by Marvin Kaye
We know that Bram Stoker wrote various drafts of Dracula from at least 1890 to 1897.* While there is no evidence that he ever discussed his creation with Doyle, common sense tells us that writers like to talk about their work. The fact that they had known each other since at least 1892 makes it difficult to believe that they never discussed their creations. We don’t know when Doyle wrote “The Adventure of the Illustrious Client” but it is possible that the seed was planted in an unrecorded discussion between him and Stoker. Their ongoing friendship might explain why one of the vampire hunters in Dracula resembles Holmes’s faithful companion, Dr John H. Watson. Dr John Seward introduces us to his friend and mentor, Professor Van Helsing, and chronicles his teacher’s extraordinary abilities and achievements.
[*For details about the construction of Dracula, see: Robert Eighteen-Bisang and Elizabeth Miller. ]
In 1888, Doyle chastised Mary Doyle for her favourable comparison of his psychic novel, The Mystery of Cloomber, with Robert Louis Stevenson’s story, “The Pavilion on the Links:” “You must not say that Cloomber is as good as the Pavilion… The Pavilion is far better … because it is strong without preternatural help, which I think is always more to the author’s credit …” [while] “it is more compact and the interest never flags for a moment.” This belief may have inspired him to transform Stoker’s macabre fairy tale into a rationalized detective story.
Doyle’s pastiche is full of puns and in-jokes which he may have shared with James M. Barrie (1860-1937), Hall Caine (1853-1931) or other authors who had been friends with him and Stoker. Many of Doyle’s fans are aware of Barrie’s marvelous spoof of Holmes and Watson, but it requires a working knowledge of Dracula to see the aside that “He [Gruner] played polo at Hurlingham”* as an indication of the fictional “Hillingham,” Lucy Westenra’s ancestral estate in London, or to appreciate the humour in “The villain [Gruner] attached himself to the lady, and with such effect.…” At the end of the story, Holmes’s appearance beneath Gruner’s window as a “terrible ghost, his head girt with bloody bandages, his face drawn and white” takes on new meaning if we see it as a spoof of the scene in chapter 23 where Dracula eludes the vampire hunters by jumping through a window. In this case, Doyle has taken his parody to new heights by transforming Sherlock Holmes himself into Count Dracula.
[*The image of Dracula playing polo may have given Doyle a chuckle or two. ]
* * * *
But the best joke of all may be how Arthur Conan Doyle’s adaptation of one of the cornerstones of horror literature has escaped the attention of millions of fans for almost a century.
N. B. — Towards the end of his life, Doyle became fascinated with the occult. Dracula ends with a “Note” which says the adventure took place “seven years ago,” while the first paragraph of Doyle’s story implies that the adventure occurred ten years ago.
Bibliography
Baring-Gould, William S. ed. The Annotated Sherlock Holmes: Volume II. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1976. p. 685. n. 19.
Bunson, Matthew E. Encyclopedia Sherlockiana: An A-Z Guide to the World of the Great Detective. New York: Macmillan, 1994.
Doyle, [Sir] Arthur Conan. “The Adventure of the Illustrious Client” New York: Collier’s Weekly Magazine (8 Nov. 1924) 5-7, 30, 32, 34. Rpt. Strand Magazine (1925). Rpt. The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes (1927). Rpt.
—. “The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire” Strand Magazine (Jan. 1924) 3-13. Rpt.
—. “The American’s Tale” London Society (Christmas 1880) 44-48. Rpt.
—. “The Captain of the Pole-Star” Temple Bar (Jan. 1883) 33-52. Rpt.
—. “John Barrington Cowles” Cassell’s Saturday Journal 12:19 (Apr. 1884). 433-435, 461-463. Rpt.
—. Letter to John Gore. Cited in Baring-Gould, p. 690.
—. Letter to Mary Doyle (November 20, 1888). Cited in Lellenberg, p. 256.
—. “The Parasite” Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper (11 Nov.–2 Dec. 1894) 4 parts.
—. Vampire Stories. New York: Skyhorse, 2009. Ed. by Robert Eighteen-Bisang and Martin H. Greenberg.
—. “The Winning Shot” Bow Bells (11 July 1893) 61-67. Rpt.
Eighteen-Bisang, Robert. “Dracula by Arthur Conan Doyle” The Sherlock Holmes Journal 29:3 (Winter 2009) 4-98.
Eighteen-Bisang, Robert and Elizabeth Miller, ed. Bram Stoker’s Notes for Dracula. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008.
Davies, David Stuart. The Tangled Skein. Channel Islands, Alderney: Island Publishing, 1992. Rpt.
Estleman, Loren D. Sherlock Holmes vs. Dracula; or The Adventure of the Sanguinary Count. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1978. Rpt.
Keefauver, Brad A. “Sherlock Holmes and the Secretly Dead: A Case of Near Fatal Close-Mindedness” in The Baker Street Chronicle 4:5 (Sept./Oct. 1984).
Lellenberg, John, Daniel Stashower and Charles Foley, ed. Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters. Penguin Press: New York, 2007.
Mason, Bill. “A Tale from the Crypt: Unearthing Dracula in Sherlock Holmes” Holmes & Watson Report #42 7:2 (May 2003) 24-32.
McNally, Raymond T. and Radu Florescu. In Search of Dracula: A True History of Dracula and Vampire Legends. Greenwich: New York Graphic Society, 1972.
Maclaglan, Sir Eric. Cited in Baring-Gould, p. 685; n. 19.
Nordan, Pierre. Conan Doyle: A Biography. Holt, Rinehart & Winston: New York, 1967.
Redmond, Christopher. In Bed with Sherlock Holmes: Sexual Elements in Arthur Conan Doyle’s Stories of the Great Detective. Toronto: Simon & Pierre, 1984.
Redmond, Donald A. Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Sources. Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1992.
Saberhagen, Fred. The Holmes-Dracula File. New York: Ace Books, 1978. Rpt.
Stoker, Bram. Dracula. New Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company, 1897. Rpt.
—. Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving. London: William Heinemann, 1907 (revised edition).
—. “Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Tells of His Career and Work, His Sentiments Towards America, and His Approaching Marriage” New York: World (23 July 1907) E1a-f.
d
BIOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF “THE RESIDENT PATIENT,” by Bob Byrne
Biographers and devotees of Sherlock Holmes have written much regarding who the detective was modeled after. Joseph Bell is widely regarded as the primary inspiration, a belief bolstered by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s own words more than once. In his autobiography, Memories and Adventures, Doyle said, “I thought of my old teacher Joe Bell, of his eagle face, of his curious ways, of his eerie trick of spotting details. If he were a detective he would surely reduce this fascinating but unorganized business to something nearer to an exact science.” Add another comment, “Sherlock Holmes is the literary embodiment … of my memory of a professor of medicine at Edinburgh University.”
But Holmes was certainly not based on just one person. It has been asserted that one can find bits of Doyle himself in the great detective. His second wife said that her husband had the Sherlock Holmes brain, solving mysteries that puzzled the police. Seemingly more likely is that the stolid, patriotic Doctor Watson drew in great part from his creator.
But can we examine one of the sixty Holmes tales and discover biographical pieces of Conan Doyle? As a matter of fact, we need look no further than The Adventure of the Resident Patient and Dr Percy Trevelyan.
Trevelyan is a young doctor with great potential but limited finances. He is struggling along, hoping he can save enough so that in ten years he could open a posh practice in the medical district. Quite unexpectedly, a complete stranger named Blessington arrives at Trevelyan’s room and makes an astonishing offer. Blessington will let a house, furnish it, pay for maids and take care of the other expenses. Trevelyan just has to run a successful practice and his benefactor will keep three-quarters of the profit. In addition, Blessington will become the story title’s resident patient, his heart condition cared for by Trevelyan.
The young doctor, barely believing his good fortune, agrees to the d
eal and quickly establishes a thriving practice. Before Blessington’s arrival, Trevelyan’s future appeared to be one requiring a great deal of hard work before he could harbor any hope of success. But his generous benefactor had given the doctor the capital needed to become almost an overnight sensation. Was there a Blessington in Arthur Conan Doyle’s life? Well, sort of.
Doyle’s start in practice also featured a benefactor, though it is quite a different, yet still absorbing, story. In early 1882, Doyle had just completed a stint as a ship’s doctor on an African route. It was not a particularly enjoyable experience and he did not sign on for another tour at sea. Much like Dr Watson in A Study in Scarlet, Doyle was ‘free as air’ and was back in Edinburgh when he received a telegram from a school friend, George Turnavine Budd. Now a doctor, Budd is a larger than life character in Doyle’s story.
Back before Doyle had gone on the aforementioned sea voyage, Budd had urgently summoned him to Bristol, where Budd’s practice was located. It turns out that Budd had gone bankrupt and hoped Doyle could bail him out. Budd was frustrated to learn that Doyle was in no financial condition to aid him, but then, apparently laughed the whole matter off. In the end, advised by Doyle, Budd gained extensions from his creditors. However, Doyle had no idea that Budd would then flee the town, leaving said creditors with worthless promises.
Now, with Doyle back on land and wondering what to do, Budd sent him another telegram, this time from his new practice in Plymouth. Budd, an outrageous individual, told Doyle that he was a huge success, with thirty thousand patients in the last year and that he wouldn’t even cross the street to see Queen Victoria. He promised to give Doyle all his visiting and surgery patients, as well as midwifery cases, guaranteeing his friend at least three hundred pounds the first year.
Though this sounded too good to be true, Doyle packed quickly and headed off to Portsmouth, much to his mother’s displeasure. Called by her son ‘The Ma’am,’ Mary Foley Doyle had a great deal of influence over her son all his life (Doyle can safely be called a mama’s boy). She had never liked Budd and did not trust him now. In retrospect, one has to admire her perceptiveness.
It seems that Budd was a talented doctor, a showman, and a quack all rolled into one. He comes across in writings by Doyle and Doyle’s biographers as a sort of medical Barnum and Bailey. Albeit, a very successful one. At the end of each day, he would march down the center of the street from his practice, the day’s gold and silver earnings held out in front of him in a bag. The word ‘bombastic’ echoes through the mind when reading about Budd.
Doyle himself acknowledges that his book, The Stark Munro Letters, tells “in very close detail the events of this time,” with Budd being identified as one ‘Cullingworth.’ In fact, it is so accurate (with a few exceptions) that in his autobiography he borrowed from that book, rather than rewriting events using Budd’s actual name. Safe to say, Budd/Cullingworth was as intriguing a character as Doyle ever made up himself.
Doyle saw firsthand Budd’s flamboyant approach to medicine, which consisted of free consultations inevitably concluded with a prescription that was not free. Patients waited hours to see the dynamic Budd and a few were treated by Doyle as the partnership moved forward. As he did throughout his life, Doyle frequently exchanged letters with his mother. Upon learning from her son that Budd was not going to repay his Bristol creditors she wrote many uncomplimentary things about the man. This was not an isolated incident and it would have repercussions.
After displaying a rather sour attitude towards his partner for a time, Budd told Doyle that the practice was suffering and it was Doyle’s fault. Upon hearing this, Doyle marched outside and pried his name plate off the front of the building. Emotions cooled a bit and it was agreed that Doyle would depart to start his own practice, aided by a one pound a week loan from Budd, to be repaid when practical. So, Doyle found himself in Southsea, starting up a practice with the aid of a generous patron. Sort of a long distance Blessington. Except, the true nature of George Budd was about to be displayed and he was anything but generous.
Doyle rented lodgings and a place of business, bought the minimum he needed for both and set up for business, barely getting by financially. Now, Budd sprang his trap. He and his wife had been reading Mary Doyle’s unflattering letters, but they had given no indication of it to Doyle. Now, having assisted Doyle in becoming irrecoverably committed in Portsmouth and somewhat dependant upon that promised aid of one pound a week, Budd sent a letter to Doyle. In it, Budd accused his ex-partner of having been disloyal under his own roof and severed all ties with him, including not providing the promised loan.
Considering the circumstances, Doyle, in The Stark Munro Letters, is rather charitable in his feelings of Budd. He did send a sharp note to Cullingworth saying that he had always defended the man against his mother’s comments, but now he had to admit that his mother had been right. This seems relatively restrained in the gravity of the situation. And he sums up Budd by saying “He was a remarkable man and narrowly escaped being a great one.” A reading of The Stark Munro Letters does provide a very entertaining look at a major character in Doyle’s life.
Percy Trevelyan’s nascent medical career receives a significant boost when Blessington sets him up in practice. George Turnavine Budd took an unemployed Arthur Conan Doyle in as a partner and then offered to loan him funds to help his college mate start his own practice (albeit, with an ulterior motive). We can see the root of Blessington’s sponsoring of Trevelyan in Doyle’s own experiences with Budd.
Doyle’s imagination produced Blessington, the criminal turned informer who was judged guilty by his fellow miscreants and murdered in his own rooms while doctor Trevelyan slept under the same roof, unaware of events. Happily, nothing of the like actually happened to Sir Arthur. But he did once have a resident patient and that experience certainly had a major impact on his life.
Having gotten a fledgling medical practice underway in spite of Budd’s attempt to sabotage it, one of Doyle’s neighbors in Southsea was a fellow practitioner, Dr Pike (‘Porter’ in The Stark Munro Letters). One of Pike’s patients was a young man named James Hawkins, who was vacationing in Southsea with his mother and sister, Louise. Dr Pike asked Doyle if he would care to consult on the young man. Unfortunately, it was obvious to both men that Hawkins had cerebral meningitis, a fatal disease at the time. Feeling sympathy for the family, Doyle offered to have James stay with him and receive medical care; an offer which was accepted.
Unfortunately, James died not long after coming under Doyle’s care. However, not all was lost. Doyle saw a great deal of the sister, Louise, nicknamed ‘Touie.’ Love blossomed and the two were wed less than five months after her brother died. Hmm..sounds like a case for Sherlock Holmes.
In fact, Doyle relates in The Stark Munro Letters that the police had received an anonymous letter stating that there was something suspicious about the death. So, when Munro returned from the funeral, a detective was waiting to talk to him. Fortunately for Munro, Dr Porter had seen the patient the night before he died and this seemed to satisfy the detective and the matter was dropped. Doyle never gave any indication that this little episode really did occur after his real resident patient died.
Percy Trevelyan began carving out his niche with work on the pathology of catalepsy. The Worthingdon Bank Gang used Trevelyan’s interest in catalepsy to help them distract him by having one of the members fake the illness on a visit. It is his specialty that is used to ‘get to him.’ Trevelyan is no general practitioner, like Watson or Doyle himself.
Well, Doyle was a general practitioner through 1890. Then, on what must have seemed like a whim, he sold his practice and whisked off to Vienna to study. He had decided to become an eye specialist. Doyle stayed barely two months and later wrote that he could have learned as much in London. The whole thing seemed like a working vacation for a man wanting a breath of fresh air from his job and domestic life. But apparently he did learn enough to become a specialist in this emerging field.<
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Settled back in London in the March of 1891, he was living in Montague Place, just around the corner from the British museum and the street of Sherlock Holmes before the detective took lodgings with Doctor Watson. He established an office near the prestigious Harley Street medical district and was acting as a specialist in matters ocular. Whether he actually ever had any patients is an open matter.
Within a half year of setting up shop he had retired from medicine and was determined to make his living entirely as a writer. So, Doyle was a specialist for a very short time. But a few years later he drew on this experience when fleshing out the character of Percy Trevelyan. Interestingly, in The Stark Munro Letters Munro has one last meeting with Cullingworth. His outrageous friend is moving to South America to be, yes, an eye specialist.
A HOUSE GONE MAD, by Sherlock Holmes as edited by Bruce I. Kilstein
It was near winter in 18__ that a strange case afforded my colleague and friend, Dr. John Watson, yet another opportunity to lend his medical expertise to one of my investigations. We had just finished our breakfast and had drawn near the fire against the chill of the damp November morning. Watson perused the morning papers while I lit my first pipe of the day, and the caseload being light, prepared to finish a monograph on the identification of footprints, when Mrs. Hudson announced a visitor. The poor woman had barely enough time to utter Lestrade’s name before the boorish inspector from Scotland Yard burst past her and into our study.
“Lestrade,” I said, barely glancing up from the preparation of my meerschaum, “so good of you to visit on such a bitter morning. Mrs. Hudson, be a dear and fix the inspector a strong cup of your Turkish coffee. He has not slept for nearly two days, although he has managed not to miss a meal, however hurried, and he will be in want of a stimulant before returning to his wife, who, by now, will be fretting over his apparent disappearance from his investigation in the East End.”
