by Alison Weir
30. Additional MS. 32,652, ff.203–4
31. LP 18, Part 2, 281
32. LP 18, Part 2, 282
33. LP 18, Part 2, 302
34. Additional MS. 32,652, f.247
35. Macauley, 49
36. LP 18, Part 2, 439
37. LP 18, Part 2, 527
38. Additional MS. 32,653, f.105
39. LP 19, Part 1, 30, 33
40. LP 19, Part 1, 33
41. PPE Mary, 135, 136, 143, 146; Strickland LQS 2, 79
42. LP 19, Part 1, 296
43. Fraser SW, 375
44. LP 19, Part 1, 136
45. Statutes of the Realm 3, 35 Hen. VIII, c.1
46. Williams EQE, 96
47. Lisle TFS, 229
48. Probably Darlington, County Durham, or Darrington in North Yorkshire (Darnton Index).
49. LP 19, Part 1, 143
50. LP 19, Part 1, 180
51. NA SP 2/1
52. Cecil Papers 1, 231, 42
53. Guy MHIMO, 32
54. NA E.39/2
55. LP 19, Part 1, 243; The Letters of King Henry VIII, 347–38
56. LP 19, Part 1, 314
57. Additional MS. 32,654, f.88
58. LP 19, Part 1, 343
59. LP 19, Part 1, 33, 51, 58
60. LP 19, Part 1, 522, 337
61. Cecil Papers 1, 172
62. CSP Spain 7, 124
63. Lindsay, 182
64. Spottiswood, 257
65. John Phillips
66. LRIL 3, 167
67. LP 19, Part 1, 812, no. 86
68. LP 21, Part 2, 768v
69. CSP Spain 7, 149
70. Probably Crookston.
71. A pound Scots was then worth about a quarter of a pound sterling. The properties Lennox settled on Margaret were Glenrinnie, Balloch and Auchtintorlies in the earldom of Lennox and the sheriffdom of Dumbarton; the lands and baronies of Cruckisfew, Inchinnan, Craig of Neilstoun and Tarbolton in the lordships of Darnley and the sheriffdom of Renfrew; and the lands of Errol in the sheriffdom of Perth (LP 19, Part 1, 779, 878; CSP Scotland 2, 636; Macauley, 81).
72. LP 19, Part 1, 779, 878; CSP Scotland 2, 636; Macauley, 81
73. Porter CT, 208
74. Herbert, 688. He was referring to the first Stuart kings, James I and Charles I.
75. LP 19, Part 1, 781; Starkey, 736
8. “This Happy Match”
1. As, for example, in Burke’s Guide to the Royal Family.
2. CSP Spain 7, 149
3. CSP Spain 7, 138; LP 19, Part 1, 799
4. Scott. The ceiling and the perpendicular windows remain, but the rest of the chapel has been subject to many changes over the centuries. On the day of the wedding, the King is said to have made a speech in which he declared to Margaret that “in case his own issue failed, he would be right glad if some of her body succeeded to the crown” (Fuller 3, 232), but this is so at variance with his wishes as recently expressed in the Act of Succession as to be dismissed as a myth. It was written after the Stuarts had succeeded to the throne, and naturally it was an inspired idea on Thomas Fuller’s part to show Henry VIII approving of that.
5. Schutte, 102; Perry WP, 27
6. PPE Mary, 175, 177, 192, 193, 198
7. John Phillips
8. CSP Haynes, 443
9. Strickland LQS 2, 96
10. Merriman ODNB
11. Boulter. The list of estates granted to “Matthew, Earl of Lennox, and Dame Margaret his wife” was as follows: “the castle, lordship and manor of Whorlton; the manors of [New] Brighton and Greenhow, which belonged to Sir James Strangeways; the manors of Temple Hirst, Temple Newsam, Silkstone and Beckhay, which belonged to Thomas, Lord Darcy, attainted; the lordship and manor of Settrington, which belonged to Sir Francis Bigod, attainted; the manor of Hunmanby [which became known as Lennox Manor] and manors of Kirk Leavington, Wansford, Gembling and Nafferton, which belonged to Henry, late Earl of Northumberland; the manor and grange of Scrafton and the grange called Carleton Grange, which belonged to Sir Arthur Darcy, with lands in [blank], called Arundale House and Slappgill House, and a messuage [a dwelling house with outbuildings] in Caldbergh; the site &c., of the late monastery of Jervaulx and the lordships and manors of East Witton, Finghall, Wensleydale and Horton [in Ribblesdale], and the granges and farms called Jervaulx Grange, Newhouse, Akebar [Aysgarth], Haslingden, Rookwith, Kilgramhow, Heyne, Lazenby, Newstead, Elfa Hall, Riswicke, Diderston and Tunstall, which belonged to Jervaulx monastery; and all appurtenances of the premises in Whorlton, [New] Brighton, Greenhalgh, Temple Hirst, Temple Newsam, Silkstone, Beckhay, Settrington, Hunmanby, Kirk Leavington, Wansford, Gembling, [West] Scrafton, Carleton, Caldbergh, Nafferton, Jervaulx, New House, Akebarth [Aysgarth], Haslingden, Rookwith, Kilgramhow, Heyne, Lazenby, Gollinglith [Foot], East Witton, Newstead, Elfa Hall, Hutton Hang, Riswicke, Finghall, Thornton Steward, Newton-le-Willows, Richmond borough, Widderston, Whixley, Wensleydale, [Low] Ellington, [North] Ferriby, Harmby, Estmeryforth within Rokewyk, Gilling, Hartforth, [West] Felton, Melsonby, Milby, Burton Constable, Hunton, Brompton Patrick [now Patrick Brompton], Welburn, Hartlepool, Bellerby, Colburn, Tunstall, Ellingstring and Horton in Ribblesdale” (LP 19, Part 1, 900, 1035 [96]; VCH North Riding of Yorkshire, 2; Boulter; Bingham, 40; Strickland LQS 2, 81–82).
12. Schutte, 100
13. LP 19, Part 1, 900, 1035 (96); VCH North Riding of Yorkshire, 2; Boulter; Bingham, 40; Strickland LQS 2, 81–82
14. A Survey of the Manor of Settrington. He was probably English, although it has been suggested that he was related to the Scottish poet and courtier William Fowler of Edinburgh (Petrina, 69, 84; Read 2, 377), yet there is no evidence for it.
15. NA SP 12/51, f.198
16. NA SP 15/12, f.175; CSP Haynes, 183
17. CSP Scotland 1, 1076
18. Pollitt; Strickland LQS 2, 82
19. CSP Scotland 2, 333; Cotton MS. Caligula B.VIII, 184–85
20. CSP Scotland 1, 1076
21. Cotton MS. Caligula B.VIII, 165–8; Lisle TFS, Appendix 2; Ashdown RT, 61. For Thomas Bishop’s career, see The Herald and Genealogist.
22. Hayward, 203
23. NA SP 49/7
24. Holinshed, 5
25. Additional MS. 32,656, f.191
26. Additional MS. 27, 402, ff.39–40
27. LP 19, Part 2, 201
28. Originally Stebbenhithe or Stebunheath, or “Stikoneth,” as Stow called it in 1598.
29. There were two other great houses in the village. Bishopshall, the Bishop of London’s manor house of Stepney and Hackney, had been in existence prior to the Domesday survey of 1086, and stood to the north of the parish; Edward I had held a parliament there in 1299. It was in the possession of the bishops until 1550, when Edward VI granted it to the Wentworth family. Southwest of the church was the timber-framed Mercers’ Great Place, which had been, until his fall and execution in 1540, in the possession of Thomas Cromwell. During his lifetime it was occupied by Sir Thomas Alleyn, and on Cromwell’s attainder it was granted to Cromwell’s nephew, Sir Richard Williams, who took his uncle’s surname.
30. VCH Middlesex 11
31. Strickland LQS 2, 82
32. The house was rebuilt or extensively remodeled when it was purchased in 1597 by Edward Somerset, Earl of Worcester, and renamed Worcester House. Part of the building blew down in a storm in 1800, but the rest—including a “fine hall and chapel” (Strickland LQS 2, 82)—survived until 1863, when it was destroyed by fire.
33. VCH Middlesex 11; Dootson; Eleftheriou
34. NA E.314/22, ff.22, 29; James CP, 136
35. Bowle, 277
36. CP 3, 598
37. Harleian MS. 289, f.73
38. Porter CT, 313
39. LP 19, Part 2, 618
40. LP 19, Part 2, 719
41. LP 21, Part 2, 768v
42. John Phillips
43. Lane. Warnicke, 198, n.72, states that Margaret had a miscarriage in the spring of 1545 and delivered her secon
d son, another Lord Darnley, in December, but the death of the first Lord Darnley is recorded in November 1545, and as will be seen, the second son was not born until December 1546.
44. Schutte, 104–05
45. Schutte, 104–05, suggests that Margaret could have conceived two months before her marriage, because it was quite permissible for couples to cohabit after betrothal, but the Lennoxes were not betrothed until June 13, and a conception on or soon after that date would have made little difference to the length of the pregnancy.
46. PPE Mary, 198
47. CSPF 5, 27
48. Schutte, 107, states that Margaret accompanied him on his campaign of 1545, but I can find no evidence for this.
49. Macauley, 83, 102
50. Leland IJL. Wressle would fall into decay by the end of the Tudor period.
51. LP 20, Part 1, 210 (2)
52. LP 21, Part 2, 768v
53. LP 20, Part 1, 563
54. LP 20, Part 2, 824
55. Weever; Strickland LQS 2, 82–83
56. Pepys
57. CSPF 5, 26
58. Strickland LQS 2, 83; Schutte, 105
59. LP 21, Part 2, 768v
60. NA E.314/22, ff.22, 29, 47–8, 51–3; James CP, 237
61. James CP, 237
62. LP 21, Part 1, 969
63. LP 21, Part 1, 1384
64. Foxe 5, 553–61
65. LP 21, Part 2, 768v. The items prescribed for her were “cons, prunes, berberis [used like citrus peel in cooking] and roses,” diaciton, “manus Christi with cinnamon,” “penettes” (barley sugar), “pulles pectoralis” (an herbal infusion), senna “cods,” kidney plasters, an ointment, “a roll of plaster,” and quinces. In November she was given “bengemyn”—possibly benzoin from a Benjamin tree, which was used to make perfumes and incense.
66. LP 21, Part 2, 181
67. Furtado et al.; Temple Newsam. The estate buildings of the preceptory stood south of the present house near the River Aire, and were excavated in the 1980s.
68. Howard; Furtado et al.
69. At the south wing’s west end today is the dining room (which did not exist in the Lennoxes’ day), in which there are coats of arms copied from Margaret’s tomb in Westminster Abbey, with the motto Avant, Darnley, jamais derrière (Forward, Darnley, never be behind), all dating from the 1890s. Above the dining room is a room known as Lord Darnley’s Chamber, after Margaret’s second son, although it too dates only from the seventeenth century. In 1929 the Darnley Room, as it is now called, contained portraits associated with Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley; his mother, Margaret herself—a version of the full-length portrait in the Royal Collection; his son, James VI and I; his wife, Mary, Queen of Scots; and a small picture of Darnley himself with his younger brother Charles. In 1951 the only portrait in the room connected with Darnley was of his niece, Arbella Stuart. The present décor dates from 1897.
70. There was a Langstroppe family in Leeds, who were probably connected with Temple Newsam. The baptism register for Leeds parish church shows that a John Langstroppe was baptized there in 1584.
71. Howard; Crossley; Kitson and Pawson; Musgrave; Bingham, Chapter 2; Furtado et al.; Temple Newsam. The earliest known illustration of Temple Newsam dates from 1699. For nearly sixty years after 1565 the house was allowed to fall into disrepair. On his accession to the English throne in 1603, James I granted it to his favorite, Ludovic Stuart, Duke of Lennox, whose heirs sold it in 1622 to Sir Arthur Ingram. Between 1622 and 1637 the east wing was demolished and the north and south wings rebuilt in the Tudor style by Ingram, whose descendants lived at Temple Newsam until 1922, when it was sold to Leeds City Council. It is now a magnificent mansion and museum containing a great collection of furniture, paintings, and ceramics.
72. Crossley; Kitson and Pawson; Bingham, 43
73. There have been erroneous claims that Darnley was born at Settrington. The parish registers survive from 1559, and no children of Margaret and Lennox are recorded in them. A local tradition has it that Darnley was born in the manor house at West Scrafton in Coverdale, where Lennox owned five granges (West Scrafton Manor House). However, these were all leased out (Joynes), indicating that the Earl and Countess never lived there.
74. Mackay, 128
75. Crossley
76. Three, on good evidence, were his bastards, Elizabeth Tailboys, Katherine Carey and Etheldreda Malte. I am grateful to Elizabeth Norton for the information pointing to Elizabeth Tailboys being Henry’s child.
77. John Phillips
78. CSP Scotland 1, 1076. The grant of land cannot have been that of the manor of Pocklington, which was given to Bishop by Henry VIII in 1544, since Bishop was away in Scotland with Lennox after the Lennoxes’ wedding at that time, and there would have been no opportunity for enmity to build up between him and Margaret.
79. Porter MT, 432, n.13; Schutte, 108; Bingham, 47, who suggests that Bishop was about to denounce Margaret as a Papist and only Henry’s death saved her from the Tower. But there is no evidence for this.
80. Cotton MS. Caligula B.VIII, f.165
81. Lisle KHN
82. Lisle TFS, 236; Lisle KHN
83. For example, Ashdown RT, 64
84. Lisle, KHN, states that it gave the impression that she was a woman whose poor judgment led to her diminished political importance, and that the mud has stuck to her name ever since, but there is little in the secondary sources to support that, and as far back as the nineteenth century Strickland applauded Margaret’s stand against the “relentless fiend” Bishop: “It is to the honour of the Lady Margaret that she was the constant theme of Tom Bishop’s abuse” (LQS 2, 85).
85. Lisle TFS, 236
86. Plowden LJGHS, 51
87. Bingham, 47
88. LP 21, Part 2, 634
9. “Great Unnaturalness”
1. Porter MT, 155; Strickland LQS 2, 84
2. Strickland LQS 2, 84
3. Foxe, online edition, Book 9, 1321
4. Edward VI EBK, 115–16, CPP, 93–4
5. Merriman ODNB; Lisle TFS, 255
6. CSP Scotland 1, Introduction
7. CSP Scotland 1, 55; Ashdown RT, 61
8. CSP Scotland 1, 100
9. CSP Scotland 1, 1076
10. Holinshed 2, 473; Bingham, 48. Strickland, LQS 2, 84, embellished the tale, claiming that eleven of the hostages, all young boys, were hanged. She describes Sir John Maxwell—who was supposedly spared the rope at the last minute by a remorseful hangman—as a very young boy, when in fact he was thirty-six.
11. Merriman ODNB; CSP Scotland 1, 181; NA SP 15/2, f.47v
12. NA SP 15/2, f.47v
13. It has been stated that in 1547 the King granted the Lennoxes a house at Hackney, east of London, that had been confiscated from the Percys after the Pilgrimage of Grace (Bingham, 48; Strickland LQS 2, 86; Ashdown RT, 61), but the manor of Hackney had reverted to the Crown on the death without issue of Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, in 1537, and in 1547, Edward VI granted it to Sir William Herbert, later Earl of Pembroke. It would be leased by Margaret in the 1570s.
14. Macauley, 83
15. Porter CT, 347
16. NA SP 50/1, f.86
17. William Fraser 4, 171
18. CSP Scotland 1, 261
19. NA SP 15/2, f.47v
20. NA SP 15/3, f.8
21. In a letter dated March 10, 1549 (reproduced in the text), Margaret refers to “all” Angus’s legitimate sons, which implies that there were more than two.
22. Selections from unpublished manuscripts, 52–53; Cotton MS. Caligula B.VII, f.436
23. Cotton MS. Caligula B.VIII, f.446
24. Leland IJL
25. Between Edward VI and Mary, Queen of Scots.
26. Another of Margaret’s uncles, James Douglas, 7th Lord of Drumlanrig, who had helped to wrest James V from the dominance of Angus in 1528.
27. CSP Scotland 1, 343, where the letter is incorrectly dated March 10; LRIL 3, 167.
28. APC 3, 118
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29. APC 3, 126
30. Edward VI CPP, 62
31. CSP Spain 10, June 1551; Edward VI CPP, 62
32. Lisle TFS, 490, citing Edward VI’s journal, states that, anxious to dissociate himself from the affair, and fearful for his neck, Lennox publicly relinquished his claim to the throne of Scotland, saying he had no desire for it; but I can find nothing about this in either Jordan’s edition or North’s.
33. Macauley, 89
34. Edward VI EBK, 115, CPP, 93–94
35. CSPF, Edward VI, 477
36. Edward VI EBK, 115–6, CPP, 93–94
37. Edward VI EBK, 116
38. CSPD Edward VI 14, 18; Strickland LQS 2, 90
39. Strickland LQS 2, 89
40. CSPD Edward VI 14, 10, 15, 70
41. Strickland LQS 2, 90
42. APC 4, 250
43. APC 4, 251; CSPF 5, 27
44. William Fraser 1, 428
45. CSPF 5, 27
46. See next chapter.
10. “The Person Best Suited to Succeed”
1. Ashdown RT, 107, says she was absent because she was expecting a child, but she was recorded at court on October 17.
2. CSPF 5, 27
3. Richards, 154
4. Ashdown RT, 107
5. He must have been referring to Margaret. Elsewhere he calls her the Countess “Durcley” and her father as the “Count of Durcley,” which is close to “Doubley” (CSP Spain 11, November 28).
6. CSP Spain 11, October 19
7. Ambassades de MM. de Noailles en Angleterre 2, 209–12; Marshall MG, 196–97
8. CSP Spain 11, November 28; Guy CHVIII, 164
9. Loades EI, 90
10. CSP Spain 11, November 28
11. Ambassades de MM. de Noailles en Angleterre 2, 273
12. NA SP 12/22, f.77
13. Ibid.; Marshall ODNB; Bingham, 56
14. CSPD Elizabeth 12, 22: “What my Lady Lennox had in Queen Mary’s Days”; William Fraser 1, 429
15. Merriman ODNB
16. Marshall QMW, 110
17. In 1555, Lennox’s servants Robert Thwaites and Thomas Blackmore were committed to the Marshalsea Prison for making an affray at Brentford (APC 5, 159; VCH Middlesex).
18. CSPD Elizabeth 12, 22; Marshall ODNB; Ashdown RT, 108
19. Strickland, LQS 2, 90, says they were at Temple Newsam, but this seems unlikely as Margaret was at court at Christmas and when Elizabeth was brought to Whitehall late in February.
