Reuther Library; George Edwards unpublished autobiography, Edwards Papers, Reuther Library.
a classic underworld conversation: Detroit Free Press, June 23, 1963.
Giacalone lived in a redbrick palace: Depiction drawn from “Tony Giacalone Rules with Regal Flair,” Detroit Free Press, Jan. 12, 1969; Detroit Free Press, Sept. 2, 1963; Detroit News, June 21, 1963; Stolberg, Bridging the River of Hatred.
Douglas was game: Transcript, Advisory Council of Judge’s Speech, May 1963, John Herling Papers, Reuther Library.
“Well, you know what I mean”: Stolberg, Bridging the River of Hatred.
In that speech Edwards also recalled how his father’s last case: George Edwards Collection, Box 112, Reuther Library; Edwards unpublished autobiography, Reuther Library.
Chapter 11: Eight Lanes Down Woodward
Police Commissioner Edwards went to the airport: Account of events at airport and hotel drawn from Edwards collection, Series III, Reuther Library; Detroit Free Press, June 24, 1963; Detroit News, June 24, 1963; Edwards unpublished biography, Edwards collection, Reuther Library.
Some people started singing “God Bless America”: Account of the march down Woodward drawn from interviews, Nicholas Hood, Booker Moten, Ron Scott, Wendell Anthony, Hildy Best; Cavanagh Papers, Box 112, Reuther Library; Reuther Papers, Reuther Library; Detroit Commission on Community Relations, Box 12, Reuther Library; Detroit NAACP Papers, Box 24, Reuther Library; Detroit News, June 24, 1963; Detroit Free Press, June 24, 1963; Michigan Chronicle, June 29, 1963; transcript, Arthur Johnson oral history interview, Salvatore box, Bentley Historical Library; Johnson, Race and Remembrance; Stolberg, Bridging the River of Hatred.
Chapter 12: Detroit Dreamed First
With every seat occupied: Account of events at Cobo Hall leading up to MLK’s speech drawn from Detroit NAACP papers, Box 24, Official Program, Detroit Council for Human Rights, and Box 6 correspondence, Reuther Library; Illustrated News (undated); interviews, Nicholas Hood, Ron Scott, Booker Moten, Berry Gordy Jr., John Conyers Jr., Duke Faker; Detroit News, June 24, 1963; Detroit Free Press, June 24, 1963; Michigan Chronicle, June 29, 1963; Dickmeyer, Putting the World Together; Branch, Parting the Waters; Johnson, Race and Remembrance.
The call-and-response had begun: Recording of MLK’s speech, “The Great March to Freedom, Rev. Martin Luther King Speaks,” Detroit Press, June 23, 1963, Motown Record Corp., produced by Berry Gordy—juxtaposed with transcript of King’s “I Have a Dream” speech, March on Washington, August 28, 1963; account of politics behind Washington speech from Jack Conway oral history, JFKL; Branch, Parting the Waters; Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit; Boyle, The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism.
Four days after the Walk to Freedom: Cavanagh Papers, Box 112, Reuther Library. Another sadly typical letter came from R. L. Garver: “Dear Mayor, I sure hope you won enough NAACP supporters to insure your reelection next time you are up. You sure lost a lot of white votes and some colored. I’m a ‘damnyankee’ but a staunch believer in segregation. . . . I know some mighty fine people in the colored race but not a one was present or took part in this day’s folly. In fact they say it’s only the colored and white trash that will have anything to do with it.”
Chapter 13: Heat Wave
The gray terra-cotta structure: Michigan Chronicle, July 6, 1963; HistoricDetroit.org, Dan Austin; “Woodward: Avenue of Escape,” Detroit News, March 27, 2007; Whitall, Women of Motown.
“It was the most beautiful ballroom”: Interview, Berry Gordy Jr.
The wonder of this record began: Interviews, Berry Gordy Jr., Paul Riser; Ribowsky, Signed, Sealed and Delivered, 86–90; The Complete Motown Singles, Vol. 3, 1963.
The structure of activities on West Grand Boulevard: Interviews, Berry Gordy Jr., Martha Reeves, Ed Wolfrum, Paul Riser, Janie Bradford; Hitsville Platter, Vol. 1, Detroit Public Library; Robinson and Ritz, Smokey: Inside My Life.
It propelled Martha and the Vandellas: Interviews, Martha Reeves, Berry Gordy Jr., Paul Riser; The Complete Motown Singles, Vol. 3, 1963.
At three on the morning of July 5: Account of Cynthia Scott shooting and responses of police and community drawn from Detroit News and Detroit Free Press coverage all of July; Edwards unpublished autobiography; Michigan Chronicle, July 20, 1963; Stolberg, Bridging the River of Hatred; Cleage’s Illustrated News, n.d., summer 1963; interviews, former DPD officers John Tsampikou, Anthony Fierimonte, David Wright.
“As one who bears both the physical and psychological effects: Cavanagh papers, Box 112, Reuther Library, letter to Commissioner George Edwards, 1300 Beaubien, Detroit, Mich., from SCLC, Martin Luther King, 334 Auburn Ave NE Atlanta 3, Georgia, June 27, 1963. “Let me also thank you for the services of Lieutenant Harge,” King wrote. “I was tremendously impressed with him. He represents the highest and best that can be found in a police officer.”
Chapter 14: The Vast Magnitude
. . . a fleet of sedans double-parked outside: Interview transcripts of David Lawrence, Holmes Brown, Halberstam Papers, BU.
On the second to last day of July: Cavanagh Papers, Box 98, Reuther Library, Files 27, 28.
This was the infected heart: Account of Henry Ford and anti-Semitism drawn from “The International Jew,” Dearborn Independent, Vol. 2–4 (1920); Gelderman, Henry Ford: The Wayward Capitalist; Collier and Horowitz, The Fords: An American Dynasty; New York Times, Sept. 5, 1927; Logsdon, Power, Ignorance and Anti-Semitism: Henry Ford and His War on Jews.
“I started right out to change that”: Henry Ford II oral history interviews with David Lewis, Apr. 14, 1980, Apr. 16, 1985, BFRC.
It was under Reuther and Henry Ford II: Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit.
One day in mid-July 1963: Detroit News archive, July 1963.
“We used to remark lightly”: David W. Burke oral history interview by Sheldon Stern, Apr. 17, 1979, JFKL.
A stump speech that he delivered: Reuther Papers, Box 552, 599, Reuther Library.
“Three young men in dirty work clothes”: Philip Levine, “Salt and Oil.”
Steelworkers with fifteen years seniority: Detroit News, June 23, 1963. Asher Lauren, the newspaper’s labor writer, wrote a column headlined “UAW Eyes Steel’s 13-Week Vacations.”
After arriving at Ford Motor Company: Iacocca and Novak, Iacocca: An Autobiography; Henry Ford II oral history interview with David Lewis, BFRC.
His philosophy was encapsulated in a speech: Lee A. Iacocca, “The Four Freedoms of Advertising,” Conference Luncheon, October 26, 1965, Plaza Hotel, New York, Box FM 30, J. Walter Thompson Archive, HC.
“To fire up the enthusiasm”: The Mustang story memo, Franklyn R. Thomas, JWT vice president, Colin Dawkins Papers, Box 9, J. Walter Thompson Archive, HC.
There is a story told by Walter Murphy: Ward’s Auto World, May 1966.
“Frey, I’m tired of your fucking car: Oral history interview with Donald Frey, BFRC; Clor, The Mustang Dynasty.
Chapter 15: Houses Divided
George Romney, hair slicked back: AP, June 29, 1963. The story ran across the country, including in Birmingham, Alabama, prompting hate mail.
The Grosse Pointe point system persisted: Sidney Fine, “Michigan and Housing Discrimination 1949–1968,” Michigan Historical Review, Fall 1977; “Grosse Pointe Residents Condemn Anti-Jewish ‘Point System,’ ” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, June 21, 1960.
As historian Geoffrey Kabaservice: Author of the insightful Rule and Ruin: The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party.
A memo from Charles M. Tucker: Romney Papers, Box 220, Bentley Historical Library. Among those Tucker singled out for replacement were Broadus N. Butler, the Wayne State professor and Michigan Chronicle columnist who had been a member of the Michigan Cultural Comm
ission. The memo said Butler attacked Romney and “should be replaced at all costs if possible. Repeat should be replaced.” Minister Charles W. Butler, not related, was also targeted for replacement, with the memo noting that he “was one of sponsors of Rev. Martin Luther King to help get out Negro vote.”
His first public appearance as governor: Detroit News, Jan. 4, 1963, Detroit Free Press, Jan. 4, 1963.
When President Kennedy delivered: Romney Papers, Box 29, Bentley Historical Library. Romney received a note back from White House aide Lee C. White saying “We appreciate receiving your support.”
One of his early correspondents was E. V. Hogge: Romney Papers Box 29, Bentley Historical Library.
Now came reports that police: Michigan Chronicle, August 10, 1963. The article concluded, “The activity at the corner Monday was labeled abominable by citizens who called the Chronicle.”
The larger purpose of the meeting: Detroit Commission on Community Relations, Box 19, Reuther Library.
A Michigan Chronicle reporter covering the convention: Michigan Chronicle, July 13, 1963.
Almost beyond dispute was the rising talent: Michigan Chronicle, August 31, 1963.
In the days and weeks after the Walk to Freedom: Account of Berry Gordy dealing with SCLC regarding MLK recording drawn from MLK Papers, BU, Box 79, folder 6; King Center Digital Library, MLK Library, Atlanta.
Reuther and the UAW played a more central role: Account of Reuther before and during March on Washington drawn from Reuther Papers, Box 577, Files 13–14, Reuther Library; Boyle, The UAW and the Heyday of the American Liberalism; Branch, Parting the Waters; Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit.
It did not take Berry Gordy long: MLK Papers, BU, Box 79.
The two local politicians, one white, one black: Common Council Papers, Box 79, file 15, Cavanagh Papers, Reuther Library; Open Housing, Box 112, File 24, Reuther Library; Community Relations File, Box 5, Reuther Library; Ravitz Papers, Reuther Library.
Roberson was black and blind: Open Housing, Box 112, File 28, Reuther Library, Report of Community Relations Commission from Field Division, to Richard V. Marks, Subject: Attempt of Raymond Roberson to rent an apartment in Seven-Mile Gratiot area.
Opponents of the Patrick-Ravitz bill: Open Housing, Box 112, File 24, Cavanagh Papers, Reuther Library. Cavanagh received a letter of support from Abraham F. Citron, Michigan Area director of the American Jewish Committee, who closed by writing, “More and more people are catching on to the idea that housing discrimination is only for the bigots, the brokers, the Birminghamers, and the birds.”
“America does not deserve”: Leaflet, Olympic File, Box 103, Cavanagh Papers, Reuther Library.
Chapter 16: The Spirit of Detroit
Avery Brundage, president: Brundage file, LA84. August 28, 1963, to Mr. Avery Brundage, LaSalle Hotel, 10 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois. Cross’s lawyerly buttering up included lines such as “From our long friendship, which I cherish”; Olympics, Box 103, Cavanagh Papers, Reuther Library.
Brundage arrived at 10:37: Olympics, Box 103, Cavanagh Papers, Reuther Library; Brundage file, LA84.
First stop on the Detroit tour: Account of Brundage in Detroit drawn from Brundage schedule, Detroit Olympic Committee, 322 Veterans Memorial Bldg., Sept. 6, 1963, LA84; Memo from Jack Tompkins, Brundage Papers, LA84.
An oversized hardback book: Jack Casey personal collection.
“I have just returned from Detroit”: Brundage Papers, LA84.
This time the torch would be carried: Cavanagh Papers, Box 79, File 20, Olympics, press releases, Detroit Olympic Committee, Reuther Library. Contact was Cavanagh’s press secretary, Jim Trainor. See also Brundage Papers, LA84.
On October 11, the morning the relay: Account of controversy involving Olympics rally drawn from Olympics, Box 79, Cavanagh Papers, Reuther Library; Romney Papers, Box 34, Bentley Historical Library; Detroit News, Oct. 14, 1963; Detroit Free Press, Oct. 14, 1963; Michigan Chronicle, Oct. 19, 1963.
Most of the official Detroit party: Account of the Detroit delegation in Baden-Baden drawn from Travel diary of Alfred R. Glancy, Charles F. Adams speech before Adcraft Club after the Baden-Baden loss, Box 103, Cavanagh Papers, Reuther Library; Detroit News, Oct. 12–23, 1963; Detroit Free Press, Oct. 12–23, 1963; Brundage Papers, LA84.
Chapter 17: Smoke Rings
We don’t want everything: Illustrated News, Oct. 28, 1963.
He called for unity among black activists: Michigan Chronicle, Nov. 16, 1963.
Detroit Red was one of his old nicknames: Malcolm X and Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X; Marable, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention.
“And when you and I here in Detroit”: Transcript, “Message to the Grassroots,” Nov. 10, 1963.
Ofield Dukes, who covered: Michigan Chronicle, Nov. 16, 1963.
The crowd started lining the sidewalk: The Motortown Revue, Motown Record Corp., 1964, produced by Wm. Stevenson, liner notes by Ronald Miller; Michigan Chronicle, Nov. 23, 1963; interviews, Martha Reeves, Janie Bradford.
Chapter 18: Fallen
“it died without pomp or ceremony”: Michigan Chronicle, Nov. 23, 1963.
Aretha Franklin was strolling: Franklin and Ritz, Aretha: From these Roots.
“Yes, son, I have my rosary”: Michigan Chronicle, Nov. 30, 1963.
“Bobby, the president was killed!”: Interview, Robert Ankony.
It was deer hunting season: Interview, Raymond Murray.
Berry Gordy was in his office: Interview, Berry Gordy Jr.; Gordy, To Be Loved.
Out at the Glass House: Details of presidential limousine from Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, where the vehicle remains on display.
David Laurie, ten years old: Interview, David Laurie.
Walter Reuther’s daughter: Dickmeyer, Putting the World Together.
Reuther had been planning to be in Washington: Account of Reuther in days after JFK assassination drawn from Reuther Papers, Box 368, Reuther Library.
Before delivering a strong civil rights speech: Detroit News, Jan. 5–6, 1963.
There was more than a hint of Hyannis Port: Interviews, Mark Cavanagh, Bob Toohey; Cavanagh Papers, Boxes 103, 104, Reuther Library.
“The American Tragedy of 1963”: Michigan Chronicle, Nov. 30, 1963.
Early that Sunday afternoon, Earl Ruby: Jack Lessenberry, Toledo Blade, Sept. 28, 2003.
The day after watching Ruby shoot Oswald: Detroit News, Nov. 26, 1963.
George Edwards was in Washington: George Edwards unpublished autobiography, Edwards Papers, Reuther Library; Stolberg, Bridging the River of Hatred; Detroit News, Nov. 21–22, 1963.
The clubs of Detroit were uncharacteristically quiet: Michigan Chronicle, Nov. 30, 1963; interview, Berry Gordy Jr.
But Night Train Lane—that was a different matter: Doug Warren, “Black, White and Red All Over,” Nov. 27, 2012; Dick “Night Train” Lane Official site; Dan Holmes, “Clearing Up Some Confusion about ‘Night Train’ Lane and His Nickname,” DetroitAthletic.com, Jan. 8, 2012; Neft, The Football Encyclopedia.
In early December Dinah returned: To Chief of Detectives, Death of Dinah Washington Lane, 37 N, 4002 Buena Vista, phone 933-1908 (married), DPD; Michigan Chronicle, Jan. 4, 1964.
Chapter 19: Big Old Waterboats
Johnson was doing most of the talking: Transcript of LBJ conversation with McNamara, Jan. 25, 1964, Beschloss, from Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, 1963–64.
“We’ve got to get going on civil rights”: Transcript of LBJ conversation with Reuther, Dec. 23, 1963, in Beschloss, Taking Charge.
Before his first State of the Union: Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit.
Out of these negative developments: Depiction of UAW proposal for joint small-car operation drawn from Reuther Papers, Box 368, Reuther Library: “Proposal to Reduce Balance of Payments and to Provide Employment for Displaced Studebaker Workers by Production of an All-American Car.”
Chapter 20: Unfinished Business
&
nbsp; That story was published in the first: Michigan Chronicle, Jan. 5, 1964.
“Ah, it’s a great life”: Detroit Free Press, Jan. 11, 1964.
In his New Year’s address: Detroit Free Press, Jan. 1, 1964.
“I would be a stupid columnist”: Michigan Chronicle, Dec. 29, 1963.
A few months before his fourteenth birthday: Michigan Chronicle, Jan. 11, 1964; Ribowsky, Signed, Sealed and Delivered; “Happy Street” lyrics: “Everybody come on yeah yeah clap your hands / ah hah yeah / Everybody come on yeah yeah clap your hands / Come on and clap your hands / Stomp your feet / Get with the rhythm of happy street / ’Cause that’s my street, happy street.”
In the year of unfinished business: The Complete Motown Singles, Vol. 4, 1964.
Dylan never actually uttered: Abrams, Hype and Soul.
The Supremes seemed to be everywhere: Michigan Chronicle, Jan. 11, 1964; interviews, Berry Gordy Jr., Janie Bradford; Ribowsky, The Supremes.
If he understood Johnson’s concern: Reuther Papers, Box 368, Reuther Library; Detroit Free Press, Jan. 23, 1964. Gene Roberts Jr. covered UAW meeting in Chicago for the Free Press.
Two days later President Johnson: Detroit Free Press, March 23, 1964; Detroit News, March 23, 1964.
Paul Riser had been in the same class: Interview, Paul Riser. In later years with Motown, Riser emerged as an accomplished producer, creating, among other classics, Jimmy Ruffin’s “What Becomes of the Brokenhearted?”
“Modest Mary Sinks the Beatles”: Abrams, Hype and Soul; Detroit News, March 12, 1964; Christopher Petkanas, T Magazine, Nov. 23, 2010.
They were regarded as balladeers: Account of Four Tops drawn from interviews, Abdul (Duke) Fakir, Berry Gordy Jr., Dan Aldridge; Four Tops Biography, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum; Beat Instrumental, May 1970.
Among the words of wisdom: Interview, Berry Gordy Jr.; Michigan Chronicle, April 23, 1964.
The Conyers family roots: Interview, John Conyers Jr.; Michigan Chronicle, March 20, 1964.
He was deciding federal appeals court cases now: Stolberg, Bridging the River of Hatred.
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