Rothstein, William G. American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century: From Sects to Science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972.
Sahli, Nancy. “Elizabeth Blackwell M.D.: A Biography 1821–1910.” Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1974.
_____. “A Stick to Break Our Heads With: Elizabeth Blackwell and Philadelphia Medicine.” Pennsylvania History 44, no. 4 (October 1977): 335–47.
Starr, Paul. The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry. New York: Basic Books, 1982.
Todd, Margaret, M.D. The Life of Sophia Jex-Blake. London: Macmillan, 1918.
Vietor, Agnes Caecilia. A Woman’s Quest: The Life of Marie E. Zakrzewska, M.D. New York: D. Appleton, 1924.
Walsh, Mary Roth. “Doctors Wanted: No Women Need Apply”: Sexual Barriers in the Medical Profession, 1835–1975. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977.
Wheeler, Leslie, ed. Loving Warriors: Selected Letters of Lucy Stone and Henry B. Blackwell, 1853–1893. New York: Dial Press, 1981.
INDEX
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. The letter n after a page number refers to a footnote.
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
abortion, 26, 136–37, 138
Allen, Jonathan Moses, 39
amalgamation, 81
American Medical Association, 50, 157–58
Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett, see Garrett Anderson, Elizabeth
Anderson, James Skelton, 250
Anthony, Susan B., 184, 190–91
Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, 16, 110
Arabia (Royal Mail Steamship), 160
Ashmead, William, 38
Associationism, 22, 34, 66, 69, 73, 80
Barry, James, 240n
Battle of Cold Harbor, 232
Beecher, Catharine, 19, 142
Beecher, Henry Ward, 3, 19, 201–2, 244
Beecher, Lyman, 19, 21
Bell, Acton (Anne Brontë), 109n
Bell, Currer (Charlotte Brontë), 109, 109n
Bell, Ellis (Emily Brontë), 109n
Bellevue Hospital, 105-52, 204, 206
Bellows, Eliza, 144
Bellows, Henry Whitney, 144, 226, 228–29
Benedict, Nathan Dow, 61–62, 63
Berkshire Medical Institution, 150
Billing, Archibald, 240
Binney, Amos, 179n
Blackwell, Alice Stone, 210, 213, 246, 249, 252, 266–67
Blackwell, Ann, 9
Blackwell, Anna
in Birmingham, England, 87, 88, 164
in Bristol, England, 6, 7–8, 9, 10
chronic ill health, 34, 88, 109, 116, 171
in Cincinnati, 20
as correspondent of The Una, 175n
faith in alternative medicine, 34, 36–37, 38, 88, 106, 257
George Sand translation, 73
in Hastings, 254
on Henry’s marriage to Lucy Stone, 187
in Jersey City, 13–14, 16
journalism, 34, 106, 175, 193, 211
Kenyon’s marriage and, 121
move to Birmingham, England, 73
in Paris with Elizabeth, 93–94, 99, 103, 105–7, 108–9, 112
photograph, 105
reaction to Howard’s death, 239, 241
séances, 93, 99, 257
at St. Ann’s in Flushing, New York, 24–26, 30, 33–34
teaching position in Vermont, 14, 18
tension with Elizabeth, 13–14
tutoring of siblings, 13
Blackwell, Antoinette Brown (Nettie), 189, 189–91, 192, 194, 210–11
Blackwell, Barbara, 9
Blackwell, Cornelia (“Neenie”), 259, 260
Blackwell, Edith, 262
Blackwell, Elizabeth
abortion, attitude toward, 137
admission to medical college, 41–45
antislavery beliefs, 16–17, 24, 30, 32–33, 110–11
applications to medical colleges, 38–40
Asheville, NC, teaching position, 30–33
attitude toward women, 66–69, 123, 143, 180
in Berlin, 113
betweenity, 26, 27
in Birmingham, England, 87–89
at birth of Nettie and Sam’s daughter, 192
at Blockley Almshouse, 59–66, 69–70, 253
in Bristol, England, 5, 6, 7–8, 247
on the British Medical Register, 223, 247, 252, 267
burial in Scotland, 267
Charleston, SC, teaching position, 35–36
in Cincinnati, 18–22, 84
Cincinnati English and French Academy for Young Ladies, 20–21
on Civil War causes, 224
Civil War support efforts, 225–26, 227–30
at Columbia College commencement speeches, 13
community reaction to Elizabeth as student, 46–47, 48, 56–57, 75, 80–81
Contagious Diseases Acts, 253
cottage and sanatorium in Bloomfield, New Jersey, 231, 232
Counsel to Parents, 253–54
death, 266–67, 268
decision to go to England in 1858, 210–13
decision to study medicine, 3, 26–29, 30
departure to England in 1869, 245–47
diagrams of arteries and the uterus, 54, 55
disgust at human biology, 3, 27, 28
dispensary closed, 181
dispensary establishment, 157–58, 162–63
dispensary practice, 181
dissection of a beetle, 32
diverging goals of Emily and, 225, 242–43
Draft Riots and, 231
and Emily (1852–1853), 148–49, 150
to Emily in Henderson, 111
on Emily’s graduation from medical college, 160
Emily viewed as assistant, 142, 209
encouraging Emily to study medicine, 72–73, 84, 124
in England after 1869, 247, 248, 250–57
in England in 1858, 215–17, 219–20, 222–23
Episcopal and Unitarian religion, 21–22
eye infection and recovery, in Paris, 104–9, 112, 116, 240
Fanny Kemble and, 127, 208
first patient examination at Geneva, 53–54
in France in 1858, 214–15
Geneva Medical College admission, 41–45
Geneva Medical College, final examinations, 75, 76
Geneva Medical College, first term, 45–56
Geneva Medical College, graduation and diploma, 75–79
Geneva Medical College, second term, 71–75
Geneva student reactions to, 41–42, 43, 47–48, 49, 56, 75, 76
glass prosthetic left eye, 116, 148, 212
graduation thesis, 63–65, 80, 243
at Gräfenberg sanatorium, 114–16
in Hastings, 254, 255
in Henderson, KY, 23-24, 109-10
on Henry’s marriage to Lucy Stone, 187, 188
house on East Fifteenth Street, 181–82, 193–94, 204
“How to Keep a Household in Health,” 255–56
Human Element in Sex, The, 254–55
hydropathy, or the “water cure,” 99–100, 111–12, 114–16
ideas about hygiene, 65, 130, 139, 146, 217, 256
infirmary opening in 1857, 1–3, 200–203
influenza, 74–75
interest in spiritualism, 256–57
on Italian Riviera, 218
in Jersey City, 12–17
journey to Paris, 85–91
Kenyon’s marriage and, 121
with Kitty in England after 1870, 252, 254, 255, 256, 259
Kitty’s addition to household, 182–84
lack of intimacy with others, 28–29
Lady Byron and, 127–28, 148, 208–9, 215
Laws of Life, The, 144, 163, 185–86, 215, 226, 240
lecture
s on raising healthy children, 142–44, 215
lectures on women’s health and women doctors, 215–16, 219–20
in Liverpool, England, 87
in London, 89–90, 120–27, 128–31
with Marian in New York, 40, 133–34, 145–46, 150, 182, 191, 194
on Marie’s cervical stenosis treatment, 172–73
Maternité, La, 94–95, 96–103, 99, 104–8, 109, 240
medical studies with John Dickson, 30, 32–33
medical studies with Samuel Dickson, 35
medicine as a moral crusade, 30, 39, 252–53, 256
meeting Abraham Lincoln, 233
National Health Society, 252
as naturalized citizen of United States, 84–85
with Nightingale in England, 128–30, 216–18, 220
on Nightingale’s view of women’s role in health, 130, 174, 217
“On the Medical Education of Women,” 196, 199
opinion of Paris, 91–92, 95
opinion of women’s medical colleges, 139, 235, 236, 237
in Philadelphia, after graduation, 82–83, 84–85
in Philadelphia, before graduation, 36, 38, 40, 43–44, 58–66, 69–70, 82–83
photographs, 149, 255, 267
plan to study in Paris, 83–85
practice at University Place, New York, 132–33, 144–46, 156
in Punch, 47, 95–96
refusal to borrow money, 207–8
regular (allopathic) vs. alternative medicine, 38, 81, 124, 139–40
at Rock House, 254, 255
search for medical instruction in Paris, 92–94
St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 111, 121–24, 122, 128, 130–31, 150
teaching about hygiene, 142, 163, 225, 237, 242, 243, 256
temperance movement and, 13, 99
tension with Anna, 13–14
trip to England in 1866, 239
trip to Washington as tourist, 232–34
will written in 1869, 247
Women’s Central Association for Relief, 227–30
women’s rights movement and, 67–69, 126, 143
see also New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children; Woman’s Medical College of the New York Infirmary
Blackwell, Elizabeth (eighteenth-century Scotswoman), 103
Blackwell, Ellen
in Bristol, England, 6
in Cincinnati, 18
Cornelia (“Neenie”) adopted by, 259, 260
with Elizabeth in New York, 133
Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84
as Emily’s housekeeper, 259, 260
on Henry’s marriage to Lucy Stone, 188
Kitty and, 213, 214
National Woman’s Rights Convention, 126
studying painting in Europe, 193–94, 213
Blackwell, Emily
antislavery beliefs, 16, 110–11
attending surgeon at infirmary, 207
Bellevue Hospital, 150–52
in Birmingham, England, 163–64
in Bristol, England, 6
burial on Martha’s Vineyard, 267–68
care for sick mother, 119–20
in Cincinnati, 18, 21, 34–35, 109, 117–20, 139–40
Civil War support efforts, 225–26, 227–30
Cleveland Medical College, 141, 159–60, 179
as college faculty and administrator, 243, 247–48, 257, 262–63, 264–66
complaints about Zakrzewska, 221–22
cottage and sanatorium in Bloomfield, New Jersey, 231, 232
Daniel Brainard and, 152–55, 156–57, 158, 159
death and eulogies, 266–67, 268
diverging goals of Elizabeth and, 225, 242–43
in Edinburgh, 165, 166–75, 177, 179, 181
Elizabeth Cushier and, 260–62, 266
Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84
on Elizabeth’s recovered health, 109
on Elizabeth’s trip to England in 1869, 246
encouraged by Elizabeth to study medicine, 72–73, 84, 124
graduation from medical college, 160, 195
Hannah (“Nannie”) adopted by, 259
In Henderson, KY, 109-11, 117
on Henry’s marriage to Lucy Stone, 187
house on East Fifteenth Street, 204, 220
house on Twentieth Street, 259–60, 265
infirmary opening in 1857, 2, 3, 202–3
in Jersey City, 14, 16
journey to Edinburgh, 161–64
lack of empathy, 3–4, 120
lecture series for women, 210
love of nature, 141–42, 162, 164
management of infirmary, 210, 212–13, 220–23, 248
Maternité, La, 192
at Minto House, 169, 169–70
in New York (1852–1853), 148–49, 150–52
opinion of women’s medical colleges, 139, 235, 236, 237
photographs, 165, 267
in Punch, 192–93, 193
retreat at York Cliffs, Maine, 262
return from Europe, 1856, 192–93, 194, 195
Rush Medical College, Chicago, 146–47, 151–53, 158–59
scholarly aptitude, 21, 34
search for a medical college, 139–42, 146–47, 149
self-doubt, 117, 119, 120, 212
St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 192
studies in New York, 25–26, 30–31, 33, 34
as surgeon, 207
teaching position in Henderson, 109–11, 117
viewed as Elizabeth’s assistant, 142, 209
warning about Nightingale’s ideas, 218
Women’s Central Association for Relief, 227–30
see also New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children; Woman’s Medical College of the New York Infirmary
Blackwell, Emma, 260
Blackwell, Ethel, 262
Blackwell, Florence, 192, 194, 213
Blackwell, George Washington
birth, 6, 12
Civil War and, 230
Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84
on Henry’s marriage to Lucy Stone, 188
lingering in Cincinnati, 194
marriage to Emma, 260
nickname, 18n
real estate and, 243
Blackwell, Grandfather, 9
Blackwell, Grandmother, 9–10
Blackwell, Hannah Lane
antislavery beliefs, 7
in Bristol, England, 5–6, 7, 8–9, 11
death, 257–58, 259
as Dissenter, 6, 9, 21
with Elizabeth in New York, 133, 191, 194
Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84
on Elizabeth’s graduation, 79–80
emigration from England, 5–6, 11
Emily’s care for during sickness, 119–20
on Henry’s marriage to Lucy Stone, 188
in Jersey City, 14
Presbyterian revivalism, 75
Blackwell, Hannah (“Nannie”), 259, 260
Blackwell, Henry
admiration of Emily, 119
antislavery beliefs, 186
Antoinette Brown and, 190
birth of daughter Alice, 210
in Bristol, England, 6
Civil War and, 230
courtship of Lucy Stone, 184–87
desire to join gold rush, 74, 76
Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84
Elizabeth’s graduation, 76, 77n, 79, 82
to Emily in Henderson, 110
hardware business, 184, 186, 191
home on Martha’s Vineyard, 261–62
at house on East Fifteenth Street, 194
interest in spiritualism, 118
in Jersey City, 14, 118
marriage to Lucy Stone, 187–89, 190
move to New Jersey, 191, 220
outrage at Schroeder’s behavior, 33
photograph, 185
promise to visit at Christmas, 73–74
women’s rights and, 186–87
work after fath
er’s death, 21, 22
Blackwell, Howard
in Birmingham, England, 87, 88, 164
in Bristol, England, 6
death, 239
in India, 192, 193
Kitty and, 213, 214
move to Birmingham, England, 70, 73
trip to Asheville, NC, 30
visit to Geneva College, 73
visit to Philadelphia, 70
Blackwell, James, 11
Blackwell, John, 87, 88
Blackwell, Katharine (Kitty) Barry
addition to Elizabeth’s household, 182–84, 191
Alice Blackwell and, 213, 246, 249, 252, 267
birthdate, 213n
on Civil War nurse recruitment, 228
Draft Riots and, 231
with Elizabeth in England after 1870, 252, 254, 255, 256, 259
after Elizabeth’s death, 267
on Elizabeth’s trip to England in 1869, 246–47
on Emily’s appearance at college graduation, 249
Florence Blackwell and, 191–92, 213
memoir, 184, 231n
at the Nurseries on Randall’s Island, 182–83
photograph, 255
at Rock House, 254, 255
role in the Blackwell clan, 184, 194, 247, 252
trip to England in 1858, 213–14
Blackwell, Kenyon
Emily and, 164, 172, 173, 192
financial help for Elizabeth, 130
marriage, 120–21
at Portway Hall, 87, 88
return to England, 84, 85, 86, 87
rheumatism, 87, 88
visit from England, 69–70, 84
Blackwell, Lucy (Elizabeth’s aunt), 9
Blackwell, Marian
advice to Emily, 145–46
antislavery beliefs, 16
in Bristol, England, 6, 7–8
in Cincinnati, 20, 22
comfort and support for Elizabeth, 45, 134
with Elizabeth in New York, 40, 133, 145–46, 150, 182, 191, 194
Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84
on Elizabeth’s graduation, 79
fragile health, 22, 134
in Hastings, 254
in Jersey City, 14, 16
National Woman’s Rights Convention, 126
nickname, 8n
photograph, 133
teaching position, 18, 19
Blackwell, Marie de St. Simoncourt, 121, 164, 172, 173–74, 175, 192
Blackwell, Mary, 9, 20
Blackwell, Robert, 138n
Blackwell, Sam (brother of Elizabeth and Emily)
in Bristol, England, 6
children, 191–92, 194, 262
Civil War and, 230
at Columbia College commencement speeches, 13
Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84
on Elizabeth’s graduation, 79
on Elizabeth’s loss of an eye, 116
on Elizabeth’s recovered health, 109
The Doctors Blackwell Page 35
